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Heavy metal ions pose significant risks to human health, pelagic, and several other life forms due to perniciousness, tendency to accumulate, and resistance to biodegradation. Waste bio-materials extend a budding alternative as low-cost adsorbent to address the removal of noxious pollutants from wastewater on account of being cost-effective and exhibiting exceptional adsorption capacities. The current exploration was accomplished to gauge the performance of raw and modified human hair concerning lead scavenging in a down-flow fixed bed column. The appraisal of column performance under varying operational parameters encompassing bed height (15–45 cm), influent metal ion concentration (60–140 mg L−1), and a solution flow rate (20–40 mL min−1) was performed by breakthrough curve analysis. The consequences acquired were evaluated using the Yoon Nelson, Thomas, Adam-Bohart, and Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model. Among these employed models, Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) and Thomas models exhibited the highest R-squared value compared to the Yoon Nelson and Adam-Bohart's model for most cases. In addition, the optimization of lead adsorption was followed using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions (desirability-1.00) for achieving a goal of maximum percent removal of lead ions were marked to be a bed height of 42.79 cm, solution flow rate of 20.92 mL min−1, and an initial metal concentration of 139.51 mg L−1. Under these optimized conditions, the percent amputation of lead in a fixed bed was observed to be 82.31 %, while the results of the experiment performed approximately under these optimized conditions revealed a percent removal of 85.05 %, reflecting a reasonable conformity with values acquired through Box-Behnken design.

Climate change and cadmium (Cd) contamination pose severe threats to rice production and food security. Biochar (BC) has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating these challenges. To investigate the BC effects on paddy soil upon GHG emissions, Cd bioavailability, and its accumulation, a meta-analysis of published data from 2000 to 2023 was performed. Data Manager 5.3 and GetData plot Digitizer software were used to obtain and process the data for selected parameters. Our results showed a significant increase of 18% in soil pH with sewage sludge BC application, while 9% increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) using bamboo chips BC. There was a significant reduction in soil bulk density (8%), but no significant effects were observed for soil porosity, except for wheat straw BC which reduced the soil porosity by 6%. Sewage sludge and bamboo chips BC significantly reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) by 7–8% while municipal biowaste reduced methane (CH4) emissions by 2%. In the case of heavy metals, sunflower seedshells-derived materials and rice husk BC significantly reduced the bioavailable Cd in paddy soils by 24% and 12%, respectively. Cd uptake by rice roots was lowered considerably by the addition of kitchen waste (22%), peanut hulls (21%), and corn cob (15%) based BC. Similarly, cotton sticks, kitchen waste, peanut hulls, and rice husk BC restricted Cd translocation from rice roots to shoots by 22%, 27%, 20%, and 19%, respectively, while sawdust and rice husk-based BC were effective for reducing Cd accumulation in rice grains by 25% and 13%. Regarding rice yield, cotton sticks-based BC significantly increased the yield by 37% in Cd-contaminated paddy soil. The meta-analysis demonstrated that BC is an effective and multi-pronged strategy for sustainable and resilient rice cultivation by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and Cd accumulation while improving yields under the increasing threat of climate change.

Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic contaminant that is ubiquitously present in the ecosystem and poses severe environmental issues, including hazards to soil-plant systems. This review focuses on the uptake, accumulation, and translocation of Pb metallic ions and their toxicological effects on plant morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes. We highlight that the uptake of Pb metal is controlled by cation exchange capacity, pH, size of soil particles, root nature, and other physio-chemical limitations. Pb toxicity obstructs seed germination, root/shoot length, plant growth, and final crop-yield. Pb disrupts the nutrient uptake through roots, alters plasma membrane permeability, and disturbs chloroplast ultrastructure that triggers changes in respiration as well as transpiration activities, creates the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activates some enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Pb also impairs photosynthesis, disrupts water balance and mineral nutrients, changes hormonal status, and alters membrane structure and permeability. This review provides consolidated information concentrating on the current studies associated with Pb-induced oxidative stress and toxic conditions in various plants, highlighting the roles of different antioxidants in plants mitigating Pb-stress. Additionally, we discussed detoxification and tolerance responses in plants by regulating different gene expressions, protein, and glutathione metabolisms to resist Pb-induced phytotoxicity. Overall, various approaches to tackle Pb toxicity have been addressed; the phytoremediation techniques and biochar amendments are economical and eco-friendly remedies for improving Pb-contaminated soils.

Aluminum (Al), a non-essential metal for plant growth, exerts significant phytotoxic effects, particularly on root growth. Anthropogenic activities would intensify Al’s toxic effects by releasing Al3+ into the soil solution, especially in acidic soils with a pH lower than 5.5 and rich mineral content. The severity of Al-induced phytotoxicity varies based on factors such as Al concentration, ionic form, plant species, and growth stages. Al toxicity leads to inhibited root and shoot growth, reduced plant biomass, disrupted water uptake causing nutritional imbalance, and adverse alterations in physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. These effects collectively lead to diminished plant yield and quality, along with reduced soil fertility. Plants employ various mechanisms to counter Al toxicity under stress conditions, including sequestering Al in vacuoles, exuding organic acids (OAs) like citrate, oxalate, and malate from root tip cells to form Al-complexes, activating antioxidative enzymes, and overexpressing Al-stress regulatory genes. Recent advancements focus on enhancing the exudation of OAs to prevent Al from entering the plant, and developing Al-tolerant varieties. Gene transporter families, such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), Aluminum-activated Malate Transporter (ALMT), Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp), Multidrug and Toxic compounds Extrusion (MATE), and aquaporin, play a crucial role in regulating Al toxicity. This comprehensive review examined recent progress in understanding the cytotoxic impact of Al on plants at the cellular and molecular levels. Diverse strategies developed by both plants and scientists to mitigate Al-induced phytotoxicity were discussed. Furthermore, the review explored recent genomic developments, identifying candidate genes responsible for OAs exudation, and delved into genome-mediated breeding initiatives, isolating transgenic and advanced breeding lines to cultivate Al-tolerant plants.

Soils exhibit structural heterogeneity across diverse spatio-temporal scales, yielding myriad of microhabitats, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of the intricate interactions within the soil matrix. At the nanometer scale, the interplay among organic matter (OM), mineral particles, and microbiota intricately govern the long-term destiny of soil carbon (C), nutrient cycling, and the fate of both organic and inorganic pollutants. Notably, the sorption of soil organic matter (SOM) onto smaller clay particles and its entrapment in microaggregates further contribute to this complex dynamic. Understanding these processes depends on recognizing their scale-dependent nature, necessitating sophisticated techniques for investigation. Although various methods are employed across scales, the current set of techniques still lacks the requisite sensitivity and resolution for microscale data collection. To address this limitation, the adoption of novel microscopic and spectroscopic techniques capable of probing molecular, isotopic, and elemental patterns at the micro to nano scale becomes imperative. Among these cutting-edge methodologies, the nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometer (NanoSIMS) emerges as a paradigm-shifting tool. Representing the latest evolution in ion microprobes, NanoSIMS seamlessly integrates high-resolution microscopy and isotopic analysis, maintaining unparalleled signal transmission and spatial resolution, reaching as fine as 50 nm. Its capabilities extend beyond conventional applications in science, as evidenced by recent breakthroughs in utilizing NanoSIMS to study biophysical interfaces in soils. This article underscores the pressing need to advance the incorporation of NanoSIMS as a pioneering instrumentation technique in soil studies. Furthering the implementation of this novel instrumentation technique in soil studies will pave avenues and aid in the advancement of future research.

