Search

The present study was conducted to check the growth performance and body composition of Labeo rohita fed with two different levels of fish meal replacement with bone meal. The trial was carried out in glass aquaria for a period of 8 weeks. Ten (n=10) fingerlings of L. rohita were reared per aquaria having capacity of 80-L water. Feed having 100% fish meal was considered as T1 and diets having 30% and 60% replacement of fish meal by bone meal as main protein source was considered as T2 and T3, respectively. Results showed that replacement of 30% and 60% fish meal with bone meal has better effect on growth of L. rohita analysed whole body composition revealed that lower values of total fat there was observed no significant differences in carbohydrates and moisture content of fish was observed. Bone meal could replace fish meal as an acceptable protein source to promote growth of L. rohita without any negative effects on growth and body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal accumulation in freshwater ecosystem has become one of the major aquatic environmental concerns for freshwater flora and fauna due to their higher stability and bioaccumulation as well as bio-magnification properties. Furthermore, passing through the food web, these heavy metals affect human populations ultimately. This study assessed the heavy metal accumulation in Cirrhinus mrigala in spring, autumn, and winter at different locations (I, II, and III) of Panjnad headwork. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment for the consumption of C. mrigala from the sampling locations was also carried out. Fish were collected from upper (I), middle (II), and lower (III) stream of Panjnad on a monthly basis. The current study evaluated the accumulation of Aluminum (Al), Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba), and Lead (Pb) in various fish organs (liver, kidney, gills, fins, skin, muscles and bones) and assessed their potential hazard to human health through health risk assessment indicators. The results demonstrated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in heavy metal accumulation in different fish organs, seasons, and locations. The accumulation of Al, As, Ba, and Pb were considerably higher in liver and kidney as compared to the other body organs and followed a trend of liver > kidney > gills > fins > skin > bones > muscle and the overall mean concentrations of metals in different body tissues of C. mrigala were in the order of Al > As > Ba > Pb. The results also concluded that C. mrigala caught from the Panjnad headwork is not safe for human consumption due to higher values of TTHQIng (3.76), THQIng for Ba (3.27) and CRIng for As (6.4742). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have reported goat Polled Intersex Syndrome(PIS) a 11.7-kb deletion triggers intersexuality and polledness in goats. To determine the effect of PIS region on horned phenotype of Guanzhong dairy goats, four specific primers (PIS1-1, PIS1-2, PIS2 and PIS3) covering PIS fragment were designed, and four DNA fragment were amplifed and sequenced. A 12.814kb sequence was assembled containing the whole goat PIS region both in horned goats and in polled goats, which mean there were no 11.7 kb deletion in the Guanzhong dairy goats.The polymorphisms sites in PIS region of horned and polled Guanzhong dairy goats were identified, and a total of 30 polymorphisms sites were confirmed (A648T, T652C, G1107C, T2594C, G2820A, G3556A, A3573G, T3621C, A5329T, T5392G, G5878A, C5996T, A6187G, C6228A, G6969T, G7045T, T7057C, C7266G, C7417T, T8327G, T9029G, C10034A, A10846G, del 10861-10862TT, G11842A, G12157A, G12104A, del 12431-12432AT, G12665A and del 12771-12772TT) in the 12.814 kb sequence. The further annotation results showed that a tRNA was located at 4218-4290bp, STR1 (TGTGTGTGTGTG) and STR2 (ATATATATATAT) were located at 9473-9484bp and 12451- 12462bp, respectively. Three micro RNAs, dme-mir-1, dme-mir-263a and cbr-mir-354 were confermed to locate at 3002-3023bp, 9078-9094bp and 10866-10882bp, respectively. There is a CpG island at 4390- 4540 bp. Our results showed that the PIS regions have no effect on polled phenotype of Guanzhong dairy goat, genetic diversity in PIS region of the goat were identified and the key gene polymorphism sites still waiting to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was planned to determine intestinal digestive enzymes activity and bone mineralization of Ctenopharyngodon idella. Four type food were prepared by using formic acid (%) and vitamin D3 (IU/Kg) in experiment viz, FD1, FD2, FD3 and FD4, respectively. Fish fed with formic acid showed considerable increase in calcium, magnesium potassium, however vitamin D3considerably increase iron and manganese contents (µg/g) in the bones of C. idella. Amylase and protease activity was maximum in fish intestine fed with formic acid followed by fornic acid × vitamin D3, vitamin D3 = control diet. Activity of lipase enzyme was reduced by formic acid supplementation as well as vitamin D3. The observed formic acid and vitamin D3 (interactions) were synergistically bone mineralization of phosphorus, sodium, copper and also showed positive result for the activity of amylase, protease and lipase. Finally, formic acid and vitamin D3improves bone