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Purpose: To identify the impact of endovascular simulator training and shadowing in interventional radiology on medical students' self-assessed IR knowledge. Moreover, the sequence of the teaching methods and its influence on the self-assessed IR knowledge is investigated. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 fourth-year medical students participated in this study. Eleven students completed shadowing live cases first and endovascular simulator training the following day. Eight students completed the teaching in reversed order. Questionnaires were completed before and after each teaching method. The students assessed their knowledge of instruments and materials, steps of the Seldinger technique, and aortography on a Likert scale (1 = "I do not agree at all," 5 = "I fully agree"). Results: After simulator training, the students stated a significant increase in perceived knowledge compared with baseline (p < 0.001). Shadowing led to a significant improvement regarding the items "knowledge of instruments and materials" (3.2 vs. 3.8, p = 0.008) and "steps of the Seldinger technique" (3.7 vs. 3.9, p = 0.046). Self-assessed knowledge after simulator training increased significantly more regarding Seldinger technique compared with shadowing (+ 1.2 vs. + 0.2, p < 0.001). Simulator training before shadowing was significantly more effective regarding the increase in "knowledge of the steps of aortography" compared with the reverse sequence (+ 2.0 vs. + 0.9, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Endovascular simulator training and shadowing are both feasible tools to improve medical students' perceived knowledge of interventional radiology. When organizing teaching, simulator training before shadowing can have a positive impact on self-assessed knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research revisits the utilization of prompting as an essential teaching technique in digital pedagogy, taking into account its changing significance in response to technological progress. This study presents a paradigm that highlights the importance of prompting in supporting digital learning environments. It analyzes different types of prompting, their usefulness, and how learning progresses through strategies like fading and shadowing. Additionally, this study examines the practical consequences, implementation processes, and future research issues in the field of digital pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the probability of shadowing of a random finite pseudotrajectory by an exact trajectory for linear skew products. We describe general conditions under which a random pseudotrajectory can be shadowed with polynomial (with respect to its length) precision with high probability. Examples satisfying that general condition are continuous linear skew products over Bernoulli shift, doubling map on a circle, and any Anosov linear map on a torus. The main tool used in the proof is Cramer's large deviation theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the notion of conditional Lipschitz shadowing, which does not aim to shadow every pseudo-orbit, but only those which belong to a certain prescribed set. We establish two types of sufficient conditions under which certain nonautonomous ordinary differential equations have such a property. The first criterion applies to a semilinear differential equation provided that its linear part is hyperbolic and the nonlinearity is small in a neighborhood of the prescribed set. The second criterion requires that the logarithmic norm of the derivative of the right-hand side with respect to the state variable is uniformly negative in a neighborhood of the prescribed set. The results are applicable to important classes of model equations including the logistic equation, whose conditional shadowing has recently been studied. Several examples are constructed showing that the obtained conditions are optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the notions of mean chain transitivity, mean chain mixing, totally mean chain transitivity, and almost mean shadowing property to iterated function systems (IFS). We study the interrelations of these notions. We prove that an iterated function system is chain transitive if one of the constituent maps is surjective, and it has almost mean shadowing property.