Climate change caused by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has led to frequent extreme weather events, which seriously threaten sustainable agricultural production. Therefore, it is essential to optimize proper irrigation management to improve the grain yield, crop water productivity (WPc), economic crop water productivity (EWPc), and lower global warming potential (GWP) and GWP Intensity (GWPI). The effect of irrigation scheduling and irrigation methods on GHG emissions remains largely unknown, even though this knowledge is essential to optimize the irrigation management. To address this knowledge gap, a field experiment was carried out in the North China Plain (NCP) for three winter wheat seasons to measure the influence of different irrigation methods and irrigation scheduling on WPc, EWPc, GWP, and GWPI. Irrigation scheduling including 50%, 60%, and 70% of the field capacity (FC) were kept in the main plots and irrigation methods, including sprinkler, drip, and flood irrigation methods in the sub-plots. The results revealed that relative to sprinkler irrigation at 60% FC, drip irrigation at 60% FC significantly (p

The dry temperate forests of Pakistan exhibit rich diversity of understory floral species. These important and endemic plant species play a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning and providing livelihoods to the forest communities. South Waziristan, located in the southwest of Pakistan, is known for its rare pure stands of Pinus gerardiana Wallichex. D. Don forests. The rapidly expanding population and current state of affairs are leading to deforestation and causing disturbance to the understory vegetation of this valuable forest. The current study aims to fill the currently scanty information present in the literature regarding the diversity status of understory vegetation in P. gerardiana forests. Data of understory vegetation diversity were gathered for the northern and southern aspects of the forest. A 50 m2 sampling plot along with the placement of fifty 1x1m2 quadrats on both sites were laid out to determine species dominance, diversity, and evenness using Simpson, Shanon, Marglef, and Buzas–Gibson indices. The study depicted 612 individuals of about 29 species representing 23 families from the study site. The most abundant species in all of the sites was Salvia Glutinosa cccIV = 0.52. The southern aspect depicted the lowest diversity, but had high species dominance. Allium carolinianum DC. in this site was the most important species (IV = 0.74). The most abundant species were medicinal plants (75%), followed by edible plants (25%). Aspect had a significant effect on the understory vegetation and different categories of plants with respect to their diversity, dominance, and evenness as predicted by the various diversity indices. This study provides essential insight in to the florisitic diversity and community structure of the fragile pine nut understory vegetation in South Waziristan, which was hitherto not available. It was concluded that the southern aspect of understudy dry temperate forests depicted lower diversity and density as compared with the northern aspect. But it was observed that the southern aspect more specifically had more density and diversity of medicinal plants. It is therefore the need of the hour that conservation of these species from grazing and unsustainable harvesting must be ensured to sustain the livelihood of the inhabitants.

Soil microbial activity (SMA) is vital concerning carbon cycling, and its functioning is recognized as the primary factor in modifying soil carbon storage potential. The composition of the microbial community (MC) is significant in sustaining environmental services because the structure and activity of MC also influence nutrient turnover, distribution, and the breakdown rate of soil organic matter. SMA is an essential predictor of soil quality alterations, and microbiome responsiveness is imperative in addressing the escalating sustainability concerns in the Himalayan ecosystem. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of soil microbial and enzyme activities to land conversions in the Northwestern Himalayas (NWH), India. Soil samples were collected from five land use systems (LUSs), including forest, pasture, apple, saffron, and paddy-oilseed, up to a depth of 90 cm. The results revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in terms of dehydrogenase (9.97–11.83 TPF µg g−1 day−1), acid phosphatase (22.40–48.43 µg P-NP g−1 h−1), alkaline phosphatase (43.50–61.35 µg P-NP g−1 h−1), arylsulphatase (36.33–48.12 µg P-NP g−1 h−1), fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (12.18–21.59 µg g−1 h−1), bacterial count (67.67–123.33 CFU × 106 g−1), fungal count (19.33–67.00 CFU × 105 g−1), and actinomycetes count (12.00–42.33 CFU × 104 g−1), with the highest and lowest levels in forest soils and paddy-oilseed soils, respectively. Soil enzyme activities and microbial counts followed a pattern: forest > pasture > apple > saffron > paddy-oilseed at all three depths. Paddy-oilseed soils exhibited up to 35% lower enzyme activities than forest soils, implying that land conversion facilitates the depletion of microbiome diversity from surface soils. Additionally, reductions of 49.80% and 62.91% were observed in enzyme activity and microbial counts, respectively, with soil depth (from 0–30 to 60–90 cm). Moreover, the relationship analysis (principal component analysis and correlation) revealed a high and significant (p = 0.05) association between soil microbial and enzyme activities and physicochemical attributes. These results suggest that land conversions need to be restricted to prevent microbiome depletion, reduce the deterioration of natural resources, and ensure the sustainability of soil health.

In the original publication, there was a mistake in one author name, Mohammed Alasmari should be Mohammed S [...]

Salinity is a major threat to the yield and productivity of cotton seedlings. In the present study, we developed a BC2F2 population of cotton plants from Gossypium darwinii (5–7) and Gossypium hirsutum (CCRI 12–4) salt-susceptible parents to identify salt-resistant candidate genes. The Illumina HiSeq™ strategy was used with bulked segregant analysis. Salt-resistant and salt-susceptible DNA bulks were pooled by using 30 plants from a BC2F2 population. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used for the sequencing of parents and both bulks. Four significant genomic regions were identified: the first genomic region was located on chromosome 18 (1.86 Mb), the second and third genomic regions were on chromosome 25 (1.06 Mb and 1.94 Mb, respectively), and the fourth was on chromosome 8 (1.41 Mb). The reads of bulk1 and bulk2 were aligned to the G. darwinii and G. hirsutum genomes, respectively, leading to the identification of 20,664,007 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels). After the screening, 6,573 polymorphic markers were obtained after filtration of the candidate regions. The SNP indices in resistant and susceptible bulks and Δ(SNP-index) values of resistant and susceptible bulks were measured. Based on the higher Δ(SNP-index) value, six effective polymorphic SNPs were selected in a different chromosome. Six effective SNPs were linked to five candidate genes in four genomic regions. Further validation of these five candidate genes was carried out using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), resulting in an expression profile that showed two highly upregulated genes in the salt-tolerant species G. darwinii, i.e., Gohir.D05G367800 and Gohir.D12G239100; however, the opposite was shown in G. hirsutum, for which all genes, except one, showed partial expression. The results indicated that Gohir.D05G367800 and Gohir.D12G239100 may be salt-tolerant genes. We are confident that this study could be helpful for the cloning, transformation, and development of salt-resistant cotton varieties.

