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Summary: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with disrupted cognition and sleep abnormalities. Sleep loss negatively impacts cognitive function, and one untested possibility is that disrupted cognition in FXS is exacerbated by abnormal sleep. We tested whether ML297, a hypnotic acting on G-protein-activated inward-rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels, could reverse sleep phenotypes and disrupted memory in Fmr1−/y mice. Fmr1−/y mice exhibit reduced non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and fragmented NREM architecture, altered sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations, and reduced EEG coherence between cortical areas; these are partially reversed following ML297 administration. Treatment following contextual fear or spatial learning restores disrupted memory consolidation in Fmr1−/y mice. During memory recall, Fmr1−/y mice show an altered balance of activity among hippocampal principal neurons vs. parvalbumin-expressing interneurons; this is partially reversed by ML297. Because sleep disruption could impact neurophysiological phenotypes in FXS, augmenting sleep may improve disrupted cognition in this disorder.

Summary: Post-learning sleep is essential for hippocampal memory processing, including contextual fear memory consolidation. We labeled context-encoding engram neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and assessed reactivation of these neurons after fear learning. Post-learning sleep deprivation (SD) selectively disrupted reactivation of inferior blade DG engram neurons, linked to SD-induced suppression of neuronal activity in the inferior, but not superior DG blade. Subregion-specific spatial profiling of transcripts revealed that transcriptomic responses to SD differed greatly between hippocampal CA1, CA3, and DG inferior blade, superior blade, and hilus. Activity-driven transcripts, and those associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, were selectively suppressed in the inferior blade. Critically, learning-driven transcriptomic changes differed dramatically between the DG blades and were absent from all other regions. Together, these data suggest that the DG is critical for sleep-dependent memory consolidation, and that the effects of sleep loss on the hippocampus are highly subregion-specific.

Indicator taxa have been widely used in biological conservation when data on the taxa of conservation interest are lacking. However, most studies have focused on common taxa (e.g., vascular plants, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals) and found little consistent correlation between taxa. In this study, we extended the investigation to cover 10 taxonomic groups from 361 nature reserves in China. We assessed the strength of competing mechanisms hypothesized to promote indicator taxa correlations. We detected significant positive correlations in species richness among most of the 10 taxonomic groups except for macrofungi-insect and bryophyte-bird pairs. Yet, we found no single taxon satisfying the criteria to be used as an indicator for other taxa, although angiosperms had the potential to predict species richness of several other groups (e.g., ferns, gymnosperms, mammals, reptiles, amphibians), and ferns were useful for indicating reptiles and amphibians. Macrofungi and insects are the two groups that cannot be effectively indicated by any other groups. We also found that energy and climatic stability played the most significant role in regulating species richness of most study taxa, and possibly their between-taxon correlations. Our study provides new evidence for understanding cross-taxon congruence and the underlying mechanisms in the nature reserves of China.

Osteoporosis is a common degenerative metabolic bone disease in caged laying hens. Intensive egg production mobilizing large amounts of Ca from bone for eggshell formation, consequently leading to Ca deficiency, has been recognized as a critical factor causing osteoporosis in commercial laying hens. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Ca deficiency on the function of the gut microbiota–bone axis and related egg production traits and bone health in laying hens. Twenty-four 48-week-old laying hens were fed a control diet (Control, 3.72%) or a low Ca diet (LC, 2.04%) for 60 d (n = 12). Compared to the Control hens, the LC hens had higher levels of alkaline phosphatase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (P

Abstract Background Adult nephropathy is mainly caused by idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). In cases of proteinuria, Modified Ponticelli Regimens (MPR) are often successful. However, it can cause adverse side effects. Oral Sanqi Qushi Granule (SQG) with MPR is effective in patients with IMN. However, whether it can improve the remission rate of IMN and shorten the remission time is unknown. In this trial, SQG with MPR on IMN will be evaluated clinically for its efficacy and safety. Methods We will randomly assign IMN patients who meet the criteria to receives SQG plus cyclical Cyclophosphamide (CTX)/steroids or with placebo plus cyclical CTX/steroids for 6 months. A 12-month follow-up will be conducted on them. Status of remission will be used to assess treatment efficacy. Discussion This study aims to appraise whether treatment with SQG plus cyclical CTX/steroids is superior to placebo plus cyclical CTX/steroids in the remission rate of patients with adult IMN. Adverse events of SQG plus MPR will be also evaluated for further researches about Chinese Medicine and MPR on whether it can improve the remission rate of IMN in half a year and shorten the remission time and relieve adverse effects will also be clarified. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2200061953 . Registered on 13 July 2022.