A new approach based on the analysis of the influence of a single perturbation is proposed as a test for the shadowing property for a broad class of dynamical systems (in particular, nonautonomous ones) under a variety of perturbations. Applications to several interesting cases are considered in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid depletion of energy resources makes it necessary to turn to renewable energy sources. At this point, it is one of the most popular energy sources, especially with its solar potential. Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems, which allow benefiting from thermal energy as well as modules that can produce electricity with direct photovoltaic (PV) systems, have made rapid progress in recent years. In this study, basic dynamics are tried to be determined by highlighting the basic parameters that affect the performance of PV and PV/T systems. In addition, the shading effect, which is quite common in applications, is discussed. Then, the studies, which increase the performance of the systems, are included together and the opportunity to compare the studies is presented. With innovative approaches, it is seen that good results can be obtained even at smaller scales with different applications of PV systems. With combined systems, the applicability in buildings is analysed by providing both electricity generation and thermal benefits in small-area applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bdi model of rational agency has been studied for over three decades. Many robust multiagent systems have been developed, and a number of Bdi logics have been studied. Following this intensive development phase, the importance of integrating Bdi models with inconsistency handling and revision theory have been emphasized. There is also a demand for a tighter connection between Bdi-based implementations and Bdi logics. In this paper, we address these postulates by introducing a novel, paraconsistent logical Bdi model close to implementation, with building blocks that can be represented as Sql/rule-based databases. Importantly, tractability is achieved by reasoning as querying. This stands in a sharp contrast to the high complexity of known Bdi logics. We also extend belief shadowing, a shallow and lightweight alternative to deep and computationally demanding belief revision, to encompass agents' motivational attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce the notions of mean chain transitivity, mean chain mixing, totally mean chain transitivity, and almost mean shadowing property to iterated function systems (IFS). We study the interrelations of these notions. We prove that an iterated function system is chain transitive if one of the constituent maps is surjective, and it has almost mean shadowing property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear Fresnel concentrators (LFR) are widely seen by the scientific community as one of the most promising systems for the production of solar energy via thermal plants or concentrated photovoltaics. The produced energy depends on the optical efficiency of the LFR, which is mainly dictated by the geometry of the plant. For this reason, the analysis of LFR geometry and its effects on optical behavior is a crucial step in the design and optimization of a Fresnel plant. The theoretical and computational tools used to model the optics of a LFR are fundamental in research on energy production. In this review, geometrical aspects of the optics of linear Fresnel concentrators are presented, with a detailed discussion of the parameters required to define the geometry of a plant and of the main optical concepts. After an overview of the literature on the subject, the main part of the review is dedicated to summarising useful formulas and outlining general procedures for optical simulations. These include (i) a ray-tracing procedure to simulate a mirror field, and (ii) a fast quasi-analytical method useful for optimizations and on-the-fly computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wireless communications networks, the non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is different from the existing orthogonal multiple access (OMA) techniques. In NOMA, the available number of resources are more and it leads to multiple access interference. In this paper, initially we developed an analytical framework of interference for NOMA in terms of signal to interference ratio (SIR). Later, we asses the outage probability of NOMA based downlink communication system by considering the effect of interference. The outage probability of NOMA with fixed number of interferers is calculated for different channel propagation effects as Nakagami-m, Rayleigh faded channels with and without log-normal shadowing. The obtained outage probabilities with fixed number of interferers are used to calculate the outage probabilities with random number of interferers (total system outage probability) in different channel propagation effects. In this paper, we proposed a novel algorithm to calculate the total system outage probability for NOMA in different channel propagation effects by choosing different offered load in terms of Erlangs per cell. We calculate the analytical results of outage probability for two users which are at near and edge positions of the cell. The obtained analytical results are supported with simulated NOMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider some local entropy properties of dynamical systems under the assumption of shadowing. In the first part, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for shadowable points to be certain entropy points. In the second part, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions for (non) h-expansiveness under the assumption of shadowing and chain transitivity; and use the result to present a counter-example for a question raised by Artigue et al. (Proc Am Math Soc 150:3369–3378, 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the metric mean dimension of Φ-irregular set $ I_{\Phi }(f) $ I Φ (f) in dynamical systems with the shadowing property. In particular, we prove that for dynamical systems with the shadowing property containing a chain recurrent class Y, the values of topological entropy together with the values of lower and upper metric mean dimension of the set $ I_{\Phi }(f)\cap B(Y,\varepsilon)\cap CR(f) $ I Φ (f) ∩ B (Y , ε) ∩ CR (f) are bounded from below by the respective values for class Y. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shadowing is the act of vocalizing the speech one is listening to as simultaneously as possible. The primary function of shadowing is learners' listening skill and pronunciation skill development. Despite the importance of second language (L2) listening skills, this pedagogical technique has not received focal attention in the field. In this paper, shadowing is situated in the framework of systematic and deliberate practice, which is supported by an L2 acquisition theory called the skill acquisition theory. Based on this framework, a total of 16 different primary types of shadowing are classified into shadowing for phonological processing and shadowing for intake through meaning-focused processing. The proposed classification and guideline will be useful for teachers to adapt a variety of shadowing techniques for their teaching context and learners as well as highlighting shadowing as an important pedagogical tool of teaching bottom-up listening skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the dynamics (including shadowing property, expansiveness, topological stability and entropy) of several types of upper semi-continuous set-valued maps are mainly considered from differentiable dynamical systems points of view. It is shown that (1) if f is a hyperbolic endomor-phism then for each ε> 0 there exists a C1-neighborhood U of f such that the induced set-valued map F f , U has the ε-shadowing property, and moreover, if f is an expanding endomorphism then there exists a C1-neighborhood U of f such that the induced set-valued map F f , U has the Lipschitz shadowing property; (2) when a set-valued map F is generated by finite expanding endomorphisms, it has the shadowing property, and moreover, if the collection of the generators has no coincidence point then F is expansive and hence is topologically stable; (3) if f is an expanding endomorphism then for each ε> 0 there exists a C1-neighborhood U of f such that h (F f , U , ε) = h (f) (4) when F is generated by finite expanding endomorphisms with no coincidence point, the entropy formula of F is given. Furthermore, the dynamics of the set-valued maps based on discontinuous maps on the interval are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines how practice architectures, i.e., cultural-discursive, material-economic, and social-political arrangements both enable and constrain the pedagogical leadership practice of early childhood education (ECE) center directors (N = 3). The data were collected by a qualitative shadowing method and analyzed deductively using the theory of practice architectures. The findings revealed that socialpolitical arrangements were fundamental for directing pedagogical leadership practice, affecting both material-economic and cultural-discursive arrangements. The social-political arrangements of pedagogical leadership were grounded in the municipality's organizational structure; in turn, this structure organized daily pedagogical leadership practices. Social-political arrangements were narrated as the directors emphasized the importance of national guidelines, legislation, and implementation of the national and local curricula. These were related to the material-economic arrangements because they required organizing time for discussion and further training of personnel. The national guidelines combined material-economic and social-political aspects as well as cultural-discursive arrangements in leadership practice, as pedagogical development aligned with legislation and national curriculum demands in a wide range of leadership functions in ECE centers. The essence of pedagogical leadership practice was the focal point of joint discussions regarding pedagogy and the implementation of curriculum in the ECE centers. Most significantly, the quality of these discussions could enable or constrain pedagogical leadership and were influenced by cultural-discursive arrangements and leadership philosophy of the center directors alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is known that hyperbolic nonautonomous linear delay differential equations in a finite dimensional space are Hyers–Ulam stable and hence shadowable. The converse result is available only in the special case of autonomous and periodic linear delay differential equations with a simple spectrum. In this paper, we prove the