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Over the last five decades the Karakoram Glaciers has revealed irregular behavior and lack of stability. These anomalies lead surge of glaciers and the formation of glacier lakes, and now risk increasing in the context of climate change. The hazard associated with glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) has become an increasingly serious threat to the life, property, livelihoods and infrastructure in the Karakoram Mountains of Pakistan. Shishper Glacier Lake in the Shishper watershed areas of central Hunza in North Pakistan, after its latest activity has turned to a highly prone GLOF hazard. Shishper Glacier and Glacier Lake in the North Pakistan can be harmful to the downstream population and have large socioeconomic impacts if an outburst occurs. This study investigated the spatio-temporal changes in Shishper glacier and its glacial lake, and associated risk of potential GLOF hazard. Shishper glacier was assessed on the basis of field survey carried out in December 2018 combine with GIS and remote sensing data for morphometric, land cover change, physical vulnerability and temporal analysis of Shishper glacier. The Glacier has shown an anomalous behavior in the month of July 2018, no prominent lake was observed while in the month of November 2018 a lake with an area of 0.026 km2 was noticed. Similarly, in the month January, 2019 a prominent lake appeared with an area of 0.057 km2. The physical vulnerability results showed that 80% of the area of Hassanabad village is highly exposed to GLOFs hazard, whereas low lying areas along the Hunza River are also susceptible to inundation. The results show that there is immediate danger of catastrophic outburst through downward movement of the glacier. The study recommends the glacier has an anomalous behavior, it is necessary to monitor the glacier and Glacier Lake continuously, and minimize the adverse effects of potential GLOFs risk. We also recommend strong understanding the phenomenon of glaciers therefore, glacier lakes are very important in north Pakistan with respect to GLOF disaster management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low frequency electrostatic dust drift acoustic (DDA) waves are studied in an inhomogeneous dust magnetoplasma comprised of dust components of opposite polarity, Boltzmannian ions, and nonextensive distributed electrons. The magnetic-field-aligned dust sheared flow drives the electrostatic drift waves in the presence of ions and electrons. The sheared flow decreases or increases the frequency of the DDA wave, mostly depending on its polarity. The conditions of instability for this mode, with nonextensivity and dust streaming effects, are discussed. The nonlinear dynamics is then investigated for the DDA wave by deriving the Koeteweg-deVries (KdV) nonlinear equation. The KdV equation yields an electrostatic structure in the form of a DDA soliton. The relevancy of the work to laboratory four component dusty plasmas is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the embodied carbon dioxide of structural concrete, Portland cement (PC) in concrete can be partially replaced with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). In this research effect of partial replacement of cement with GGBS on strength development of concrete and cured under summer and winter curing environments is established. Three levels of cement substitution i.e., 30%, 40% and 50% have been selected. Early-age strength of GGBS concrete is lower than the normal PC concrete which limits its use in the fast-track construction and post-tensioned beams which are subjected to high early loads. The strength gain under winter curing condition was observed as slower. By keeping the water cement ratio low as 0.35, concrete containing GGBS up to 50% can achieve high early-age strength. GGBS concrete gains more strength than the PC concrete after the age of 28 day till 56 day. The mechanical properties of blended concrete for various levels of cement replacement have been observed as higher than control concrete mix having no GGBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debt maturity of listed firms in Pakistan has shown significant decline over the last decade. In this study, we investigate changes in both the demandside and supply-side factors that are responsible for this decline. For this purpose, we study 364 firms for a period of seventeen years, i.e. 1996 to 2012. Analysis of the demand-side factors reveals that the decrease in debt maturity is significantly explained by agency and maturity matching theories while information asymmetry theory has limited explanatory power. Further, analysis of the supply-side factors such as loans granted to private sector explains much of the reason of decrease in debt maturity structures. Overall, both demand and supply-side factors are responsible for the declining debtmaturity structures of Pakistani firms; however, much of the decrease is attributed to supply-side rather than firms' own characteristics or demandside factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been controversial regarding theorized findings of High Performing Work System (HPWS) / firm performance research due to several reasons. First, operationalization of variables differs drastically from one study to the next. Second, theoretical frameworks also vary greatly as does the methods researchers use to test their hypotheses. In order to significantly theorize findings regarding the HPWS / firm performance relationship, researchers must come to a consensus on how to conduct such studies. Only then, when similar methodology is implemented among studies and across industries, can researchers actually theorize the HPWS / firm performance relationship accurately. Therefore, in present study, 33 HPWS / firm performance studies from 1994 to 2013 based on a Proquest and Google Scholar Database were analyzed. First It has been determined how the major variables of an HPWS and firm performance should be operationalized, then a method for better development of theoretical frameworks has been suggested. A new model to measure an HPWS called the Total Strategic Resource Approach, which is based on the universalistic, contingent and resource-based view was suggested. We also recommend using the balanced scorecard approach to firm performance measurement, and finally, we recommend the use of structural equation modeling to build more robust models that test multiple mediating and moderating variables as related to the HPWS / firm performance relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupled drift-ion acoustic (DIA) waves in an inhomogeneous magnetoplasma having negative and positive ions can be driven by the parallel sheared flows in the presence of Cairns distributed non-thermal electrons. The coupled DIA waves can become unstable due to shear flows. The conditions of modes instability are discussed with effects of non-thermal electrons. These are the excited modes and start interactions among themselves. The interaction is governed by the Hasegawa–Mima equations with analytical solutions in the form of a vortex chain and dipolar vortex. On the other hand, for scalar nonlinearity the Kortweg deVries-type equation is obtained with solitary wave solution. Possible application of the work to the space and laboratory plasmas