Abstract Studies of primary visual cortex have furthered our understanding of amblyopia, long-lasting visual impairment caused by imbalanced input from the two eyes during childhood, which is commonly treated by patching the dominant eye. However, the relative impacts of monocular vs. binocular visual experiences on recovery from amblyopia are unclear. Moreover, while sleep promotes visual cortex plasticity following loss of input from one eye, its role in recovering binocular visual function is unknown. Using monocular deprivation in juvenile male mice to model amblyopia, we compared recovery of cortical neurons’ visual responses after identical-duration, identical-quality binocular or monocular visual experiences. We demonstrate that binocular experience is quantitatively superior in restoring binocular responses in visual cortex neurons. However, this recovery was seen only in freely-sleeping mice; post-experience sleep deprivation prevented functional recovery. Thus, both binocular visual experience and subsequent sleep help to optimally renormalize bV1 responses in a mouse model of amblyopia.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to examine effects of various daylight exposure during the 24-h light-dark (L-D) cycle on growth performance, skeletal health, and welfare state in broilers. Environmental photoperiod and related circadian clock, the 24-h L-D cycle, are important factors in maintaining productive performance, pathophysiological homeostasis, and psychological reaction in humans and animals. Currently, various lighting programs as management tools for providing a satisfactory environmental condition have been used in commercial broiler production. Four hundred thirty-two 1-day-old Rose 308 broiler chicks were assigned to 24 pens (18 birds/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 thermal and lighting control rooms, then the birds were exposed to (n = 6): 1) 12L, 2) 16L, 3) 18L, or 4) 20L at 15 d of age. Lighting program effects on bird body weight, behavioral patterns, bone health, and stress levels were evaluated from d 35 to d 45, respectively. The birds of 12L as well as 16L groups, reared under short photoperiods close to the natural 24-h L-D cycle, had improved production performance, leg bone health, and suppressed stress reaction compared to the birds of both 18L and 20L groups. Especially, 12L birds had heavier final body weight and averaged daily weight gain (P < 0.05), higher BMD and BMC with longer and wider femur (P < 0.05), lower H/L ratio (P < 0.05), and more birds reached the observer during the touch test (P < 0.05) but spent shorter latency during the tonic immobility test (P < 0.05). Taken together, the data suggest that supplying 12 h as well as 16L of daily light improves performance and health while decreasing stress levels in broilers, making it a potentially suitable approach for broiler production.

Optical thermometry has emerged as a promising technology to overcome the limitations of traditional thermometry techniques. Herein, we report an Eu ^3+ -activated tungstate Ba _2 CaWO _6 phosphors for luminescent thermometry with a maximum relative sensitivity of 4.84% based on a single-band ratiometric technique. By monitoring the ^5 D _0 → ^7 F _1 (595 nm) emission of Eu ^3+ , excitation spectrum of the as-prepared sample was measured, showing a dominant broad band ranging from 240 to 345 nm corresponding to the O ^2− -W ^6+ charge transfer band (CTB). The intensity of CTB gradually decreases and the CTB edge shows an appreciable red shift when the temperature increases due to thermal population of the [WO _6 ] ^6− moiety at higher vibrational levels. The opposite temperature dependences of the two specific excitations, one at the peak of CTB and the other from the edge of CTB, were employed to design a luminescence intensity ratio thermometry scheme in the tungstate. When compared to other related schemes, our scheme showed a higher relative sensitivity.