Soil and air pollution caused by heavy metals and limestone dust are prevalent in urban environments and they are an alarming threat to the environment and humans. This study was designed to investigate the changes in morphological and physiological traits of three urban tree species seedlings (Bombax ceiba, Conocarpus lancifolius, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis) under the individual as well as synergetic effects of heavy metal lead (Pb) and limestone dust toxicities. The tree species were grown under controlled environmental conditions with nine treatments consisting of three levels of dust (0, 10, and 20 g) and three levels of Pb contaminated water irrigation (0, 5, and 10 mg L−1). The results depicted that the growth was maximum in T1 and minimum in T9 for all selected tree species. B. ceiba performed better under the same levels of Pb and limestone dust pollution as compared with the other two tree species. The B. ceiba tree species proved to be the most tolerant to Pb and limestone pollution by efficiently demolishing oxidative bursts by triggering SOD, POD, CAT, and proline contents under different levels of lead and dust pollution. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration rate, and transpiration rate were negatively influenced in all three tree species in response to different levels of lead and dust applications. The photosynthetic rate was 1.7%, 3.1%, 7.0%, 11.03%, 16.2%, 23.8%, 24.8%, and 30.7%, and the stomatal conductance was 5%, 10.5%, 23.5%, 40%, 50.01%, 61.5%, 75%, and 90.9%, greater in T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, and T9 plants of B. ceiba, respectively, as compared to T1. Based on the findings, among these three tree species, B. ceiba is strongly recommended for planting in heavy metal and limestone dust-polluted areas followed by E. camaldulensis and C. lancifolius due to their better performance and efficient dust and heavy metal-scavenging capability.

Crop irrigation with brackish water having high Na+ is a common practice in developing countries like Pakistan; hence increasing the saline-sodic soils throughout the region. Therefore, two independent studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of minerals enriched contrasting biochars (MECBs) in mitigating Na+ toxicity on soil physicochemical properties, wheat growth, and physiology. In 1st trial, an incubation experiment was conducted having 32 treatments including simple biochar (SBc), manganese enriched biochar (MnBc), zinc enriched biochar (ZnBc), and iron enriched biochar (FeBc) applied at two rates (0.1% and 0.5%) with four different salinity levels such as 10, 20, 30, and 40 dSm−1. The soil was sampled after the 8th, 16th, and 24th day of incubation. Among the four sources of biochar, MnBc (0.1%) + 40 dSm−1 and FeBc (0.5%) + 40 dSm−1 showed efficient results to tolerate salinity stress in soil by efficiently reducing the availability of Na+ (60% and 30%) when compared to SBc (0.5%) + 40 dSm−1. Then, a pot study was conducted with 20 different treatments (control, SBc, MnBc, ZnBc, and FeBc) at four different salinity levels, i.e., 0, 5, 10, and 15 dSm−1. There were four replicates and the crop was harvested after 60 days of germination. The application of brackish water (control+15 dSm−1) significantly reduced the fresh weight of root (28%) and shoot (34%) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as compared to FeBc+15 dSm−1. However, the soil Na+ toxicity was significantly decreased (23%) by the application of FeBc+15 dSm−1 as compared to control+15 dSm−1. Similarly, a significant increase was observed in leaf chl. a, b and photosynthetic rate (75%, 3 and 2-folds); however, a significant decrease was observed in transpiration rate (50%) in T. aestivum L. treated with FeBc+15 dSm−1 as compared to control+15 dSm−1. Interestingly, FeBc+15 dSm−1 also played a vital role to prevent oxidative damage by controlling the shoot CMP (63%) in T. aestivum L. by efficiently triggering the activities of shoot antioxidant enzymes such as APX (30%) and CAT (52%) when compared to control+15 dSm−1. In summary, it was evaluated that FeBc showed the highest adsorption capacity of Na+ ions to regulate salinity stress by improving soil health and crop physiology.

Shallow groundwater plays a vital role in physiology morphological attributes, water use, and yield production of winter wheat, but little is known of its interaction with nitrogen (N) application. We aimed to explore the effects of N fertilization rate and shallow groundwater table depth (WTD) on winter wheat growth attributes, yield, and water use. Experiments were carried out in micro-lysimeters at WTD of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5 m with 0, 150, 240, and 300 kg/ha N application levels for the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results showed that there was an optimum groundwater table depth (Op-wtd), in which the growth attributes, groundwater consumption (GC), yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) under each N application rate were maximum, and the Op-wtd decreased with the increase in N application. The Op-wtd corresponding to the higher velocity of groundwater consumption (Gv) appeared at the late jointing stage, which was significantly higher than other WTD treatments under the same N fertilization. WTD significantly affected the Gv during the seeding to the regreening stage and maturity stage; the interaction of N application, WTD, and N application was significant from the jointing to the filling stage. The GC, leaf area index (LAI), and yield increased with an increase of N application at 0.6–0.9-m depth—for example, the yield and the WUE of the NF300 treatment with 0.6-m depth were significantly higher than those of the NF150–NF240 treatment at 20.51%, and 14.81%, respectively. At 1.2–1.5-m depth, the N application amount exceeding 150–240 kg/ha was not conducive to wheat growth, groundwater use, grain yield, and WUE. The yield and the WUE of 150-kg/ha treatment were 15.02% and 10.67% higher than those of 240–300-kg/ha treatment at 1.2-m depth significantly. The optimum N application rate corresponding to yield indicated a tendency to decrease with the WTD increase. Considering the winter wheat growth attributes, GC, yield, and WUE, application of 150–240 kg/ha N was recommended in our experiment.

Heavy metal (HM)-mediated toxic effects on plants have attained considerable attention worldwide as they directly threaten the food supply chain. Although various measures have been taken to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metal stress in plants, significant research gaps must be proactively addressed. Fascinatingly, the exogenous application of phytohormones has recently attained substantial interest in regulating the negative effects of HM stress. Phytohormones are signaling transductional molecules that mitigate HM toxicity in plants and support their growth and development. Both exogenous treatments and manipulation of the endogenous status of phytohormones through regulating their signaling/biosynthesis-related genes are effective strategies for protecting plants against HM-induced toxic effects. However, to achieve maximum benefits from phytohormone-mediated subcellular mechanisms to mitigate HM toxicity, it is necessary to gain in-depth understanding on their potential pathways. The current review focuses primarily on the major mechanistic phytohormonal-mediated approaches involved in alleviating the toxic effects of HMs in plants. Moreover, the potential roles of major phytohormones in triggering protein molecules, signaling transductions, and gene expressions to avoid, tolerate, or alleviate HM toxicity in plants are also discussed. This information provides systematic understanding on the mechanisms of phytohormones in modulating heavy metal tolerance in plants and could help to guide the development of strategies to improve plant tolerance against HM toxicity.