are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torrential floods 2010 in Pakistan played havoc with the people and property in general and of Khyber Phukhtunkhwa (KP) in particular. More than two million houses were damaged partly or totally. The most affected housing stock was mud houses, which were mostly collapsed leading to deaths of people and live stock. In this study, the damaged mud houses in flood affected areas have been analyzed and the major causes of the failure of such houses were documented on the basis of field study and observations. Some improvements have been suggested for reconstruction of mud houses on the basis of international and regional building Codes and studies. It has been observed that if these improvements are incorporated in the construction of houses, the flood related damages can be minimized to greater extent. This can surely lead to the enhanced safety of people lives and property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research on the prediction of shear strength of high strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) beams using statistical models. It is stressed that researchers have proposed certain empirical equations for shear strength of HSRC beams on the basis of test results and mathematical models. It is observed that the proposed equation is conservatives for p = 0.75% and 1% and un-conservative for p = 0.33% for beams without shear reinforcement.

The Strut and Tie Model (STM) has been used as an emerging analysis tool for the design of disturbed regions and non-flexural members in concrete structures, where ordinary flexural theory cannot be adopted. Double-corbels are typical non-flexural members and the shear arm length to depth ratio at the critical section is often less than 1. STM has been mostly used for the design of normal strength concrete double-corbel. In this research nine double-corbels of high strength concrete have been analyzed on the basis of STM, for assumed external loads and geometry. These corbels were later tested in the laboratory to compare the theoretical and actual failure loads. The experimental values have been observed to be quite close to the theoretical values of shear strength of the corbels on the basis of STM. The research therefore attempts to verify STM as an alterative design method for the high strength concrete double-corbels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the use of hydrogen as an energy source, mitigation of its leakage in the environment is critical. Therefore, it is required that passive autocatalytic hydrogen–oxygen (H–O) combination systems are developed to combine this hydrogen with oxygen from the air. In the present study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets loaded with platinum nanoparticles have been developed and studied for their performance as catalysts for hydrogen dissociation as well as its combination with oxygen. The formation of platinum particulates on rGO substrate was confirmed by XRD and SEM. Crystallite sizes of platinum nanoparticles were in the range of 7.8–8.3 nm. However, the platinum particles had spherical morphology with an average particle size of 90 nm when seen through SEM. The particle size distribution was almost similar irrespective of platinum loading. At lower platinum contents, the number density of platinum particles was lower but as the number density of the particles increased with an increase in loading they tended to agglomerate. These platinum-loaded rGO samples were employed as catalysts for hydrogen dissociation kinetic studies using hydrogen deuteride formation as an indicating tool. It was found that the dissociation rate per unit mass improved with an increase in platinum loading up to 11 wt% (Pt11@rGO) and then decreased. When used for (H–O) combination reaction, Pt11@rGO demonstrated the highest combination rates per unit mass of catalyst. Consequently, Pt11@rGO catalyst gave the best performance with regard to the economic use of precious metals for catalytic application. This catalyst may be a potential candidate for traditional as well as futuristic hydrogen mitigation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tri-phase TiO 2 nanoparticles are synthesized by facile hydrothermal method and calcinated within a temperature range of 450 °C–1050 °C. These nanoparticles are utilized as photoanode material in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. The device fabricated by utilizing TiO 2 NPs calcinated at 600 °C reveals a maximum power conversion efficiency (η) of 3.79 %, with a current density (J sc) of 7.83 mA cm−2 under one sun illumination among all tested devices. This exceptional achievement is related to the synergistic effect of 49 wt % anatase, 39 wt % rutile and 12 wt % brookite content in triphasic TiO 2 NPs. The anatase emerges as the most active phase providing a sufficient surface area for dye adsorption, and in parallel rutile phase enhances the scattering of light that potentially boosts mobility and injection of photogenerated electrons (e-s) from the LUMO level (E LUMO = −3.8 eV) of N719 dye to the conduction band (E CB = −4.28 eV). Simultaneously, the presence of the brookite phase reduces the charge-carriers ((e−), (h+)) recombination rate at the TiO 2 photoelectrode/electrolyte interfaces because brookite has an inherent resistance to back electron transfer. The effective light-harvesting capabilities of triphasic TiO 2 NPs position them as promising contenders for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). [Display omitted] • TiO 2 NPs are synthesized by hydrothermal method and calcinated at 450 °C, 600 °C, 750 °C, 900 °C and 1050 °C. • TiO 2 NPs consist of tri-phase (A, R, B) up to 600 °C, dual (A, R) at 750 °C and single (R) phases at 900 °C, 1050 °C. • The optical absorption edge of TiO 2 NPs steadily increases in the visible region with increasing calcination. • The fabricated DSSC with TiO 2 NPs at 600 °C achieves the highest PCE of η ∼3.79 %, among all tested devices. • The enhancement in "η" is due to the synergistic response of anatase, rutile, and brookite phases in TiO 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compute the effect of stress 6-minute Walk Test (6-MWT)/Exercise) on Blood Pressure Indices (BPIs) in both COVID-19 patients and Controls. Materials and Methods: A total of 122 young adults were included in this research with 61 participants each in the cases and the controls group. Participants between the ages of 18-40 with a previously positive confirmed PCR report covid (>3 months had passed after resolution of COVID-19 infection) were included as cases while healthy adults who did not contract covid were included in the control group. All the participants from both groups were stressed by asking them to perform the 6MWT. The subject's blood pressure was checked both before and after the stress and their MAP and PP were calculated. Results: In both pre and post-stress comparisons between cases and controls there was no significant difference between MAP (Post-Stress p=1 and Pre-Stress p=0.25) and PP (Post-Stress p=0.129 and Pre-Stress p=0.68). Matrix Scatter Plot between variables both pre and post-stress shows that all the variables (MAP, PP, and HR) did not correlate with each other. Conclusion: BPI i.e., MAP and PP show no significant difference between post-COVID participants and healthy adults after induction of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma irradiation-induced chemical decomposition and related phase transformation from SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to SnO have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Vis spectroscopy. XRD studies show that the SnO2NPS are crystalline in nature with rutile structure. Crystallinity of the NPs increases with the increase of gamma irradiation doses, which is consistent with the results of TEM. At high gamma irradiation doses, SnO phase appears from SnO2 matrix, which pushes the SnO2 phase toward stoichiometry. The band gap energy has been found in the range of 3.84–3.76 eV, larger than the band gap of bulk SnO2. The larger band gap is attributed due to small particle size, which is confirmed by TEM studies. Optical reflectance and band gap decrease with the increase of gamma irradiation doses due to creation of defects. This property of SnO2 NPs makes it suitable for use in optical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tungstate-based nanostructures improve electrochemical performance and offer many advantages due to their charge transport capabilities, excellent corrosion resistance, and superior optical and electrical characteristics. The main purpose of this study is to synthesize the calcium tungstate and dysprosium (Dy) doped calcium tungstate nanomaterials by using the hydrothermal method and investigate the effect of Dy doping on the electrochemical properties of calcium tungstate nanomaterials. The Dy doping changes the structural properties of materials such as a decrease in crystallite size, change in lattice parameters, and volume of the unit cell. The band gap of CaWO 4 reduces from 3.32 eV to 3.06 eV with increasing Dy concentration. SEM images reveal the spherical shape of the CaWO 4 and Dy (0.8%) doped CaWO 4 nanomaterials. The electrochemical properties show that Dy doping enhances the performance of CaWO 4 nanomaterials as a supercapacitor. The specific capacity increases to 624 C/g with 0.8% Dy doping in CaWO 4 as compared to 115 C/g of undoped CaWO 4 at a sweep rate of 5 mV/s. The theoretical evaluation shows that the diffusion-controlled mechanism dominates with the increasing sweep rate which presents the potential of Dy (0.8%) doped CaWO 4 for supercapattery-based hybrid devices. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, carbon nanowires (CNWs) were synthesized on thin stainless steel (SS-410) sheet by a chemical vapor deposition method at the growth temperature of 900 °C using acetylene gas as a precursor of carbon. Scanning electron microscopic images revealed the fibrous morphology of synthesized carbon material. At the same time, EDX analysis suggested the fibrous carbon material was predominantly grown on Fe/Cr metal catalyst particles presumably formed on the surface of a thin SS-410 sheet at high temperatures. The diameter distribution of the carbon nanowires is in the range of 40–60 nm. The carbon contents of the as-prepared material were about 50 wt % which increased to 90 wt % after nitric acid treatment due to the removal of excess metallic impurities. After purification with concentrated nitric acid, CNWs exhibited better adsorption behavior toward copper ions than that of as-prepared CNWs under similar conditions. Effect of pH, contact time, adsorbate, and adsorbent dose were studied. Langmuir isotherm model appears to be a better fit compared to the Freundlich isotherm model, thus suggesting the physisorption adsorption process between CNWs adsorbent and copper adsorbate in an aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic Hazard assessment is essential component for seismic risk analysis, mitigation and emergency management. Researches assessed hazard in the selected parts of Pakistan including Baluchistan province. Seismic Hazard Assessment for Khyber Pukthunkhwa (KPK) province has been previously done on large scale, however no such work has been carried out for Baluchistan province. The seismicity and frequency major earthquakes in Baluchistan province, require detailed Seismic Hazard Assessment. This paper presents the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) of Baluchistan Pakistan, emphasizing on spectral acceleration parameters. Earthquake loading is defined in terms of 0.2sec and 1.0sec spectral acceleration. Seismic hazard is estimated in terms of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) using Earthquake Risk Assessment (ERA) framework. This Framework is developed using Ambarasey's 2005 Ground Motion Prediction Equation for the assessment of hazard. A maximum Peak Ground Acceleration of 1.21 g, occurs in the district of Sibi, while minimum was found in Chaman of 0.03g using 1.0sec (S1) spectral acceleration and 0.65g at Quetta using 0.2sec (Ss) spectral acceleration. Seismic hazard mitigation strategies are recommended depending on the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torrential floods 2010 in Pakistan played havoc with the people and property of Pakistan in general and of Khyber Phukhtunkhwa (KP) in particular. More than two million houses were damaged partly or totally. The most affected housing stock was mud houses, which were mostly collapsed leading to death of people and live stock. In this study, the damaged mud houses in flood affected areas have been analyzed and the major causes of the failure of such houses were documented on the basis of field study and observations. Some improvements have been suggested for reconstruction of mud houses on the basis of international and regional building codes and studies. It has been observed that if these improvements are incorporated in the construction of houses, the flood related damage can be minimized to greater extent. This can surely lead to the enhanced safety of people lives and property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on a study which examined the opportunities of rain water harvesting in urban areas of Pakistan.

This article presents information on study which compared the National Disaster Management plan of Pakistan with the disaster and emergency plans of other South Asian countries.

[Display omitted] • Tantalum oxide nanotubes were synthesized by anodization in acid-free electrolytes. • Anodization parameters were optimized for stable and uniform nanotubic film. • The synthesized film revealed stable and uniform dispersed porous microstructure. • Stable nanotubic film shown crystaline nature after annealing at 550 °C. In this study tantalum oxide nanotubes were fabricated on tantalum foil in acid-free electrolytes by anodization method. Nanotubes morphology, which is dependent on the current, electrolyte concentration, anodization time and the electrolyte temperature were optimized. Concentration of NH 4 F causes the increase in current density. Current density of the electrolyte also increases with the rise in temperature as graphite is semiconductor. High currents density causes instability in the oxide film and increases the detachment rate of the film. The temperature rise during anodization was controlled by an ice/water bath. Optimized morphology and uniform film of Ta 2 O 5 was in the 70 mg of NH 4 F in 3 ml deionized water (DI water) and 49 ml ethylyne glycol (EG) electrolyte composition at ice/water cooled eletrochemical bath. The samples annealed at 550 °C show the formation of orthorhombic Ta 2 O 5 crystals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanomaterials are emerging as a potential platform for the efficient detection of biomolecules; thus, the rational design of such materials has been widely explored. Polyoxometalate (POM) nanoclusters can serve as advanced multifunctional structures for sensing and catalytic applications owing to their versatile structures and tunable redox properties. Here, in this work, POM amphiphilic building blocks are assembled on the CNT surface via non-covalent interactions using long alkyl chain surfactant molecules and their electrocatalytic performance is investigated for the detection of H2O2. It has been revealed that the POM–CNT based modified gold electrode exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic ability for the detection of H2O2 with a high selectivity. The synergy between POM nanoclusters and CNTs results in an enhanced reproducible sensitivity of 11 450 µA mM−1 cm−2 (R2 = 0.994) with a low detection limit of ∼0.5 µM. The POM–CNT/Au electrode demonstrates a 10 times higher current response than pristine POM building blocks, a fast response time of <2 s, good stability and long shelf-life. The DFT calculations reveal that CNTs mainly contribute to H2O2 sensing by facilitating the reduction of Keggin molecules. Moreover, the amphiphilic structures display good sensitivity towards H2O2 detection in the commercially available real samples, suggesting a new path to design and develop POM-based multifunctional materials for electrocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum powders are well known for excellent release of energy during oxidation upon heating. However, this release of energy becomes limited due to formation of dense oxide (Al2O3) layer on powder surface. In this study, reactivity of aluminum particles was improved by replacing oxide layer with metallic shell of iron using electroless plating technique. Three different bath compositions were selected for deposition of iron on aluminum particles. The surface morphology of prepared Al/Fe core–shell composite powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Further, iron content in the composite powder was measured quantitatively using helium gas pycnometer while elemental analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, thermo-physical behavior of the composite powder was investigated using simultaneous thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC). The results showed that the synthesized Al/Fe core–shell composite powder exhibits higher energy release in comparison to the uncoated aluminum powder upon heating in air (up to 1180 °C). The powder with the densest iron coating released the highest energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, impact of hydrothermal oxidation time on electrodeposited Zn–In films and their electrochemical non-enzymatic cholesterol sensing has been investigated. The oxidized Zn–In films have been prepared by a two-step method. That is the co-electrodeposition of Zn–In film on copper substrate followed by its hydrothermal oxidation in de-ionized (DI) water at 95 °C. The oxidation time has been varied as 01, 03, 06 and 12 h. The XRD patterns of oxidized Zn–In films revealed the polycrystalline ZnO and Zn 2 In 2 O 5 phases. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed the morphological evolution from nanoplates to nanorods as a result of increasing the oxidation time. The photoluminescence spectra of oxidized Zn–In nanostructures depicted that the visible light emission diminishes with increasing the oxidation time. The responses of oxidized Zn–In electrodes towards different cholesterol concentration (01 μM – 9 mM) have been recorded by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry in phosphate buffer solution without using any enzymes. CV measurements for these materials exhibited progressively better sensitivity for cholesterol with increasing oxidation time. Electrode based on Zn–In films oxidized for 12 h exhibited largest amperometric responses toward cholesterol with a sensitivity of 81 μA mM−1−cm−2 in the concentration range of 0.5 mM–9 mM. A response current for as low as 01 μM cholesterol concentration have been recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removal of methyl iodide (CH 3 I) from the air present within nuclear facilities is a critical issue. In case of any nuclear accident, there is a great need to mitigate the radioactive organic iodide immediately as it accumulates in human bodies, causing severe consequences. Current research focuses on removing organic iodides, for which the surface of activated carbon (AC) was modified by impregnating it with different metals individually, i.e. Ag, Ni, Zn, Cu and with the novel combination of these four metals (AZNC). After the impregnation of metals, triethylenediamine (TEDA) was coated on metal impregnated activated carbon (IAC) surface. The adsorption capacity of the combination of four metals IAC was found to be 276 mg/g as the maximum for the trapping of CH 3 I. Whereas TEDA-metal impregnation on ACs enhanced the removal efficiency of CH 3 I up to 352 mg/g. After impregnation, adsorption capacity of AZNC and AZNCT is significantly higher as compared to AC. According to the finding, t 5% of AZNCT IAC is 46 min, which is considerably higher than the t 5% of other tested adsorbents. According to isotherm fitting data, Langmuir isotherm was found superior for describing CH 3 I sorption onto AC and IACs. Kinetics study shows that pseudo second order model represented the sorption of CH 3 I more accurately than the pseudo first order. Thermodynamic studies gave negative value of ΔG which shows that the reaction is spontaneous in nature. Based on the findings, AZNCT IAC appears to have a great potential for air purification applications in order to obtain clean environment. • Metals and tertiary amine impregnated activated carbons were synthesized, for the removal of methyl iodide • AC and impregnated ACs samples characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, TGA and AAS • Enhanced efficiency of AZNCT impregnated AC for removal of CH 3 I up to 352 mg/g under severe conditions • Metal-TEDA impregnated ACs considered to be promising agent for the removal of radioactive CH 3 I in the context of nuclear power plant [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a key challenge in the treatment of chronic diseases. Spurred by topical advancement in polymer chemistry and drug delivery, hydrogels that release a drug in temporal, spatial and dosage controlled fashion have been trendy. This research focused on the fabrication of hydrogels with controlled drug release properties to control inflammation. Chitosan and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were used as base polymers and crosslinked with epichlorohydrin to form hydrogel films by solution casting technique. Prepared hydrogels were analyzed by swelling analysis in deionized water, buffer and electrolyte solutions and gel fraction. Functional groups confirmation and development of new covalent and hydrogen bonds, thermal stability (28.49%) and crystallinity were evaluated by FTIR, TGA and WAXRD, respectively. Rheological properties including gel strength and yield stress, elasticity (2309 MPa), porosity (75%) and hydrophilicity (73°) of prepared hydrogels were also evaluated. In vitro studies confirmed that prepared hydrogels have good biodegradability, excellent antimicrobial