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Additional file 3: Figures S2: ANCOM differential abundance volcano plots. The y-axis represents the W value or the number of times of the null-hypothesis was rejected for a given taxonomic cluster or ASV. The x-axis value represents the clr transformed mean difference in abundance of a given taxon or ASV. No Taxa/ASVs were found to be significant. Taxa/ASVs that were not significant but displayed a higher than average W value are labeled with taxon name.ANCOM differential abundance volcano plots. The y-axis represents the W value or the number of times of the null-hypothesis was rejected for a given taxonomic cluster or ASV. The x-axis value represents the clr transformed mean difference in abundance of a given taxon or ASV. No Taxa/ASVs were found to be significant. Taxa/ASVs that were not significant but displayed a higher than average W value are labeled with taxon name.

Additional file 1: Figure S1: Beta diversity comparisons of the gut microbiomes of urban and rural bees. Principal coordinate analysis and pairwise distance boxplots based on Bray Curtis dissimilarity and weighted Unifrac. Significance was tested using PERMANOVA with 999 permutations: ITBs versus RJBs (Bray Curtis, p = 0.083; weighted UniFrac, p = 0.19), rural RJBs versus urban ITBs (Bray Curtis, p = 0.016; weighted UniFrac, p = 0.037), rural RJBs versus urban RJBs (Bray Curtis, p = 0.167; weighted UniFrac, p = 0.016).