A migraine is a condition of severe headaches, causing a disturbance in the daily life of the patient. The current studies were designed to develop immediate-release polymeric buccal films of Eletriptan Hydrobromide (EHBR) and Itopride Hydrochloride (ITHC) to improve their bioavailability and, hence, improve compliance with the patients of migraines and its associated symptoms. The prepared films were evaluated for various in vitro parameters, including surface morphology, mechanical strength, disintegration test (DT), total dissolving time (TDT), drug release and drug permeation, etc., and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, such as area under curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), half-life (t1/2), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), and time to reach maximum concentration (Cmax). The outcomes have indicated the successful preparation of the films, as SEM has confirmed the smooth surface and uniform distribution of drugs throughout the polymer matrix. The films were found to be mechanically stable as indicated by folding endurance studies. Furthermore, the optimized formulations showed a DT of 13 ± 1 s and TDT of 42.6 ± 0.75 s, indicating prompt disintegration as well as the dissolution of the films. Albino rabbits were used for in vivo pharmacokinetics, and the outcomes were evident of improved pharmacokinetics. The drug was found to rapidly permeate across the buccal mucosa, leading to increased bioavailability of the drug: Cmax of 130 and 119 ng/mL of ITHC and EHBR, respectively, as compared to 96 (ITHC) and 90 ng/mL (EHBR) of oral solution. The conclusion can be drawn that possible reasons for the enhanced bioavailability could be the increased surface area in the form of buccal films, its rapid disintegration, and faster dissolution, which led toward the rapid absorption of the drug into the blood stream.

Due to higher atmospheric greenhouse gasses concentrations, global warming is undoubtedly the most critical environmental issue that needs an immediate solution. Agroforestry has attained worldwide recognition to cope with this global problem due to its greater potential to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide along with other ecosystem services, including food security. However, quantitative information about the biomass and carbon sequestration in poplar-maize agroforestry systems is not available in semi-arid climatic zones in Pakistan. The current study was carried out to evaluate the vegetation biomass and carbon stocks under three poplar-maize agroforestry planting patterns under semi-arid climatic conditions in a subdivision Jaranwala, District Faisalabad, Pakistan. The data was collected in three agroforestry patterns like; A (192 trees ha−1), B (255 trees ha−1), and C (296 trees ha−1). Allometric equations were used to estimate the biomass and carbon stock in plant species. Results showed that the poplar tree carbon stock among three planting patterns was significantly different, with maximum carbon stock of 35.62 t ha−1 in pattern C, and it was 8% and 33.5% greater than the carbon stock of pattern B and pattern A, respectively. The maximum aboveground biomass assimilated by maize crop was (11.95 t ha−1) in pattern B, and it was 10.3% and 3.6% greater than pattern A and pattern C, respectively. The grain yield was highest in pattern A as compared to the other two patterns. Additionally, the maximum soil carbon stock in soil was estimated (22.72 t ha-1) in pattern C, at 0-15 cm depth, while it was 13.42% and 6.61% greater than pattern A and pattern B, respectively. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggested that pattern C with maximum biomass production and carbon stocks is the optimum poplar maize planting pattern in requisites of both financial and environmental benefits in the form of carbon sequestration.

Environmental pollution of heavy metals (HMs), mainly due to anthropogenic activities, has received growing attention in recent decades. HMs, especially the non-essential carcinogenic ones, including chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), have appeared as the most significant air, water, and soil pollutants, which adversely affect the quantity, quality, and security of plant-based food all over the world. Plants exposed to HMs could experience significant decline in growth and yield. To avoid or tolerate the toxic effects of HMs, plants have developed complicated defense mechanisms, including absorption and accumulation of HMs in cell organelles, immobilization by forming complexes with organic chelates, extraction by using numerous transporters, ion channels, signalling cascades, and transcription elements, among others. OMICS strategies have developed significantly to understand the mechanisms of plant transcriptomics, genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics to counter HM-mediated stress stimuli. These strategies have been considered to be reliable and feasible for investigating the roles of genomics (genomes), transcriptomic (coding), mRNA transcripts (non-coding), metabolomics (metabolites), and ionomics (metal ions) to enhance stress resistance or tolerance in plants. The recent developments in the mechanistic understandings of the HMs-plant interaction in terms of their absorption, translocation, and toxicity invasions at the molecular and cellular levels, as well as plants' response and adaptation strategies against these stressors, are summarized in the present review. Transcriptomics, genomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and ionomics for plants against HMs toxicities are reviewed, while challenges and future recommendations are also discussed.

Soil chromium toxicity usually caused by the tannery effluent compromises the environment and causes serious health hazards. The microbial role in strengthening biochar for its soil chromium immobilization remains largely unknown. Hence, this study evaluated the effectiveness of zinc and iron-enriched rice husk biochar (ZnBC and FeBC) with microbial combinations to facilitate the chromium immobilization in sandy loam soil. We performed morphological and molecular characterization of fungal [Trichoderma harzianum (F1), Trichoderma viride (F2)] and bacterial [Pseudomonas fluorescence (B1), Bacillus subtilis (B2)] species before their application as soil ameliorants. There were twenty-five treatments having ZnBC and FeBC @ 1.5 and 3% inoculated with bacterial and fungal isolates parallel to wastewater in triplicates. The soil analyses were conducted in three intervals each after 20, 30, and 40 days. The combination of FeBC 3%+F2 reduced the soil DTPA-extractable chromium by 96.8% after 40 days of incubation (DAI) relative to wastewater. Similarly, 92.81% reduction in chromium concentration was achieved through ZnBC 3%+B1 after 40 DAI compared to wastewater. Under the respective treatments, soil Cr(VI) retention trend increased with time such as 40 > 30 > 20 DAI. Langmuir adsorption isotherm verified the highest chromium adsorption capacity (41.6 mg g−1) with FeBC 3% at 40 DAI. Likewise, principal component analysis (PCA) and heat map disclosed electrical conductivity-chromium positive, while cation exchange capacity-chromium and pH-organic matter negative correlations. PCA suggested the ZnBC-bacterial while FeBC-fungal combinations as effective Cr(VI) immobilizers with >70% data variance at 40 DAI. Overall, the study showed that microbes + ZnBC/FeBC resulted in low pH, high OM, and CEC, which ultimately played a role in maximum Cr(VI) adsorption from wastewater applied to the soil. The study also revealed the interrelation and alternations in soil dynamics with pollution control treatments. Based on primitive soil characteristics such as soil metal concentration, its acidity, and alkalinity, the selection criteria can be set for treatments application to regulate the soil properties. Additionally, FeBC with Trichoderma viride should be tested on the field scale to remediate the Cr(VI) toxicity.