property and admirable cytotoxicity. Drug release profile (87.56% in 130 min) along with the drug encapsulation efficiency (84%) of prepared hydrogels was also studied. These results paved the path towards the development of hydrogels that can release the drugs with desired temporal patterns. Unlabelled Image • Chitosan based ITHs were devised by solution casting protocol. • Swelling in different media (water, pH and electrolytes) was systematically studied. • In vitro biodegradability, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity analysis were conducted. • Release efficacy of diclofenac sodium was evaluated in PBS solution at 37 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hydrothermal oxidation of electrodeposited zinc coatings is used to produce zinc oxide (ZnO) films. In the first step, zinc (Zn) coating is electrodeposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate. The Zn films are then immersed in deionized water at 9 5 ∘ C. The exposure time of Zn coating in deionized water is varied from 1 h to 24 h in sequence. At the 24 h exposure time, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns reveal that zinc film has been completely converted to ZnO. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) results show morphological changes from flakes (for pure Zn) or 2D plates to rod (ZnO) like morphology which further changes to cotton-flower like shapes with an increase in oxidation time. Diffuse reflectance spectral measurements show the band gap tuning with oxidation time (it decreases from 3.28 eV to 3.19 eV). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra have depicted phonon replicas with energy separation of ∼ 1 2 4 meV for the ZnO films obtained after 6 and 12 h exposure time in deionized water at 9 5 ∘ C temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports a two-step synthesis of composite nanofibrous mats of polytetraflouroethylene/zinc oxide (PTFE-ZnO); first, emulsion electrospinning of precursor solution was performed to yield as-spun mats followed by heat treatment at 280 °C. The surface of pure PTFE nanofibrous mats was modified by varying the amount of ZnO loadings in the electrospinning solution from 10 to 20 wt.%. Physiochemical characterization of synthesized mats was performed by FESEM, EDX, AFM, FTIR, Raman, TGA and contact angle goniometry. It was observed that fiber mean diameter decreased from 0.243 ± 15.10 μm to 0.17 ± 30.50 μm, RMS roughness increased from 112 to 627 nm and CA improved from 102.56° to 121.55° with the rise in ZnO content up to 20 wt% compared to the pure PTFE mats. Higher surface area, roughness and hydrophobicity of PTFE-ZnO mats resulted into significantly enhanced adsorption ability of VOCs on their surfaces against three model VOCs, namely, toluene, acetone and formaldehyde. The results have demonstrated that surface adsorption capacity of tested VOCs has considerably increased to 10, 07 and 03 folds respectively for the nanofibrous mats containing 20 wt.% ZnO, compared to pure PTFE mats. Based on these findings, these nanofibrous mats can potentially be used as filters for VOCs and particulate removal from air in the processing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, for the first time, antimicrobial properties of Al–Cu–Fe, Al–Cu–Fe–B and Al–Cu–Fe–Co quasicrystal powders were investigated in the leached and un-leached condition against Gram-negative (E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae) and Gram-positive (B. cereus, K. rosea) bacterial environment. Leaching of the powders in 10 M NaOH aqueous solution resulted in the enrichment of Cu and Fe at the surface. Consequently, bacterial activities in the vicinity of the leached quasicrystal powders were inhibited, indicating good antimicrobial characteristics of the leached powders. All the three leached powder samples exhibited antimicrobial activities with a varying degree. From the diameter of inhibition zone, it was deduced that E. aerogenes are the most susceptible against the leached powders. The leached Al–Cu–Fe–B and Al–Cu–Fe–Co quasicrystal powders showed nanostructured features on the outer surface. During leaching, the icosahedral structure was retained in all the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly crystalline bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) powder was prepared by a template-free hydrothermal method under different pH (~ 2, 3, 5, 8, 11) reaction conditions and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, photoluminescence, and electron spin resonance techniques. It was found that variation in pH of the precursor solution can influence morphology, structure and, consequently, photocatalytic efficiency of obtained products. The spherical BiVO4 nanoparticles were obtained at pH 2 and 3, nanorods at pH 5 and 8, whereas nanoplates were obtained at pH 11. Among the different pH-based BiVO4 samples, the one prepared at pH ~ 11 (BiVO4-11) exhibited surface area 102.74 m2/g and degraded the dye solution completely within 90 min. Therefore, pH-controlled hydrothermal reaction can be useful to synthesize nanostructures with different morphologies efficiently for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of pollutant under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of reinforced concrete as a structural material, the construction industry has made remarkable progress. The addition of nanoparticles will result in a stronger, more durable, self-healing, fire-resistant, easy to clean, and rapid compaction of the cementitious material. Some of the nanoparticles that could be used for these features are nano silica, aluminum oxide, nanostructured metals, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). In this article, the mathematical problem is modeled for hybrid nanofluids and generalized by using the concept of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivatives, and its application in the cementitious materials is studied theoretically. The problem is solved using the Laplace transform technique. The results show that by adding the Al2O3 nanoparticles and MWCNTs, the binding strength of the cement may be enhanced. Moreover, the effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles and MWCNTs are also discussed separately. Graphs are drawn for different volume fractions of nanoparticles and MWCNTs and discussed physically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioactive iodine may be released into off-gas streams during both, the normal operation and severe accident of nuclear power plant in both organic and inorganic forms. Methyl iodide formation results from the reaction between radioactive iodine and organic products (like paint and cable coatings) present within the containment. For the removal of methyl iodide (MeI) gas, activated carbon (AC) was impregnated with 2, 5, 8 and 10 wt% of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and triethylenediamine (TEDA). Characterization of the raw and impregnated activated carbon (IAC) was done by XRD, SEM, Raman, BET and TGA. Removal efficiency of MeI was evaluated using breakthrough experiments by varying weight percent of TEDA and HMTA. Both TEDA and HMTA-rich AC exhibited significant MeI adsorption capacity. TEDA-IAC was more effective for the elimination of MeI which adsorbed maximum 473 mg/g at low temperatures, whereas HMTA-IAC with high porosity had a comparatively high adsorption capacity at high temperatures due to its stability as compared to TEDA-IAC and adsorbed maximum 245 mg/g MeI. When raw AC was compared to IACs, results demonstrated that adsorption capacity of MeI improved up to 64 % for TEDA and 54 % for HMTA impregnated ACs. Langmuir model was well fitted to adsorption equilibrium data, and second-order model explained adsorption kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters study confirmed that the reaction is exothermic and spontaneous in nature. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effect of sulfur precursors on morphology of hydrothermally grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) nanostructures have been investigated. • Thioacetamide sulfur precursors yielded the predominant MoS 2 nanosheets. • XRD and Raman spectroscopy revealed the mixed (2H/1T) MoS 2 phase. • Nanosheets exhibited better photocatalytic activity than that of aggregates and agglomerate structures of MoS 2. The molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) nanostructures such as nanosheets, nanoflowers, nanoparticles, and nanoflakes are promising candidate materials for environmental pollution control. In this work, the effect of sulfur precursors i.e. thioacetamide, thiourea, and elemental sulfur on the morphology of hydrothermally grown MoS 2 material was studied followed by their visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities toward methyl orange (MO) dye degradation at ambient conditions. Interestingly under scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, the morphologies of synthesized materials were seen to consist of systematic nanosheets, aggregates, and agglomerates. Raman spectroscopy and XRD studies suggested that the grown materials were composed of primarily 1T-2H mixed phase of MoS 2 along with a minor oxide phase of molybdenum. Moreover, photocatalytic MO dye degradation activities exhibited by thioacetamide-grown MoS 2 nanostructures were found to be better than those of elemental sulfur and thiourea counterparts. The kinetic rates of degradation towards MO dye by materials synthesized with thioacetamide, elemental sulfur, and thiourea were found to be 0.00804 min−1, 0.00614 min−1, and 0.00531 min−1, respectively. The relatively better photocatalytic activities exhibited by thioacetamide-grown MoS 2 material were attributed to its predominant nanosheet morphology and the presence of a greater amount of MoS 2 contents. This work will be helpful for a better understanding of morphological control hydrothermal synthesis of MoS 2 -based materials and their subsequent organic dye degradation activities. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroxyapatite-based cerium-doped ceramics (Ce-HAp) were synthesized by the wet precipitation method. The mechanical and dielectric properties were investigated by density, microhardness, and impedance spectroscopy techniques. XRD and FTIR techniques were used to study the crystal structure of synthesized ceramics. ICP-OES and EDX results showed the elemental composition of doped Ce ions in the Ce-HAp samples. SEM results showed the rod-like morphology for 1.5 wt% Ce doped powders. Powders of varying Ce concentrations were molded into scaffolds and subjected to sintering at 1250 °C. The density, microhardness, and tensile strength results showed enhanced mechanical properties up to 1.5 wt% Ce which decreased with a further increase in Ce concentration. The impedance results showed better electrical network formation, increased conductivity, and diminished resistances in Ce-doped samples which suggest the usefulness of the composite for better bone healing, regeneration, and bone growth. The standard ion release test showed no leaching of Ce, H+, and OH− ions from fabricated solid pellets even after 22 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. These results indicate the excellent doping potential of Ce ions in hydroxyapatite-based ceramics for biomedical applications. [Display omitted] • Ce-HAp composites were synthesized for teeth and bone implant replacements. • Physical and mechanical properties were enhanced up to 1.5 wt% of Ce doping. • The increased electrical conductivity of Ce-HAp suggests its usefulness for bone healing, regeneration, and growth. • The synthesized composites showed excellent stability under physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An ultra-low temperature co-fired ceramic was developed using solid state route. • Theoretically calculated and experimentally measured band gaps were consistent. • Lossy nature of the sample was related to impurities, oxygen, and lithium vacancies. • A high specific capacitance of 252.5 F/g was obtained at a scan rate of 5 mV/s. Lithium molybdates are of great interest in ultra-low temperature cofired ceramics (ULTCC) technology due to their low processing temperature. In this study, a ULTCC Li 4 Mo 5 O 17 was prepared via a solid state route. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed the formation of single phase triclinic structure. The variation in relative permittivity and dielectric loss of the sample with the change in frequency is explained using the polaron model. At the excitation of 514 nm, excitonic and deep-level (impurities, oxygen, and lithium vacancies) emissions were observed which contribute to the lossy nature of Li 4 Mo 5 O 17. The experimentally calculated direct optical band gap energy of ∼ 3.1 eV is consistent with the energy gap (∼ 3.07 eV) predicted through density functional theory. The electrochemical study showed that the sample exhibits a high specific capacitance of ∼ 252.5 F/g at a low scan rate of 5 mV/s. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of electrochemical reduction on the structural and electrical properties of amorphous as well as annealed TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs) is investigated under ambient conditions. TNTs were prepared by anodizing titanium sheet in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing NH 4 F and de-ionized water at 40 V for 6 h. Electrochemical reduction is carried out in 1 M aqueous KOH solution for ∼15 s at 3 V. TNTs are characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS and impedance spectrometer. XRD results confirm an increase in d-spacing for (101) and (200) planes, after electrochemical reduction. XPS data reveal that electrochemical reduction produced prominent shifts of ∼0.7–1.0 eV in the binding energies of TNTs. Interestingly, these shifts recover completely (in case of amorphous TNTs) and partially (in case of anatase TNTs) within ∼7 days after reduction process due to oxygen uptake. Partial recovery in the binding energies of anatase TNTs is due to the fact that the oxygen vacancies are thermodynamically more stable as compared to amorphous TNTs. Similarly, the electrochemical reduction process decreases the impedance values of TNTs by more than three orders of magnitudes (from MΩ to kΩ). The impedance values also recover to the similar values before reduction in a span of ∼7days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking fluoride (F−)-contaminated water (>1.5 mg L−1) causes severe dental and skeletal disorders. In the central province of Pakistan, ∼20 times higher levels of F− in the drinking groundwater (compared with the 1.5 mg L−1 permissible limit of the World Health Organization) are triggering bone abnormalities in teenagers. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of pinecone-derived biochar (pristine) impregnated with Fe- and Al-salts (engineered) to defluoridate water. Batch mode adsorption experiments were carried out under variable conditions of solution pH, F− initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The engineered biochars resulted in greater adsorption than that of pristine biochar. Specifically, the AlCl 3 -modified biochar exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 14.07 mg g−1 in spiked water and 13.07 mg g−1 in in-situ groundwater. The equilibrium isothermal and kinetic models predicted monolayer, cooperative, and chemisorption types of the adsorption process. The chemical interaction and outer-sphere complexation of F− with Al, Na, and H elements were further confirmed by the post-adsorption analysis of the AlCl 3 -modified biochar by FTIR and XRD. The AlCl 3 -modified biochar resulted in 87.13% removal of F− from the in-situ F−-contaminated groundwater, even in the presence of naturally occurring competing ions (such as Cl−, HCO 3 −, SO 4 2−, and NO 3 −). We conclude that the AlCl 3 -modified biochar derived from pinecone could be a promising cost-effective adsorbent for the defluoridation of water. • The AlCl 3 -modified biochar exhibited great potential of water defluoridation. • The biochar also showed reasonable regeneration potential. • The biochar was equally effective to the in-situ F−-contaminated groundwater. • It performed with same efficiency even in the presence of competing ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drinking fluoride (F−)-contaminated water (>1.5 mg L−1) causes severe dental and skeletal disorders. In the central province of Pakistan, ∼20 times higher levels of F− in the drinking groundwater (compared with the 1.5 mg L−1 permissible limit of the World Health Organization) are triggering bone abnormalities in teenagers. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of pinecone-derived biochar (pristine) impregnated with Fe- and Al-salts (engineered) to defluoridate water. Batch mode adsorption experiments were carried out under variable conditions of solution pH, F− initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The engineered biochars resulted in greater adsorption than that of pristine biochar. Specifically, the AlCl 3 -modified biochar exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 14.07 mg g−1 in spiked water and 13.07 mg g−1 in in-situ groundwater. The equilibrium isothermal and kinetic models predicted monolayer, cooperative, and chemisorption types of the adsorption process. The chemical interaction and outer-sphere complexation of F− with Al, Na, and H elements were further confirmed by the post-adsorption analysis of the AlCl 3 -modified biochar by FTIR and XRD. The AlCl 3 -modified biochar resulted in 87.13% removal of F− from the in-situ F−-contaminated groundwater, even in the presence of naturally occurring competing ions (such as Cl−, HCO 3 −, SO 4 2−, and NO 3 −). We conclude that the AlCl 3 -modified biochar derived from pinecone could be a promising cost-effective adsorbent for the defluoridation of water. • The AlCl 3 -modified biochar exhibited great potential of water defluoridation. • The biochar also showed reasonable regeneration potential. • The biochar was equally effective to the in-situ F−-contaminated groundwater. • It performed with same efficiency even in the presence of competing ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Cd–Co doped Zn ferrites (Cd x Zn 1-x Co 0.25 Fe 1.75 O 4 ; x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) were successfully synthesized using a facile sol–gel method for the first time. Furthermore, the prepared samples were utilized as catalysts in the degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye for wastewater treatment applications. Cubic particles with the Fd3m space group and spinel structure were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Fourier transform-infrared and Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the presence of various functional groups, active sites, and a spinel structure. The optical properties were investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy, which determined the emission spectrum in the range from 403 to 411 nm. The photocatalytic activity was assessed based on the degradation of MO dye. The ultravioletvisible absorption spectra showed that the sample with x = 0.75 (Cd 0.75 Zn 0.25 Co 0.25 Fe 1.75 O 4) obtained the highest degradation efficiency of 82% after 120 min under irradiation by visible light due to the active octahedral lattice sites and prevention of electron/hole pair recombination. • Zinc ferrites synthesized sol–gel method. • Raman modes and vibrational modes confirmed spinel structure of all samples. • Photoluminescence intensity decreased Cd doping amount increased. • Photocatalytic activity assessed based on degradation of methyl orange dye. • Maximum degradation efficiency with x = 0.75 (Cd 0.75 Zn 0.25 Co 0.25 Fe 1.75 O 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the variation and physicochemical properties of ambient particulate matter (PM) in the very important location which lies in the foothills of the Hindu Kush ranges in northern Pakistan. This work investigates the mass concentration, mineral content, elemental composition and morphology of PM in three size fractions, i.e., PM1, PM2.5 and PM10, during the year of 2019. The collected samples were characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. During the study period, the average temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed were found to be 17.9 °C, 65.83%, 73.75 mm and 0.23 m/s, respectively. The results showed that the 24 h average mass concentration of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were 64 µgm−3, 43.9 µgm−3 and 22.4 µgm−3, respectively. The 24 h concentration of both PM10 and PM2.5 were 1.42 and 2.92 times greater, respectively, than the WHO limits. This study confirms the presence of minerals such as wollastonite, ammonium sulphate, wustite, illite, kaolinite, augite, crocidolite, calcite, calcium aluminosilicate, hematite, copper sulphate, dolomite, quartz, vaterite, calcium iron oxide, muscovite, gypsum and vermiculite. On the basis of FESEM-EDX analysis, 14 elements (O, C, Al, Si, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Fe, N, Mo, B, S and Cl) and six groups of PM (carbonaceous (45%), sulfate (13%), bioaerosols (8%), aluminosilicates (19%), quartz (10%) and nitrate (3%)) were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different sintering techniques (vacuum sintering, hot-pressing, spark plasma sintering) on microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated for pre-synthesized core-shell (Al/Cu) particles reinforced Al matrix composites (AMC). In the first step, copper was deposited on aluminum powder particles by galvanic replacement method to synthesize Al/Cu particulates. In the next step, green compacts of Al/Cu core-shell particles reinforced AMCs were prepared by using vacuum sintering (VS), hot-pressing (HP) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructure and phase analysis of the prepared composites were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) while their mechanical properties were evaluated by performing compression test and microhardness test. The results revealed