converse and hence the equivalence of all three notions in the title for a general class of nonautonomous linear delay differential equations with uniformly bounded coefficients. The importance of the boundedness assumption is shown by an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of obstacles in the propagation path is a critical factor in air-to-ground (AG) communication. The behavior of wireless signal propagation depends on several variables, such as frequency, building height, elevation angle, and street design. This paper aims to compare the three established line of sight (LOS) probability model based on actual site data, including the building geometry in suburban environment. The comparison between these three models using the site data provide a guideline for selecting the LOS probability model based on the optimistic and pessimistic predictions. The shadowing loss was evaluated at frequencies 2 and 3.5 GHz with an elevation angle of 20° in two suburban locations at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. Three prediction models, ITU-R P.1410-5, Holis and Pechac, and Pang et al. available in the literature were used to identify and compare the line-of-sight probability. By focusing on the shadowing model in suburban area, the guideline for optimizing LOS communications or navigation in these challenging environments can be developed. The finding highlights the importance of considering building height in AG communication for network performance evaluation and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The shadowing house officer is an experiential learning activity that usually takes place within the final year clinical rotations of medical undergraduates. An exposure to a surgical intern is especially useful as the work extends to more practical aspects of ward work. Objective We assessed the impact of the shadowing house officer exprience during medical student clinical rotation on the surgical internship and to evaluate the challenges of the shadowing period. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 108 surgical intern doctors in Sri Lanka via electronic media in 2023. Results Our study population consisted of 108 interns, with a response rate of 43.2%. This study demonstrates that on average a final year medical student undergoes a 4- day shadowing period in surgery which was considered by a majority to help in smooth transition to internship. 56% had a clear understanding about learning outcomes and less than half has had an induction session prior to commencement of shadowing. Official documentation, routine ward work, team work and communication skills were meaningfully experienced during shadowing. The main criticisms were inadequate breaks leading to exhaustion and missing out on important teaching activities. Another major concern was shadowing close to the final examination. Conclusions Surgical shadowing house officer is an authentic work experience that intern doctors consider as important component in orientating the role of an intern. Introduction of shadowing at an earlier stage would be more beneficial and provide a broader view about the clinical set up to undergraduates.

Wireless channel properties in industrial environments can differ from residential or office settings due to the considerable impact of heavy machinery that triggers intricate multipath propagation effects and strong blockage effects. Previous investigations on wireless propagation in factories often consisted of empirical models, that is simple analytical formulas based on measurement data. Unfortunately, they usually lack in flexibility, since they seldom include geometrical parameters describing the industrial scenario and therefore turn out reliable only in industrial scenarios sharing the same propagation characteristics as those where the measurements were performed. In response to this limitation, this article harnesses the power of Machine Learning to model propagation markers like path loss, shadowing, and delay spread in the industrial environment. By employing Machine Learning techniques, the objective is to achieve flexibility and adaptability in modeling, enabling the system to effectively generalize across diverse industrial scenarios. The proposed model relies on a combination of predictive algorithms, including a linear regression model and a Multi-Layer Perceptron, working collaboratively to model the relationship between the considered propagation markers and input features like frequency and machine size, spacing, and density. Results are in fair overall agreement with previous studies and highlight some trends about the sensitivity of the propagation parameters to the considered input features.

Il numero che si propone mette in evidenza diversi posizionamenti della ricerca antropologica sul campo. In questa direzione, la nota, che potete leggere di seguito, riprende alcuni punti salienti di un processo che viene definito etnografia della ricerca sul campo. Di seguito, troviamo, una presentazione storica e una più corposa riflessione di ordine teorico-metodologico che affronteranno questo tema. Sarà ripreso brevemente il percorso storico che ha portato a strutturare le tecniche della ricerca etnografica, per approdare poi ad alcuni antropologi contemporanei che hanno perfezionato e potenziato lo strumento di ricerca ampliando così la gamma di tecniche a disposizione del ricercatore sul campo.