Abstract The present study was designed to develop a disease predictive model based upon meteorological variables, that is, minimum and maximum temperatures, rainfall, and relative humidity to predict lentil wilt severity. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship of meteorological variables with disease severity. A significant correlation was found between all meteorological variables and lentil wilt severity. Maximum temperature showed negative correlation, while minimum temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity exhibited positive correlation with lentil wilt severity. Environmental variables and disease severity data of 2 years (2017–2018) were used to develop a disease predictive model using a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and relative humidity significantly contributed to disease development and explained 94.39% variability in disease severity. This model, based on 2 years data, was then validated with 5 years (2012–2016) meteorological variables and disease severity data set. Homogeneity of regression line in the multiple regression equations of 2 years (2017–2018) model and 5 years (2012–2016) model indicated that they validated each other. Lentil wilt severity was high at maximum (17–25°C) and minimum temperature (9.5–15.1°C), rainfall (4.5–6.5 mm), and relative humidity (55%–85%), respectively. The lentil wilt disease predictive model developed for four lentil varieties, namely M‐85, NL‐2, Mansehra‐89, and NARC‐08‐1, during the present investigation will be useful to predict disease severity before epidemic occurrence and the time of fungicide application. Hence, the model is helpful to reduce the use of fungicides, lessen environmental pollution, and help limit the cost of production of lentil growers.

Abstract Silicon (Si), as a quasi-essential element, has a vital role in alleviating the damaging effects of various environmental stresses on plants. Cadmium (Cd) stress is severe abiotic stress, especially in acidic ecological conditions, and Si can demolish the toxicity induced by Cd as well as acidic pH on plants. Based on these hypotheses, we demonstrated 2-repeated experiments to unfold the effects of Si as silica gel on the root morphology and physiology of wheat seedling under Cd as well as acidic stresses. For this purpose, we used nine treatments with three levels of Si nanoparticles (0, 1, and 3 mmol L−1) derived from sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) against three concentrations of Cd (0, 50, and 200 µmol L−1) in the form of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) with three replications were arranged in a complete randomized design. The pH of the nutrient solution was adjusted at 5. The averages of three random replications showed that the mutual impacts of Si and Cd in acidic pH on wheat roots depend on the concentrations of Si and Cd. The collective or particular influence of low or high levels of Si (1 or 3 mM) and acidic pH (5) improved the development of wheat roots, and the collective influence was more significant than that of a single parallel treatment. The combined effects of low or high concentrations of Cd (50 or 200 µM) and acidic pH significantly reduced root growth and biomass while increased antioxidants, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. The incorporation of Si (1 or 3 mmol L−1) in Cd-contaminated acidic nutrient solution promoted the wheat root growth, decreased ROS contents, and further increased the antioxidants in the wheat roots compared with Cd single treatments in acidic pH. The demolishing effects were better with a high level of Si (3 mM) than the low level of Si (1 Mm). In conclusion, we could suggest Si as an effective beneficial nutrient that could participate actively in several morphological and physiological activities of roots in wheat plants grown under Cd and acidic pH stresses.

Salinity is a global problem, and almost more than 20% of the total cultivated area of the world is affected by salt stress. Phytoremediation is one of the most suitable practices to combat salinity and recently biochar has showed the tremendous potential to alleviate salt-affected soils and enhance vegetation. Trees improve the soil characteristics by facilitating the leaching of salts and releasing organic acids in soil. Moreover, in the presence of trees, higher transpiration rates and lower evaporation rates are also helpful in ameliorating salt affected soils. This study was designed to check the effect of different levels of biochar on the morph-physiological characteristics of three important agroforestry tree species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Vachellia nilotica, and Dalbergia sissoo, in saline soils. Farmyard manure biochar was applied at the rate of 3% (w/w), 6% (w/w), and 9% (w/w) to find appropriate levels of biochar for promoting the early-stage trees growth under saline conditions. Results of the current study revealed that maximum shoot length (104.77 cm), shoot dry weight (23.72 g), leaves dry weight (28.23 g), plant diameter (12.32 mm), root length (20.89 cm), root dry weight (18.90 g), photosynthetic rate (25.33 μ moles CO2 m-2s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.12 mol H2O m-2 s-1) were discovered in the plants of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at the rate of 6% (w/w). All tree species showed better results for growth and physiological characteristics when biochar was applied at the rate of 6% (w/w). In comparison, a decreasing trend in growth parameters was found in the excessive amount of biochar when the application rate was increased from 6% (w/w) to 9% (w/w) for all three species. So, applying an appropriate level of biochar is important for boosting plant growth in saline soils. Among different tree species, Vachellia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis both showed very promising results to remediate salt affected soils with Vachellia nilotica showing maximum potential to absorb sodium ions.

Several agroforestry systems prevail in different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan, and cover a remarkable area of 19.3 million hectares. They not only play an important role in slowing down CO2 emissions, but also contribute to mitigating climate change. However, in many regions, the relevant effect of agroforestry systems on overall carbon (C) stock and their reliance on various factors are quite unidentified. This study was planned to assess the biomass accumulation and C stocks of different commonly practiced agroforestry systems (boundary, bund, scattered, agri-horticulture) and their constituent land use types (tree + cropland) through a non-destructive approach (allometric equations) in a semi-arid region of Punjab, Pakistan. The results showed that the highest plant biomass (87.12 t ha−1) increased by 46%, 17%, 78%, and 339%, and C stock (42.77 t ha−1) increased by 49.51%, 20%, 82%, and 361% in the boundary planting system compared to the bund, scattered, agri-horti and sole cropland, respectively. The soil organic carbon (SOC) stock at all three depths, 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm & 30–45 cm, was found in the following order: boundary planting system > bund planting system > agri-horti system > scattered planting system > agricultural system, with a maximum in the boundary planting system and minimum in the sole cropping system at all three depths. Overall, the total C stock of the ecosystem’s vegetation + soil C (0–30 cm) in the forested area was 275 t ha−1, equating to 37 t ha−1 in the agricultural system alone. Our results highlighted that agroforestry systems have the highest potential for C sequestration. We suggest that research and investment in agroforestry systems can be a successful way for Pakistan to achieve some of its climate change mitigation goals.