Abstract Background Deficient endometrial decidualization has been associated with URSA. However, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the temporal cytokine changes and the involvement of CyclinD-CDK4/6 and CyclinE-CDK2 pathways in the regulation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle during decidualization in a murine model of URSA. Methods Serum and decidual tissues of mice were collected from GD4 to GD8. The embryo resorption and abortion rates were observed on GD8 and the decidual tissue status was assessed. In addition, PRL, Cyclin D, CDK6, CDK4, Cyclin E, CDK2 expression in mice were measured. Results URSA mice showed high embryo resorption rate and PRL, Cyclin D, Cyclin E CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 down-regulation during decidualization. The hyperactivated Cyclin D-CDK4/CDK6 and cyclin E/CDK2 pathways inhibit the decidualization process and leading to deficient decidualization. Conclusion Insufficient decidualization is an important mechanism of URSA. which is related to the decrease of Cyclin D、Cyclin E、 CDK2、CDK4 and CDK6 in decidualization process of URSA.

Clinical wound management is always a relatively urgent problem. Moreover, wounds, especially severe wounds with excessive tension or excessive movement are prone to tissue infection, necrosis, and other negative effects during healing. Therefore, research has aimed to develop low-cost complementary treatments to address the urgent need for an innovative low-cost dressing that can adapt to high mechanical requirements and complex wound conditions. At present, tissue engineering to produce artificial skin with a structure similar to that of normal skin is one effective method to solve this challenge in the regeneration and repair of serious wounds. The present study hot pressed flat silk cocoons (FSC) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) to generate a cross-linked binding without enzymes or cross-linking agents that simulated the 3D structural composites of the skin cuticle. This hybrid membrane showed potential to reduce inflammatory cells and promote neovascularization in skin wound repair. After hot pressing at 130°C and 20 Mpa, the FSC/CMCS composite material was denser than FSC, showed strong light transmission, and could be arbitrarily cut. Simulating the normal skin tissue structure, the hybrid membrane overcame the poor mechanical properties of traditional support materials. Moreover, the combination of protein and polysaccharide simulated the extracellular matrix, thus providing better biocompatibility. The results of this study also demonstrated the excellent mechanical properties of the FSC/CMCS composite support material, which also provided a low-cost and environmentally friendly process for making dressings. In addition, the results of this study preliminarily reveal the mechanism by which the scaffolds promoted the healing of full-thickness skin defects on the back of SD rats. In vivo experiments using a full-thickness skin defect model showed that the FSC/CMCS membranes significantly promoted the rate of wound healing and also showed good effects on blood vessel formation and reduced inflammatory reactions. This bionic support structure, with excellent repair efficacy on deep skin defect wounds, showed potential to further improve the available biomaterial systems, such as skin and other soft tissues.

In this paper, we propose a combined filtering method rooted in the application of the Sage–Husa Adaptive Kalman filtering, designed specifically to process wave sensor data. This methodology aims to boost the measurement precision and real-time performance of wave parameters. (1) This study delineates the basic principles of the Kalman filter. (2) We discuss in detail the methodology for analyzing wave parameters from the collected wave acceleration data, and deeply study the key issues that may arise during this process. (3) To evaluate the efficacy of the Kalman filter, we have designed a simulation comparison encompassing various filtering algorithms. The results show that the Sage–Husa Adaptive Kalman Composite filter demonstrates superior performance in processing wave sensor data. (4) Additionally, in Chapter 5, we designed a turntable experiment capable of simulating the sinusoidal motion of waves and carried out a detailed errors analysis associated with the Kalman filter, to facilitate a deep understanding of potential problems that may be encountered in practical application, and their solutions. (5) Finally, the results reveal that the Sage–Husa Adaptive Kalman Composite filter improved the accuracy of effective wave height by 48.72% and the precision of effective wave period by 23.33% compared to traditional bandpass filter results.