Background: The shadowing house officer is an experiential learning activity that usually takes place within the final year clinical rotations of medical undergraduates. An exposure to a surgical intern is especially useful as the work extends to more practical aspects of ward work. Objective: We assessed the impact of the shadowing house officer exprience during medical student clinical rotation on the surgical internship and to evaluate the challenges of the shadowing period. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 108 surgical intern doctors in Sri Lanka via electronic media in 2023. Results: Our study population consisted of 108 interns, with a response rate of 43.2%. This study demonstrates that on average a final year medical student undergoes a 4- day shadowing period in surgery which was considered by a majority to help in smooth transition to internship. 56% had a clear understanding about learning outcomes and less than half has had an induction session prior to commencement of shadowing. Official documentation, routine ward work, team work and communication skills were meaningfully experienced during shadowing. The main criticisms were inadequate breaks leading to exhaustion and missing out on important teaching activities. Another major concern was shadowing close to the final examination. Conclusions: Surgical shadowing house officer is an authentic work experience that intern doctors consider as important component in orientating the role of an intern. Introduction of shadowing at an earlier stage would be more beneficial and provide a broader view about the clinical set up to undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to wider methodological discussions about gender and undertaking fieldwork in and around European Union institutions, by focusing on shadowing as a particular ethnographic practice and the performance of gendered roles in fieldwork. The article is based on two ethnographic research projects and 16 shadowing placements, which were conducted in and around European Union institutions (2018–2020). As co-authors, we reflect on what our respective shadowing experiences reveal about gendered roles in fieldwork and how these are performed in the 'Brussels Bubble'. We show how the fieldwork roles emerged at different stages of shadowing, how we performed them dynamically and what they reveal about gendered micropolitics in the 'Brussels Bubble'. We call on researchers to be intentionally reflexive when doing shadowing as part of their fieldwork, to avoid uncritically performing the types of gendered roles that typically emerge within institutional settings and interpersonal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study conditional shadowing for a nonautonomous system in a Banach space assuming that the linear part admits a family of invariant subspaces (scale) with different behavior of trajectories. Conditions of shadowing are formulated in terms of smallness of the projections of one-step errors to the scale and of smallness of Lipschitz constants of the projections of nonlinear terms. We also give conditions under which a system has the conditional property of inverse shadowing (dual to the shadowing property). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce continuum-wise hyperbolicity , a generalization of hyperbolicity with respect to the continuum theory. We discuss similarities and differences between topological hyperbolicity and continuum-wise hyperbolicity. A shadowing lemma for cw-hyperbolic homeomorphisms is proved in the form of the L-shadowing property and a Spectral Decomposition is obtained in this scenario. In the proof we generalize the construction of Fathi [16] of a hyperbolic metric using only cw-expansivity, obtaining a hyperbolic cw-metric. We also introduce cwN-hyperbolicity, exhibit examples of these systems for arbitrarily large N ∈ N and obtain further dynamical properties of these systems such as finiteness of periodic points with the same period. We prove that homeomorphisms of S 2 that are induced by topologically hyperbolic homeomorphisms of T 2 are continuum-wise-hyperbolic and topologically conjugate to linear cw-Anosov diffeomorphisms of S 2 , being in particular cw2-hyperbolic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional sensitivity analysis methods fail for chaotic systems due to the unstable characteristics of the linearized equations. To overcome these issues two methods have been developed in the literature, one being the shadowing approach, which results in a minimization problem, and the other being numerical viscosity, where a damping term is added to the linearized equations to suppress the instability. The shadowing approach is computationally expensive but produces accurate sensitivities, while numerical viscosity can produce less accurate sensitivities but with significantly reduced computational cost. However, it is not fully clear how the solutions generated by these two approaches compare to each other. In this work we aim to bridge this gap by introducing a control term, found with optimal control theory techniques, to prevent the exponential growth of solution of the linearized equations. We will refer to this method as optimal control shadowing. We investigate the computational aspects and performance of this new method on the Lorenz and Kuramoto--Sivashinsky systems and compare its performance with simple numerical viscosity schemes. We show that the tangent solution generated by the proposed approach is similar to that generated by shadowing methods, suggesting that optimal control attempts to stabilize the unstable shadowing direction. Further, for the spatially