mineralization and digestive enzymes activity in the C. idella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, sub-lethal (1/3rd, 1/5th and 1/6th of LC50) effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on biochemical markers such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and total protein contents in various tissues (gills, hepatic, renal, brain, muscle and cardiac) of Labeo rohita was determined. Fish was exposed for 60-day and sampling was done after 7-day. Results showed that the GST activity was considerably increased in L. rohita as compared to control. The GST activity was enhanced in various tissues (hepatic, brain, cardiac, gills, renal and muscle) of CPF treated fish as compared to control group. Comparison among different concentrations indicated that 1/3rd of LC50 caused greater increase in GST activity followed by that of 1/5th and 1/6th. The GST activity in selected tissues of fish varied with duration of exposure as 28>21>35>42>14>7>49>56. Total protein contents in all selected tissues of CPF exposed fish were decreased with the passage of time. Among all the concentrations, 1/3rd of LC50 cause greater decrease in protein contents. The total protein contents in various tissues of L. rohita followed the order: muscle>hepatic>brain>gills>renal>cardiac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was performed to determine the antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in different organs viz. muscle (M), heart (H), brain (B), kidney (K), liver (L), and gills (G) of Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Labeo rohita exposed to 1/3rd of LC50 of endosulfan (E), chlorpyrifos(C) and bifenthrine(B) mixture for 60 days. Geno-toxicity in term of DNA damage, micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of each fish were also observed. Results showed that the CAT activity of C. catla and L. rohita was increased in L, G, K and M during first 15 days after that CAT level decreased upto 60-day. However, same was decreased in B and H of exposed fish species as compared to control. Similarly, C. mrigala had increased CAT activity in G, L, K and B during first 15-day after that it was decreased. However, CAT activity decreased in H and M of exposed fish in relation to control. The GST, POx and SOD activities were accelerated significantly in all organs of exposed three fish species during first 30-days after that GST activity decreased significantly. The trend of GST activity in organs of fish species was studied as L>B>K>G>H>M. C. catla showed higher GST and SOD activity than L. rohita and C. mrigala. Species specific response of POx showed the order as: L. rohita>C. catla>C. mrigala. POx activity was maximum in L followed by B, G, K, H and M. Organs specific response of SOD followed the order: L>B>K>G>H>M. The results of genotoxicity indicated that DNA damage, MN and NAs in erythrocytes of each fish increased during first 30 days of exposure after that time dependent decreased. In conclusion, antioxidant enzymes and genotoxic parameters are the useful tools to determine the toxic effect of aquatic xenobiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MC1R gene is the key gene that determines the color of animal hair. The melanocortin receptor gene of Nubian goat (white, pure black and brown flower) was cloned and analyzed by systematic bioinformatics. The result showed that the coding region of the MC1R gene of Nubian goat was 954 bp in length and encoded 317 amino acids. The results of multiple sequence comparison showed that the clones were 99%, 87%, 86%, 85%, 84%, 81%, and 77% similar to the published pig, cow, human, dog, sheep, mouse, and chicken, respectively. It showed that MC1R gene had a high conserved type among different species. The goat MC1R protein has a molecular mass of 34.65 ku, an isoelectric point of 8.70, which is weakly alkaline, and contains seven transmembrane domains typical of cell membrane receptor proteins. Sequencing analysis of the black, brown and white different color MC1R genes of Nubian goats revealed that there are three SNPs in the gene sequence, which are 219, 712 and 1160, respectively. The C/T mutation did not cause amino acid mutations; base A/G mutations occurred at position 712 and caused amino acid mutations in pure black and brown goat samples, which were mutated from tryptophan to cysteine. The results of this study have important reference significance for the future correlation analysis between MC1R gene and Nubian goat wool color traits and the color genetic mechanism of Nubian goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coat color is of great importance in animal breed characteristics; it is not only a significant productive trait but also an indispensable economic trait, especially in the rabbit industry. In the present study, the relationship between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) genotypes and coat color phenotypes was observed in five rabbit breeds with popular coat colors that are present in China. These breeds comprised the Lianshan black rabbit (BR), Fujian yellow rabbit (YR), New Zealand white rabbit (WR), Gray Giant rabbit (GR), and Checkered Giant rabbit (CR), which were firstly determined, and the results showed that GR had an E allele; WR, CR, and BR had a 6-bp in-frame