Background: Kinship groups can have considerable importance (e.g., generational support, inheritance, and information for key life events). During demographic transitions, kinship networks are reshaped by changes in mortality and fertility rates. Objective: This paper analyzes consanguineous and female kin and explores the effect on the size and structure of living kin before and after a demographic transition. We compute the kinship network of a female individual with average demographic traits (here called the Focal) at all ages but focus on only demographically dense ages (age 15 to 39). Methods: The analysis uses a time-invariant model (Caswell 2019) to calculate the expected number of living kin using fertility and mortality rates. We use three examples (China, India, and Japan) with fertility and mortality from World Population Prospect 2019, based on empirical data. Conclusions: We highlight two key results. First, at a demographically dense age of the Focal, the maximum expected number of living aunts, sisters, or daughters is approximately the net reproductive rate R0 (linear), while the number of living cousins is approximately R02 (quadratic). Second, such effects on kinship size depend on the magnitude of fertility change and on the age-pattern of changes in mortality. And the effects of fertility and mortality on the number of kin are not additive. Contribution: This paper shows a simple relationship between demographic transition and kinship size, which makes it possible to estimate kinship size based on the net reproductive rate. The quadratic relationship between the number of certain kin (e.g., cousins, nieces) and the net reproductive rate is informative but not a priori obvious.

Osteocalcin (OCN) is synthesized and secreted by differentiating osteoblasts. In addition to its role in bone, OCN acts as a hormone in the pancreas, liver, muscle, fat, and other organs to regulate multiple pathophysiological processes including glucose homeostasis and adipic acid metabolism. Fat metabolic disorder, such as excessive fat buildup, is related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans. Similarly, fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) is a metabolic disease in laying hens, resulting from lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. FLHS affects hen health with significant impact on poultry egg production. Many studies have proposed that OCN has protective function in mammalian NAFLD, but its function in chicken FLHS and related mechanism have not been completely clarified. Recently, we have revealed that OCN prevents laying hens from FLHS through regulating the JNK pathway, and some pathways related to the disease progression have been identified through both in vivo and vitro investigations. In this view, we discussed the current findings for predicting the strategy for using OCN to prevent or reduce FLHS impact on poultry production.

Learning-activated engram neurons play a critical role in memory recall but the role of these neurons in offline memory consolidation is unclear. The authors show that sleep-associated reactivation of learning-activated sensory neurons is necessary for memory consolidation.

Nickel-based cast superalloy is one of the main materials applied in the manufacture of aeroengine and gas turbine,and it is widely applied in aerospace,energy industry and shipbuilding industries etc.The rapid development of modern aviation industry is inseparable from the rapid improvement of the comprehensive performance of superalloys, and the application of hot isostatic pressing technology in the field of nickel-based casting superalloys plays a pivotal role in improving the comprehensive performance of nickel-based casting superalloys. In this paper, the working principle and application history of hot isostatic pressing technology were introduced. The research and application status of hot isostatic pressing technology in the field of nickel-based casting superalloys was summarized. The research on the effect of hot isostatic pressing on the densification mechanism and microstructure properties of cast superalloys, research on hot isostatic pressing on the microstructure repair of nickel-based cast superalloys in long-term service, and research on the realization of the diffusion bonding of two nickel-based superalloys progress are highlighted and elaborated. At the same time, some problems in the research of hot isostatic pressing technology and the development trend of domestic hot isostatic pressing technology in the field of nickel-based cast superalloys were pointed out.

Identifying indicator taxa is a solution to the problem of a lack of diverse data. However, the variation between studies on richness correlations (RCs) among taxa from different climate regions makes the application value of indicator taxa questionable. Few studies have compared the RCs among climatic regions in a single study, leaving the variation in RCs and the underlying ecological drivers among climatic regions unknown. In this study, data were compiled on vascular plants, vertebrates (including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians), and environmental factors across 219 nature reserves located in subtropical and temperate regions of China to examine RCs among taxonomic groups and underlying ecological mechanisms. Results showed that the climatic region could affect between-taxon correlations in species richness and that the effectiveness of vascular plants as suitable indicator taxa for vertebrates varied with the climatic region and target taxa. Energy (temperature and evapotranspiration) and habitat heterogeneity (area and elevation range) were ecological drivers of RCs among taxonomic groups in the subtropical and temperate regions. The differences in the effect of abiotic factors on RCs among taxonomic groups caused the difference in RCs between subtropical and temperate regions. Our findings provide new evidence for understanding the variation of RCs and the underlying mechanisms and highlight the positive role of climatic variables and habitat heterogeneity in determining RCs between vascular plants and vertebrates.