extended system, we examine the energy budget of the tangent equation and show that the control term found via the solution of the optimal control problem acts only at length scales where production of tangent energy dominates dissipation, which is not necessarily the case for the numerical viscosity methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the lack of research examining the use of discourse-level speech input in beginning L2 learners' Mandarin tone production in spontaneous speech, this study compares the effects of authentic videos and textbook audios as shadowing materials on beginners' multisyllabic tone production in spontaneous speech and learner attitudes. Fourteen college students, randomly divided into the "authentic" and "textbook" groups, shadowed for four weeks. From the pretest to the posttest, both groups significantly improved tone accuracy in sentence-level spontaneous speech with no significant differences between groups. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of learners' responses show that (1) both groups had positive attitudes toward the materials, (2) authentic materials generated greater interest, and learners appreciated shadowing authentic conversations or conversations that mimic natural discourse, and (3) the learners primarily cared about whether the materials were comprehensible, interesting, and accessible. The findings shed light on using authentic materials to teach L2 pronunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic counseling graduate programs largely recommend that prospective applicants shadow or gain exposure to genetic counselors (GC) as a means of developing insight into the profession. However, prospective students have cited this need to shadow genetic counselors as harder to access in comparison to other prerequisites. The GC Immersive (GCI) at Color was created as a no‐cost, remote, self‐paced professional exploration program designed to provide resources and live interaction with a team of genetic counselors to increase accessibility to GC exposure and enhance the competitiveness of underrepresented GC candidates. The program design and curriculum were developed by a team of certified genetic counselors and a GC student in 2021 and is marketed to those who have one or more identities underrepresented in the GC field. In total, 287 individuals enrolled in the program in the first and second cycles, with 115 providing demographic information. The majority of enrollees identified as an underrepresented minority in GC in one or more identities, with individuals who are ethnic and/or racial minority (70%), first‐generation college student (44%), lesbian, gay, transgender, queer, intersex, and/or asexual (LGBTQIA+) (27%), and disabled community (16%) reported as the most common identities. Most participants had never shadowed a GC (55%) prior to this course. Twenty‐two percent of enrollees resided outside of the United States, representing 15 different countries. Of the 287 enrolled participants, 21 (7%) have completed the program, with the remaining participants having between 5 and 11 months to complete. All individuals who completed the program reported they felt better prepared to apply for a GC program. The general structure of this program can be replicated by any institution, as the program consists primarily of recorded content. Ongoing effort by genetic counselors is minimal and has the ability to provide GC experience to prospective applicants at great scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges of the 5G mobile wireless communication systems transmission channels have been changed continuously because of the signal transfer path characteristics such as real-time applications, path loss, multiple users, reflected rays, channel Rayleigh-fading, shadowing, noise, and inter symbol interference (ISI). These challenges have been treated to reach the minimum bit error rate (BER) value of the received data and maximum data rate of high-speed wireless mobile communication systems. In this paper, the linear zero-forcing (LZF) equalizer with uplink multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system has been proposed to enhancement the BER, which is caused by the ISI, Rayleigh fading, shadowing, path losses, and additive white gaussian noise (AWGN). Furthermore, the proposed approach is applied to a different number of antennas constellation to show the effect of increasing the number of antennas on the BER. The results show that the proposed LZF equalizer-MIMO system model has reached lower BER values, and high performance with an increase in the receiver to 8×14, 8×16 and 8×18 antennas constellation at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural mechanisms supporting time perception in continuously changing sensory environments may be relevant to a broader understanding of how the human brain utilizes time in cognition and action. In this review, we describe current theories of sensorimotor engagement in the support of subsecond timing. We focus on musical timing due to the extensive literature surrounding movement with and perception of musical rhythms. First, we define commonly used but ambiguous concepts including neural entrainment, simulation, and prediction in the context of musical timing. Next, we summarize the literature on sensorimotor timing during perception and performance and describe current theories of sensorimotor engagement in the support of subsecond timing. We review the evidence supporting that sensorimotor engagement is critical in accurate time perception. Finally, potential clinical implications for a sensorimotor perspective of timing are highlighted.