Spatial variabilities and drivers of land use and land cover (LULC) change over time and are crucial for determining the region’s economic viability and ecological functionality. The North-Western Himalayan (NWH) regions have witnessed drastic changes in LULC over the last 50 years, as a result of which their ecological diversity has been under significant threat. There is a need to understand how LULC change has taken place so that appropriate conservation measures can be taken well in advance to understand the implications of the current trends of changing LULC. This study has been carried out in the Baramulla district of the North-Western Himalayas to assess its current and future LULC changes and determine the drivers responsible for future policy decisions. Using Landsat 2000, 2010, and 2020 satellite imagery, we performed LULC classification of the study area using the maximum likelihood supervised classification. The land-use transition matrix, Markov chain model, and CA-Markov model were used to determine the spatial patterns and temporal variation of LULC for 2030. The CA-Markov model was first used to predict the land cover for 2020, which was then verified by the actual land cover of 2020 (Kappa coefficient of 0.81) for the model’s validation. After calibration and validation of the model, LULC was predicted for the year 2030. Between the years 2000 and 2020, it was found that horticulture, urbanization, and built-up areas increased, while snow cover, forest cover, agricultural land, and water bodies all decreased. The significant drivers of LULC changes were economic compulsions, climate variability, and increased human population. The analysis finding of the study highlighted that technical, financial, policy, or legislative initiatives are required to restore fragile NWH regions experiencing comparable consequences.

Nitrogen application rates and plant density are vital factors that influence cotton production considerably. The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of varied nitrogen (N) rate and planting densities (PD) on growth and yield performance of two cotton cultivars from different origins. The research was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangements. There were two nitrogen levels; low N level (F1 with 120 kg ha−1) and high N level (F2 with 180 kg ha−1) with three plant densities; 8 plants m−2 as low plant density (LPD), 10 plants m−2 as medium plant density (MPD) and 12 plants m−2 as high plant density (HPD). During this study we observed the interactive effect of N application levels and PD on cotton growth, yield performance. Results showed that FH-142 took more number of days to reach maturity as compared with Huamian-3109. Cotton plant dry biomass and crop growth rate (CGR) was also considerably influenced by N and PD levels. FH-142 produced maximum dry biomass under F1 with HPD and F2 with MPD respectively while least plant dry biomass production was noted under F1 with LPD. High CGR was noted in FH-142 under F2 with MPD. Another side, Huamian-3109 showed maximum plant dry biomass only under F1 with HPD. Least plant dry biomass production was noted under F1 with LPD. Higher total yield produced by FH-142 under F2 with MPD while Huamian-3109 produced similar and relatively higher seed cotton yield and lint yield in F1 with HPD and F2 with MPD. These combinations were recommended for better production of both cotton cultivars in agro climatic conditions of Pakistan.

Scientific knowledge of cancer has advanced greatly throughout the years, with most recent studies findings includes many hallmarks that capture disease's multifaceted character. One of the novel approach utilised for the delivery of anti-cancer agents includes mesenchymal stem cell mediated drug delivery. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-haematopoietic progenitor cells that may be extracted from bone marrow, tooth pulp, adipose tissue and placenta/umbilical cord blood dealing with adult stem cells. MSCs are mostly involved in regeneration of tissue, they have also been shown to preferentially migrate to location of several types of tumour in-vivo. Usage of MSCs ought to improve both effectiveness and safety of anti-cancer drugs by enhancing delivery efficiency of anti-cancer therapies to tumour site. Numerous researches has demonstrated that various drugs, when delivered via mesenchymal stem cell mediated delivery can elicit anti-tumour effect of cells in cancers of breast cells and thyroid cells. MSCs have minimal immunogenicity because to lack of co-stimulatory molecule expression, which means there is no requirement for immunosuppression after allogenic transplantation. This current review elaborates recent advancements of mesenchyma stem cell mediated drug delivery of anti-cancer agents along with its mechanism and previously reported studies of drugs manufactured via this drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world economy and society have developed quickly, the amount of farmland soil pollution has become alarming, which has seriously threatened global food security. It is necessary to take effective measures on the moderately contaminated soil to produce high-quality food and to protect food security worldwide by effective use of land resources. Our experimental design was to study the changes in soil physicochemical properties and tomato yield and quality indicators by irrigating tomatoes on cadmium-contaminated soil with two different water qualities (reclaimed water irrigation: RW; tap water irrigation: TW) through drip irrigation devices. Tomato quality indicators were determined using plant physiological assays, as well as vitamin C (VC), total acidity (TA), protein content (PC), and soluble sugar content (SS). We tested five different types of cadmium-contaminated soils (less than 0.60 mg/kg, 0.60–1.20 mg/kg, 1.20–1.80 mg/kg, 1.80–2.40 mg/kg, 2.40–3.00 mg/kg) against RW and TW, and performed high-throughput sequencing of the soils to obtain environmental results for soil microbial diversity. The results reveal that compared with the TW condition, soil nutritional status was increased with the irrigated RW. The yield of the tomatoes increased by 52.03–94.03% than TW. The results of the study showed significant and highly significant relationships between tomato quality indicators (TA, SS, yield) and soil physical and chemical properties indicators (p < 0.01, 0.05). For instance, the RW increased the SOM by 6.54–12.13%, the TP by 0.48–24.73%, the yield of the tomatoes by 52.03–94.03% than TW, while the cadmium content did not show significant differences (p < 0.05), and the cadmium content did not increase the soil’s pollution level. Compared with TW treatment, RW treatment alleviated the inhibition of soil microbial diversity by cadmium and RW also increased its soil microbial diversity. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Bacteroidetes in the RW condition were higher than in the TW condition at different cadmium concentrations. In conclusion, RW improved the overall quality conditions of soil and the diversity of microbial communities, and did not aggravate the pollution degree of cadmium-contaminated soil, and affected the yield of tomatoes positively. RW can be an effective irrigation technique to reduce the use of clean water.

Industries have been a major culprit in increasing carbonaceous emissions and major contributors to global warming over the past decades. Factories in the urban periphery tend to warm cities more as compared with rural surroundings. Recently, nature-based solutions have been promoted to provide solutions related to climate adaptations and mitigation issues and challenges. Among these solutions, urban trees have proven to be an effective solution to remove air pollutants and mitigate air pollution specifically caused by carbon emissions. This work was designed to assess the role of tree species in mitigating air emissions of carbon around the vicinity of various industrial sites. For this purpose, three different industrial sites (weaving, brick kiln, and cosmetic) were selected to collect data. Selected industrial sites were divided into two areas, i.e., (a) area inside the industry and (b) area outside the industry. The samples were collected from 100 square meters inside the industries and 100 square meters outside the industries. Five different trees species comprised of four replications were selected for sampling. About twenty trees species from inside and outside of the industries were measured, making it 120 trees from all three selected industries for estimating aboveground and belowground biomass, showing their carbon estimation. The results showed that Moringa oleifera depicted overall higher total biomass from both inside (2.58, 0.56, and 4.57 Mg ha−1) and outside sites from all three selected industries. In terms of total carbon stock and carbon sequestration inside the industry sites, Syzygium cumini had the most dominant values in the weaving industry (2.82 and 10.32 Mg ha−1) and brick kiln (3.78 and 13.5 Mg ha−1), while in the cosmetic industry sites, Eucalyptus camaldulensis depicted higher carbon, stock, and sequestration values (7.83 and 28.70 Mg ha−1). In comparison, the sites outside the industries’ vicinity depicted overall lower carbon, stock, and sequestration values. The most dominant tree inside came out to be Dalbergia sisso (0.97 and 3.54 Mg ha−1) in the weaving industry sites, having higher values of carbon stock and carbon sequestration. Moringa oliefra (1.26 and 4.63) depicted dominant values in brick kiln sites, while in the cosmetic industry, Vachellia nilotica (2.51 and 9.19 Mg ha−1) displayed maximum values as compared with other species. The findings regarding belowground biomass and carbon storage indicate that the amount of soil carbon decreased with the increase in depth; higher soil carbon stock values were depicted at a 0–20 cm depth inside and outside the industries. The study concludes that forest tree species present inside and outside the vicinity of various industries have strong potential in mitigating air emissions.