deletion (c.281_286del6, ED allele); and YR had a 30-bp deletion (c.304_333del30 E allele). To explore the feasibility of obtaining a novel rabbit coat color through the mutation of MC1R with the CRISPR/Cas9 system, two single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed for the MC1R gene, and the editing efficiency was confirmed by injection of rabbits' zygotes. Unlike the donor rabbits whose coat color was originally black, two novel pale-yellow-coated rabbits were generated in the founders. A total of six novel MC1R gene deletions were identified in the two founder rabbits, in which the longest deletion was more than 700 bp. The histological hematoxylin-and-eosin (H&E) staining results indicated that eumelanin amounts were absent in hair follicles of MC1R -knockout (KO) rabbits, when compared with that of donor BR. In addition, the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of some key downstream genes in the MC1R pathway were all downregulated in MC1R -KO rabbits compared with BR and YR. These results further indicate that loss-of-function MC1R contributed to blocking the synthesis of eumelanin and created a novel pale-yellow coat color in the MC1R -KO rabbits, and gene editing technology may be a useful tool to generate novel phenotypes in rabbit breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become the predominant etiology of endometritis and thus require effective treatment approaches. We used ultrasonography coupled with clinical signs and presented complaints of reproductive issues to investigate the epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis, antimicrobial resistance, and development of novel therapeutics against Escherichia coli isolated from endometritis in bovine (n = 304 from 10 commercial dairy farms). The prevalence of bovine endometritis in this study was 43.75%, while among these, 72.18% samples were positive for E. coli. Nucleotide analysis performed through BLAST and MEGAX showed 98% similarity to the nucleotide sequence of the reference E. coli strain (accession number CP067311.1). The disk diffusion assay revealed pathogen resistance to most antibiotics. Pattern of MIC order of resistance was as follows: enrofloxacin < gentamicin < co-amoxiclav < streptomycin < amoxicillin < metronidazole < oxytetracycline. Field trials revealed the highest recovery rate (in terms of clearance of endometritis and establishment of pregnancy) in case of gentamicin + enrofloxacin (100%) and gentamicin alone (100%), followed by co-amoxiclav + gentamicin (84.61%), oxytetracycline alone (78.57%), and metronidazole + enrofloxacin (33.33%). Hence, the current study reported a higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli showing considerable similarity with reference strain, and finally, the effective response of novel antibiotics to treat cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherax quadricarinatus is a large-sized, highly fecund, and fast-growing species of freshwater crayfish, and has become one of the world's most intensely studied crustaceans. Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1), a newly described species in the family Iridoviridae , is known to infect various crustaceans, including C. quadricarinatus , and may pose a new threat in the shrimp-farming industry. The present study performed de novo transcriptome sequencing of C. quadricarinatus hepatopancreas during DIV1 infection. A total of 114,784 transcripts and 56,418 genes were obtained; 1070 genes were upregulated and 775 genes were downregulated when compared with the uninfected samples (controls). Three pattern recognition receptor genes (fibrinogen-related protein, C-type lectin, and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein) were upregulated during DIV1 infection. Among the top-30 upregulated unigenes, 9 unigenes were identified as vitellogenin (Vg) genes, and the top-3 upregulated unigenes were identified as involved in Vg lipid transport, lipid localization, and lipid transporter activity, which were all significantly over-representative GO terms in the GO enrichment analysis of total and upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Many genes associated with Jak-STAT signaling pathway, Endocytosis, Phagosome, MAPK signaling pathway, Apoptosis and Lysosome were positively modified after DIV1 infection. The predicted protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed NF1 and TUBA, CRM1 and TUBB were involved in protein interactions. This research showed that DIV1 infection has a significant impact on the transcriptome profile of C. quadricarinatus hepatopancreas, and the results enhance our understanding of virus–host interactions. Furthermore, the high number of transcripts generated in the present study will provide information for identifying novel genes in the absence of a full C. quadricarinatus genome sequence. • First Cherax quadricarinatus transcriptome aimed to characterize immune response during DIV1 infection. • 1845 DEGs (1070 upregulated and 775 downregulated) were identified. 1070 genes were upregulated and 775. • The expression level of vitellogenin was significantly upregulated during DIV1 infection. • Phagosome and MAPK signaling pathway were positively modified during DIV1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]