Linear Fresnel concentrators (LFR) are widely seen by the scientific community as one of the most promising systems for the production of solar energy via thermal plants or concentrated photovoltaics. The produced energy depends on the optical efficiency of the LFR, which is mainly dictated by the geometry of the plant. For this reason, the analysis of LFR geometry and its effects on optical behavior is a crucial step in the design and optimization of a Fresnel plant. The theoretical and computational tools used to model the optics of a LFR are fundamental in research on energy production. In this review, geometrical aspects of the optics of linear Fresnel concentrators are presented, with a detailed discussion of the parameters required to define the geometry of a plant and of the main optical concepts. After an overview of the literature on the subject, the main part of the review is dedicated to summarising useful formulas and outlining general procedures for optical simulations. These include (i) a ray-tracing procedure to simulate a mirror field, and (ii) a fast quasi-analytical method useful for optimizations and on-the-fly computations.

At present, there is an active search for ways to improve and modernize the process of teaching Russian as a foreign language. Teachers need to study and implement in their practice the most efficient methods and modern innovative technology, combine traditional and innovative teaching methods, and creatively develop the accumulated theoretical and practical experience in education. The choice of teaching methods is a vital and urgent task in the contemporary methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The article reports research findings on the efficiency of the main prerequisites for the introduction of the shadowing technique in teaching Russian as a foreign language. In addition, the study involves a qualitative analysis of the efficiency of teaching by means of shadowing compared to traditional teaching methodology. The paper discusses various shadowing techniques, describes the basics of the technique, and offers practical recommendations on how it could be utilized in the classroom. The study proposes and experimentally tests a shadowing technique in teaching students from Kyrgyzstan. The findings reveal a positive dynamic in performance in listening among students taught Russian as a foreign language with shadowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the shadowing property of 1-dimensional subsystems for suspension of ℤ k -actions is investigated. The concepts of pseudo orbit and shadowing property of 1-dimensional subsystems for suspension of ℤ k -actions are introduced. It is shown that the shadowing properties of these subsystems and their induced nonautonomous dynamical systems are equivalent. For the suspension ΦT of a smooth ℤ k -action T, we show that ΦT has the shadowing property along any Anosov subspace. As an application, we show that ΦT is structurally stable along any Anosov subspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical-school applicants learn from many sources that they must stand out to fit in. Many construct self-presentations intended to appeal to medical-school admissions committees from the raw materials of work and volunteer experiences, in order to demonstrate that they will succeed in a demanding profession to which access is tightly controlled. Borrowing from the field of architecture the lens of construction ecology, which considers buildings in relation to the global effects of the resources required for their construction, we reframe medical-school admissions as a social phenomenon that has far-reaching harmful unintended consequences, not just for medicine but for the broader world. Illustrating with discussion of three common pathways to experiences that applicants widely believe will help them gain admission, we describe how the construction ecology of medical school admissions can recast privilege as merit, reinforce colonizing narratives, and lead to exploitation of people who are already disadvantaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an emerging multiple access technique for future generation wireless networks. Owing to the wide applicability of NOMA, precise expressions for the outage performance under various fading conditions are very much needed. The literature on the outage analysis of NOMA systems is extensive. However, a unified approach is required to test the outage performance of NOMA under various impairments as well as fading scenarios. Hence, in this paper we provide a unique procedure to evaluate the outage probability of downlink-NOMA and preciseness in the derived expressions is achieved by including error in channel state information and successive interference cancellation (SIC), intra- and inter-cell interference. The outage probability is derived over (i) homogeneous fading channels: Rayleigh and Nakagami-m faded distributions with and without log-normal shadowing, Rician fading, and (ii) non-homogeneous fading channels: α - μ , η - μ , α - η - μ , κ - μ and α - κ - μ shadowed distributions. The numerical results are evaluated by varying different fading parameters, error in channel estimation and SIC, and number of interferers. The impact of shadowing on the outage performance of NOMA is also analyzed. The obtained analytical results are validated with simulated results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study local stable/unstable sets of sensitive homeomorphisms with the shadowing property