Non-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these P fertilizers leads to Cd build-up in the soil. The current study aims to evaluate the impacts of P sources and rates on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and the bioavailability of Cd. Twelve treatments including rock phosphate 4 g kg−1 (RP1); 8 g kg−1 (RP2); 12 g kg−1 (RP3)); single super phosphate 333 mg kg−1 (SSP1); 444 mg kg−1 (SSP2); 555 mg kg−1 (SSP3); di-ammonium phosphate 130 mg kg−1 (DAP1); 174 mg kg−1 (DAP2); 218 mg kg−1 (DAP3); mono-ammonium phosphate 115 mg kg−1 (MAP1); 154 mg kg−1 (MAP2); 193 mg kg−1 (MAP3) in two soil textures (sandy and clayey) were assessed. Results revealed that all P sources significantly influenced the plant growth and yield characteristics of maize (p ≤ 0.05). In both soil textures, P in soil and plant, plant growth and yield characteristics were maximized by MAP and DAP. Cadmium build-up in soil and uptake was also significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by P sources, levels, and soil texture. It was observed that Cd build-up in soil and uptake by plants boosted with increasing P levels. Maximum Cd concentration in plant root and shoot was found with SSP3, and its concentration in soil increased with MAP3, whereas the concentration was higher in sandy texture. The study concludes that type of P fertilizer should be determined based on texture and human consumption of the crop to avoid Cd toxicity.

The interest in reusing wastewater for irrigation is being popularized in most countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different wastewater and nitrogen fertilizer on soil fertility and plant quality, as well as to identify the optimal irrigation mode in the North China Plain. A total of nine treatments, including control (groundwater, no fertilizer), piggery wastewater, reclaimed water, and saline water, combined with nitrogen fertilizer (300 kg/ha and 200 kg/ha), were conducted in a greenhouse in 2019 (Xinxiang, Henan Province). Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, heavy metals contents, and cucumber yield and quality were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) compared with the underground water (control), soil pH value with a decrement of 0.21 units in piggery wastewater (PW), and 0.24 units in saline water treatments (SW). Soil electrical conductivity (EC) value significantly increased by 5.8~20.9% in PW and SW treatments, while there was no significant difference in EC in reclaimed water. The highest EC (770 µS/cm) was recorded in SW treatment. (2) No dramatic difference on the concentrations of soil lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in the PW, RW, and SW treatments, compared with the control, but soil organic matter, copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations in wastewater treatments were increased by 2.1~43.4%, 24.4~27.0%, and 14.9~21.9%, respectively. (3) There were no significant differences in cucumber yield and quality in RW treatment, while there was a slight decrease by 1.4% in yield in the SW treatment. The highest cucumber yield was observed in PWH treatment, with an increment of 17.5%. In addition, the contents of Vitamin C, soluble sugar, and protein were also improved by PW treatment. In this study, PW treatment showed the strongest ability to promote cucumber yield and quality, thus indicating that piggery wastewater irrigation with 300 kg/ha nitrogen would be the optimal practice in this region. Long-term study is necessary to monitor potential risk of heavy metals on the quality of soil and plant.

To propose an appropriate nitrogen application mode and suitable drip irrigation lateral spacing, a field experiment was conducted during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons to quantify the different drip irrigation lateral spacings and nitrogen fertigation strategies effects on winter wheat growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in the North China Plain (NCP). The experiment consisted of three drip irrigation lateral spacing (LS) (40, 60, and 80 cm, referred to as D40, D60, and D80 respectively) and three percentage splits of nitrogen application modes (NAM) (basal and top dressing application ratio as 50:50 (N50:50), 25:75 (N25:75), and 0:100 (N0-100) respectively). The experimental findings depicted that yield and its components, and WUE were markedly affected by LS and NAM. Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P

Background Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a native pest of Asia and preferably invasion on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop as a commendatory host plant. Commercially, G. hirsutum is known as white gold and is an important cash crop all over the globe. Limited studies were published to focus on certain dietary compositions against different cotton pests. Therefore, the present study was undertaken in the laboratory under controlled conditions (temperature: 27 ± 2°C and relative humidity: 60 ± 10%) to determine the impact of three different treatment diets (wheat germ meal, okra, and chickpea) on the biological aspects (lifetime, developmental period) of P. gossypiella. Results Results revealed that the shortest larval time of P. gossypiella was observed on the okra feed diet while the longest period was recorded on the wheat germ diet. Meanwhile, the pupation delay was noted on the wheat germ diet. The dietary influence was also observed on adult stages of female and male P. gossypiella (43.00 and 37.50 days respectively) and compared with a standard diet (56.50 and 52.50 days respectively). Furthermore, larval weighed more on the okra and chickpea diet followed by the wheat germ diet, whereas highest pupal weight was observed on the standard diet followed by the chickpea diet and okra diet. Conclusion Developmental parameters were significantly variant across all treatment diets, whereas the higher significant difference was reported on the okra diet. Therefore, the existing data of this study offers fruitful interventions for the future as a modified diet for large-scale and rapid mass production of P. gossypiella larvae.

Anthropogenic activities such as mining, manufacturing, and application of fertilizers release substantial quantities of cadmium (Cd) into the environment. In the natural environment, varying pH may play an important role in the absorption and accumulation of Cd in plants, which can cause toxicity and increase the risk to humans. We conducted a hydroponic experiment to examine the impact of pH on cadmium (Cd) solubility and bioavailability in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under controlled environmental conditions. The results showed that Cd concentration was significantly reduced in wheat with an increase in pH from 5 to 7, while it was dramatically increased at pH ranging from 7 to 9. However, in both cases, a significant reduction in physiological traits was observed. The addition of Cd (20, 50, and 200 μmol L-1) at all pH levels caused a substantial decline in wheat growth, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, nutrient availability, while elevated cell membrane damage was observed in terms of electrolytic leakage (EL), osmoprotectants, and antioxidants activity. In our findings, the negative effects of acidic pH (5) on wheat growth and development were more pronounced in the presence of Cd toxicities. For instance, Cd concentration with 20, 50, and 200 μmol L-1 at acidic pH (5) reduced shoot dry biomass by 45%, 53%, and 79%, total chlorophyll contents by 26%, 41%, 56% while increased CAT activity in shoot by 109%, 175%, and 221%, SOD activity in shoot by 122%, 135%, and 167%, POD activity in shoot by 137%, 250%, and 265%, MDA contents in shoot by 51%, 83%, and 150%, H2O2 contents in shoot by 175%, 219%, and 292%, EL in shoot by 108%, 165%, and 230%, proline contents in shoot by 235%, 280%, and 393%, respectively as compared to neutral pH without Cd toxicities. On the other hand, neutral pH with Cd toxicities alleviated the negative effects of Cd toxicity on wheat plants by limiting Cd uptake, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and increased nutrient availability. In conclusion, neutral pH minimized the adverse effects of Cd stress by minimizing its uptake and accumulation in wheat plants.