that the sintering path has a pronounced impact on the properties of prepared composites. Depending on the consolidation technique, the deposited Cu in the core-shell structure is transformed in-situ into various types of intermetallic. This results in specially tailored microstructures with improved strength along with varying toughness depending upon the sintering technique. Mechanical characterization showed that the spark plasma sintered composite has the highest microhardness and compressive strength. To meet the current industrial requirements for structural and functional applications, this study provides a methodology to obtain tailor-made microstructure of AMCs with much improved mechanical characteristics. • Pre-synthesized Al/Cu core-shell powder was utilized as reinforcement in AMC. • Sintering was carried out by vacuum sintering, hot pressing and spark plasma. • The Cu shell transforms in-situ into intermetallic phases during sintering. • Degree of transformation decides the microstructural and mechanical behavior. • Microstructure with Cu shell morphology results in the highest fracture strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impregnated activated carbons (IACs) have been prepared successfully from aqueous solution of copper, zinc, silver and molybdenum for the removal of toxic gases from air. First, the activated carbon was impregnated by imbibing limit method with single metal, then a combination of 2 to 4 metals was used. The aim of this study was to access the adsorption capability of raw activated carbons (RAC) and IACs for SO 2 and NO 2 gases. Different techniques such as XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX mapping, AAS and BET surface area analyzer were used for characterization of materials. Results indicate that IACs provided satisfactory protection against challenge gases. Using the FTIR based gas analyzer, a significant increase in breakthrough time of all IACs was observed as compared to RAC. The maximum breakthrough time was achieved with four metals (Cu, Zn, Ag and Mo) impregnated on activated carbon i.e. 120.5 min for SO 2 and 139.0 min for NO 2 , which were 13 and 25 times high respectively, in comparison with RAC. Adsorption capacity was found to be 320 mg SO 2 /g-C and 380 mg NO 2 /g-C. In comparison with RAC, ASZM2 carbon showed enhanced adsorption capability up to 30 times for SO 2 and 40 times for NO 2. Unlabelled Image • Water soluble salts were used for impregnation. • Metal oxides were impregnated on activated carbon by imbibing limit method. • Prepared IACs were found promising and efficient for removal of SO 2 and NO 2 gases from air. • ASZM2 carbon showed significant decontamination capability for SO 2 and NO 2 gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the synthesis of different zinc-tin oxidized hybrid nanostructures and their non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance. Co-deposition of metallic Zn and Sn has been performed on copper (Cu) substrates at different current densities (15, 20, 25 & 30 mA/cm2). The electrodeposited Zn–Sn films have been hydrothermally treated at 95 °C for 12 h to obtain oxidized Zn–Sn hybrid nanostructures. XRD data confirmed the formation of zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO 2 and SnO) without exhibiting metallic phases. The FE-SEM and EDX results reveal that the current density is the controlling factor for surface morphology and Sn content (from 4 at% to 16 at%), respectively. Photoluminescence spectra also show that UV impurity peak intensity is enhanced with the increase in current density due to the rise in tin oxide content. The potential of oxidized Zn–Sn nanostructures have been explored for the non-enzymatic glucose sensing using electrochemical methods like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry. The response time of about 1 sec was observed for all the modified electrodes. The non-enzymatic glucose sensing performance for oxidized Zn–Sn electrodes is found to be strongly dependent on tin content and surface morphology. A higher glucose detection sensitivity of 2135 μA mM−1cm−2 (in the range of 0.5 μM–0.1 mM) has been observed for oxidized Zn–Sn electrode prepared at 30 mA/cm2. This study demonstrates the potential of oxidized Zn–Sn hybrid nanostructures toward non-enzymatic glucose sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Porphyry and epithermal type of gold deposits in the hinterlands of the Bagrote valley. • Proximal source and high content of gold in pyrite suggest probable mineralization beneath the current level of erosion. • Gold occurs in pyrite in the form of micro to nano inclusions as Au0 instead of Au+1. • Ore forming fluids were derived from orogenic belts with minor contribution of lower crust. The Bagrote valley in North Pakistan, belonging to the Kohistan island arc, is well-known for regional placer gold mining. However, no economically feasible in situ hydrothermal gold deposits have been discovered in this region due to rugged terrain and remote nature of its location in the western Himalaya. The streams draining the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT)/Shyoke suture zone carry placer gold in sediments as well as old river terraces, although the primary source remains unknown. In this paper, we employ a multiparametric approach including, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermoelectricity, major and trace element geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of pyrite associated with placer gold with a view to identify the nature of the unknown deposits and ore forming fluids on the catchment of the Bagrote valley. Pyrite in the Bagrote valley placers is euhedral to subhedral indicating the proximal gold sources. The high rate of occurrence of N-type thermoelectric coefficients (89%) with low P-type (11%) and crystallization temperature (290 °C−380 °C) combined with chemical features indicate that the pyrite was derived from porphyry or epithermal type of magmatic hydrothermal gold deposits from the hinterlands of the Bagrote valley. The X-Ray elemental maps show that Fe, As, Mo and Ni are homogenously distributed from core to rim suggesting stable crystallization condition without any alteration by later fluids. The calculated chemical formula of pyrite of our samples is [Au0.0006Fe] S2.004], plots of Au-As and Au-Fe shows that gold occurs in pyrite as micro to nano inclusion as Au0. The δ 34 S V - CDT values of pyrite range from – 0.6‰ to 0.9‰ with an average of −0.02‰, indicating the derivation of sulfur from a homogeneous magmatic source. The Pb isotope data indicates that the Pb was sourced from orogenic-type source, with minor contribution of lower crust. The narrow variations in 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb values suggest a single lead source. The low, medium and high Mo/Ni ratios reflect a mixed provenance for the auriferous pyrite. The average value of γ (71.8%), of pyrite computed from thermoelectric parameters (XnP), suggests that the dominant part of the primary source that contributes to the placers might have already been eroded. However, the proximal source and with high content of gold in the pyrite grains (up to 1160 ppm) suggest the possibility of significant economic mineralisation below the present erosion level of the deposits in the hinterlands of Bagrote Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]