defined on compact metric spaces. We prove that local stable/unstable sets always contain a compact and perfect subset of the space. As a corollary, we generalize results in [Artigue et al. Beyond topological hyperbolicity: the Lshadowing property, J. Differ. Equ. 268(6) (2020), pp. 3057–3080.] and [Carvalho and Cordeiro, Positively N-expansive homeomorphisms and the L-shadowing property, J. Dyn. Differ. Equ. 31(2) (2019), pp. 1005–1016.] proving that positively countably expansive homeomorphisms defined on compact metric spaces satisfying either transitivity and the shadowing property, or the L-shadowing property, can only be defined in countable spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim Some universities of applied science struggle with implementing interprofessional learning due to a lack of diversity in professions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an interprofessional learning model with an informational letter describing interprofessional learning opportunities can provide nursing students in rural areas with sufficient interprofessional learning during internships. Design This qualitative study utilized a hermeneutical approach. Methods A total of 17 individuals participated in focus groups, group interviews and written responses. The data collection: January 2019. Results Four categories were observed: (a) assumptions about interprofessional learning, (b) available interprofessional learning opportunities, (c) hindrances to interprofessional learning and (d) stimulation of interprofessional learning. The conclusion was that interprofessional learning can be implemented to some extent in areas where different professions work, even when only one student is present. A focus on interprofessional collaboration, patient safety and patient flow are valuable interprofessional learning objectives. An informational letter with suggestions for interprofessional learning, such as shadowing, was considered valuable by the participants.

Introduction: Pre-clerkship medical students rely on various educational experiences to decide on the residency they would like to pursue. We conducted a longitudinal mixed-methods study to identify educational experiences in pre-clerkship that are associated with an interest in pursuing surgery. Methods: Pre-clerkship medical students were invited to complete an initial survey regarding their interest in surgery and educational exposures. After 10 months, a follow-up survey was sent to identify changes in their interest and the role of educational experiences they may have had in the interim. Univariate regression was used to determine associations, and thematic analysis was done. Results: Data from 218 pre-clerkship students showed that shadowing (OR = 2.7), participation in technical workshops (OR = 5.1), having a mentor (OR = 4.6) and conducting surgical research (OR = 4.6) were associated with an interest in pursuing surgery. From the students with follow-up data, thematic analysis showed that 94 %, 89 %, and 81 % of students found shadowing, research, and mentorship, respectively, as influential in the decision of pursuing a surgical specialty, respectively. Conclusions: Shadowing and mentorship were important factors for students in the decision-making process in pursuing surgery. Identifying high-yield educational experiences—for students to determine if one wants to pursue a surgical specialty is important for educators in curriculum design for resource allocation. Key message: We describe a longitudinal mixed-methods study to determine the role of early educational exposures which influence a medical student's decision to pursue a surgical specialty. Shadowing, technical skills workshops, surgical mentorship, involvement in surgical research, play an important role for student decisions.

Given the lack of formal education on plastic surgery services during the preclinical years of medical school, many medical students commonly misunderstand the breadth and depth of the field. Shadowing is highly impactful in shaping students' desire to pursue surgery, but the impact of plastic surgery shadowing remains unexplored. The study design utilized an anonymous web-based survey containing questions surrounding prior interest in surgery, race, gender, medical school progress, and clinical versus OR shadowing. All medical students who participated in an ongoing, voluntary plastic surgery shadowing program over a two-year period were invited to complete the survey. Of the 54 students who shadowed during the study period, 43 (79.6%) returned the survey. Students reported an overall greater impact of OR shadowing than clinic shadowing on their interest in plastic surgery, approaching significance (p = 0.0527). On simple and multivariate regression, the number of times a student shadowed in the OR was the only statistically significant predictor of students' interest in plastic surgery (p = 0.0003). In general, the majority of students reported that their shadowing experience "significantly increased" (24.2%) or "somewhat increased" (45.5%) their interest in pursuing a career in plastic surgery. The impact of shadowing, particularly in the operating room, on students' interest in plastic surgery demonstrates the value of structured shadowing programs. Additionally, given the particularly influential effect of shadowing in the operating room, our results indicate that efforts may benefit most from facilitating student exposure to the hands-on aspects of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]