The large amount of nitrogen application on the North China Plain has caused a serious negative impact on the sustainable development of regional agriculture and ecological environmental protection. Our aim was to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilization rate and groundwater depth on growth attributes, soil-water and soil-fertilizer contents, and the winter wheat yield. Experiments were carried out in micro-lysimeters at groundwater depths of 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm on the basis of 0, 150, 240, and 300 kg/ha nitrogen fertilization rates in the growth season for winter wheat. Results showed that plant height, leaf area index, soil plant analysis development, and yield without nitrogen application increased significantly with increases in groundwater depth. The optimal groundwater depths for growth attributes and yield were 60–120 cm and tended to be shallower with added nitrogen application. Soil moisture was lowered significantly with groundwater depth, adding a nitrogen application reduced soil moisture, and excessive nitrogen input intensified soil drought. Nitrate-N accumulation at the 120–150 cm depths was significantly higher than that at the 60–90 cm depths, and a 300 kg/ha (traditional nitrogen application rate) treatment was 6.7 times greater than that of 150 kg/ha treatment and increased by 74% more than that of the 240 kg/ha treatment at 60–150 cm depth. Compared with the yield of the 300 kg/ha rate, the yield of the 240 kg/ha rate had no significant difference, but the yield increased by 3.90% and 11.09% at the 120 cm and 150 cm depths. The growth attributes and yield of winter wheat were better, and the soil nitrate-N content was lower, when the nitrogen application rate was 240 kg/ha. Therefore, it can be concluded that nitrogen application can be reduced by 20% on the North China Plain.

Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurther & Mabb. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. are two of the most important multipurpose agroforestry tree species of the Indian sub-continent, but their growth in saline soils is greatly reduced. Recently, organic amendments have showed the potential to increase plant growth in salt-affected soils; however, the influence of using these amendments for growing the above-mentioned tree species under saline conditions is not yet quantified. Therefore, an experiment was devised to analyze the interactive effects of organic amendments in saline soils on the growth of V. nilotica and D. sissoo. Under controlled conditions, a pot experiment was conducted in sandy loam saline soils (EC = 20.5 dSm−1). Organic amendments from four diverse sources: farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), slurry (SL), and farmyard manure biochar (FYMB) were employed in this study. At the harvesting time, data regarding morphological, physiological, ionic, and biochemical parameters were obtained. The current study results indicated that both tree species reacted differently, but positively, to diverse applied amendments. The maximum increment in total above-ground biomass, total below-ground biomass, and shoot length for V. nilotica (163.8%, 116.3%, and 68.2%, respectively) was observed in FYM amended soils, while the maximum increment for D. sissoo (128%, 86%, and 107%, respectively) was observed in FYMB amended soils, as compared to control. Minimum plant growth of both species was observed in untreated soils (saline soils). Likewise, the maximum potassium ion and minimum sodium ion concentrations were present in the root and shoots of plants (both species) treated with FYMB. The use of organic amendments resulted in decreased concentrations of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, and increased concentrations of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, POD, and CAT. Moreover, higher photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance were observed in the plants grown in amended soils. The findings of this study can be used to include the above-mentioned high-value tree species for future afforestation programs under saline conditions.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop used for feeding humans and cattle globally. Deficiency of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) adversely impacts the maize crop productivity and quality. However, the application of these nutrients shows variant responses in different maize cultivars. To understand this perspective, the current study aimed at investigating K and Zn’s optimal concentration in different hybrid and inbred maize cultivars. The treatments were based on three zinc levels (0, 6, and 12 mg Zn kg−1) and K levels (0, 30, and 60 mg kg−1), and their respective combinations. The experiment results showed that combined fertilization approaches of Zn and K (Zn12K60) improved the plant biometric, and physiological attributes of maize crop. The results revealed a significant increase in plant height (45%), fresh weight (70%), and dry weight (45%). Similarly, physiological attributes significantly improved the relative water content (76.4%), membrane stability index (77.9%), chlorophyll contents (170%), and photosynthetic rate (130%) in both inbred and hybrid genotypes. Furthermore, Zn and K (Zn12K60) increased transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (Ci), and internal CO2. In conclusion, maize hybrids (Neelam and DK-6142) were observed best compared with inbred (Afghoi and P-1543) cultivars with the combined application of Zn and K (Zn12K60). Thus, these inbred varieties should be preferred for fodder requirement with optimum fertilizer (Zn12K60) application in Zn deficient soils.

The current study was designed to convert the poloxamer (PLX) into thiolated poloxamer (TPLX), followed by its physicochemical, biocompatibilities studies, and applications as a pharmaceutical excipient in the development of tacrolimus (TCM)-containing compressed tablets. Thiolation was accomplished by using thiourea as a thiol donor and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a catalyst in the reaction. Both PLX and TPLX were evaluated for surface morphology based on SEM, the crystalline or amorphous nature of the particles, thiol contents, micromeritics, FTIR, and biocompatibility studies in albino rats. Furthermore, the polymers were used in the development of compressed tablets. Later, they were also characterized for thickness, diameter, hardness, weight variation, swelling index, disintegration time, mucoadhesion, and in vitro drug release. The outcomes of the study showed that the thiolation process was accomplished successfully, which was confirmed by FTIR, where a characteristic peak was noticed at 2695.9968 cm−1 in the FTIR scan of TPLX. Furthermore, the considerable concentration of the thiol constituents (20.625 µg/g of the polymer), which was present on the polymeric backbone, also strengthened the claim of successful thiolation. A mucoadhesion test illustrated the comparatively better mucoadhesion strength of TPLX compared to PLX. The in vitro drug release study exhibited that the TPLX-based formulation showed a more rapid (p < 0.05) release of the drug in 1 h compared to the PLX-based formulation. The in vivo toxicity studies confirmed that both PLX and TPLX were safe when they were administered to the albino rats. Conclusively, the thiolation of PLX made not only the polymer more mucoadhesive but also capable of improving the dissolution profile of TCM.