1. Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood
- Author
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Nursing, School of Health Professions and Studies, University of Michigan, Flint, Michigan, USA, Deptartments of Biomedical Engineering, Biokinesiology, and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, Extramural Research Program, NIH/NINDS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA, Pediatrics and Neurology, Child Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Movement Disorders Clinic, Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Pediatrics and Neurology, Pediatric Movement Disorders, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA, Neuropediatric Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, Orthopaedic Hospital Center for Cerebral Palsy, Tarjan Center, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, Movement Disorder and Tourette Syndrome Clinics, Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, Department of Physical Therapy, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California, USA, Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Northwestern University Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, Pediatrics, Developmental Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA, Pediatric Neurology, Shriners Hospital for Children, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA, Biology, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusettes, USA, Neurology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Motor Disorders Research Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Sanger, Terence D., Chen, Daofen, Fehlings, Darcy L., Hallett, Mark, Lang, Anthony E., Mink, Jonathan W., Singer, Harvey S., Alter, Katharine, Ben-Pazi, Hilla, Butler, Erin E., Chen, Robert, Collins, Abigail, Dayanidhi, Sudarshan, Forssberg, Hans, Fowler, Eileen, Gilbert, Donald L., Gorman, Sharon L., Gormley, Mark E., Jinnah, H. A., Kornblau, Barbara, Krosschell, Kristin J., Lehman, Rebecca K., MacKinnon, Colum, Malanga, C. J., Mesterman, Ronit, Michaels, Margaret Barry, Pearson, Toni S., Rose, Jessica, Russman, Barry S., Sternad, Dagmar, Swoboda, Kathy J., Valero-Cuevas, Francisco, Nursing, School of Health Professions and Studies, University of Michigan, Flint, Michigan, USA, Deptartments of Biomedical Engineering, Biokinesiology, and Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, Extramural Research Program, NIH/NINDS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Division of Developmental Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA, Pediatrics and Neurology, Child Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, Movement Disorders Clinic, Neuropediatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Pediatrics and Neurology, Pediatric Movement Disorders, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA, Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA, Neuropediatric Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, Orthopaedic Hospital Center for Cerebral Palsy, Tarjan Center, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, Movement Disorder and Tourette Syndrome Clinics, Child Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, Department of Physical Therapy, Samuel Merritt University, Oakland, California, USA, Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Northwestern University Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, Pediatrics, Developmental Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA, Pediatric Neurology, Shriners Hospital for Children, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA, Biology, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusettes, USA, Neurology and Pediatrics, Pediatric Motor Disorders Research Program, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Sanger, Terence D., Chen, Daofen, Fehlings, Darcy L., Hallett, Mark, Lang, Anthony E., Mink, Jonathan W., Singer, Harvey S., Alter, Katharine, Ben-Pazi, Hilla, Butler, Erin E., Chen, Robert, Collins, Abigail, Dayanidhi, Sudarshan, Forssberg, Hans, Fowler, Eileen, Gilbert, Donald L., Gorman, Sharon L., Gormley, Mark E., Jinnah, H. A., Kornblau, Barbara, Krosschell, Kristin J., Lehman, Rebecca K., MacKinnon, Colum, Malanga, C. J., Mesterman, Ronit, Michaels, Margaret Barry, Pearson, Toni S., Rose, Jessica, Russman, Barry S., Sternad, Dagmar, Swoboda, Kathy J., and Valero-Cuevas, Francisco
- Abstract
Hyperkinetic movements are unwanted or excess movements that are frequently seen in children with neurologic disorders. They are an important clinical finding with significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. However, the lack of agreement on standard terminology and definitions interferes with clinical treatment and research. We describe definitions of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, tremor, tics, and stereotypies that arose from a consensus meeting in June 2008 of specialists from different clinical and basic science fields. Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both. Chorea is an ongoing random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments. Athetosis is a slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Myoclonus is a sequence of repeated, often nonrhythmic, brief shock-like jerks due to sudden involuntary contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. Tremor is a rhythmic back-and-forth or oscillating involuntary movement about a joint axis. Tics are repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements or movement fragments that are almost always briefly suppressible and are usually associated with awareness of an urge to perform the movement. Stereotypies are repetitive, simple movements that can be voluntarily suppressed. We provide recommended techniques for clinical examination and suggestions for differentiating between the different types of hyperkinetic movements, noting that there may be overlap between conditions. These definitions and the diagnostic recommendations are intended to be reliable and useful for clinical practice, communication between clinicians and researchers, and for the design of quantitative tests that will guide and assess the outcome of future clinical trials. ?? 2010 Movement Disorder Society
- Published
- 2010