This work reports on ratiometric optical thermometers consisting of luminescent lanthanide complexes, namely Ln-PDC (Ln = Nd, Nd1.43Yb0.57, Gd1.45Nd0.40Yb0.15, PDC = pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate). The fluorescence intensity ratio techniques based on emissions of Stark sublevels of 4F3/2 (Nd3+) excited state for Nd3+-single doped sample, and the intensity ratio of Stark sublevels emissions which is severally from Nd3+ and Yb3+ ions for co-doped samples are employed for the thermometric characterizations in the physiological range (298–318 K).The results show that all three complexes can be employed as luminescent thermometers with comparable temperature sensing performance and operating in biological range under 808-nm excitation. Gd1.45Nd0.40Yb0.15-PDC demonstrates to be the best one with the relative sensitivity varying from 0.482 to 0.439% K−1in the physiological range, and the minimum temperature uncertainty is less than 0.08 K. The results may provide a new approach for lanthanide organic complexes based optical thermometer working in the second biological window.

Intestinal microbiota functions such as an endocrine organ to regulate host physiological homeostasis and behavioral exhibition in stress responses via regulating the gut–brain axis in humans and other mammals. In humans, stress-induced dysbiosis of the gut microbiota leads to intestinal permeability, subsequently affecting the clinical course of neuropsychiatric disorders, increasing the frequency of aggression and related violent behaviors. Probiotics, as direct-fed microorganism, have been used as dietary supplements or functional foods to target gut microbiota (microbiome) for the prevention or therapeutic treatment of mental diseases including social stress-induced psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and schizophrenia. Similar function of the probiotics may present in laying hens due to the intestinal microbiota having a similar function between avian and mammals. In laying hens, some management practices such as hens reared in conventional cages or at a high stocking density may cause stress, leading to injurious behaviors such as aggressive pecking, severe feather pecking, and cannibalism, which is a critical issue facing the poultry industry due to negative effects on hen health and welfare with devastating economic consequences. We discuss the current development of using probiotic Bacillus subtilis to prevent or reduce injurious behavior in laying hens.

This study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on production performance and bone pathophysiological characteristics of layers. Twenty-four 48-week-old Lohmann Pink-shell laying hens were randomly divided into two groups: a basic diet (control) and the basic diet mixed with Bacillus subtilis (0.5 g/kg) for a 60-day trial. Statistically, independent-sample t-test was used to assess the treatment differences. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis supplementation improved the percent of marketable eggs (p < 0.05) with reduced numbers of broken and soft-shelled eggs but had no effects on egg weight, height of albumen, yolk color, and Haugh unit (p > 0.05). Bacillus subtilis supplement also elevated maximum load (p = 0.06), maximum stress (p = 0.01), stiffness (p < 0.01), and Young’s modulus (p < 0.01) but suppressed maximum strain (p = 0.06) in the femur. In addition, compared with control birds, phosphorous concentration (p < 0.01) was reduced in serum at day 61 but increased in the femur (p < 0.05) in Bacillus subtilis fed birds. Bacillus subtilis fed birds also had lower magnesium concentrations in both femur (p = 0.04) and feces (p = 0.09). Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis increased plasma estrogen concentration (p = 0.01) and femur TNF receptor superfamily member 11b (OPG) expression (p < 0.05) but reduced plasma IL-1 (p < 0.01) and TNF-α (p < 0.01) concentrations. These results indicate that Bacillus subtilis could be used as a health promotor to reduce overproduction-induced inflammation and associated bone damage and to increase marketable egg production. The data provide evidence for developing a management strategy to use Bacillus subtilis as a feed additive to improve marketable egg production and health and welfare status of laying hens.

The elevation of ambient temperature beyond the thermoneutral zone leads to heat stress, which is a growing health and welfare issue for homeothermic animals aiming to maintain relatively constant reproducibility and survivability. Particularly, global warming over the past decades has resulted in more hot days with more intense, frequent, and long-lasting heat waves, resulting in a global surge in animals suffering from heat stress. Heat stress causes pathophysiological changes in animals, increasing stress sensitivity and immunosuppression, consequently leading to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut) and related neuroinflammation. Probiotics, as well as prebiotics and synbiotics, have been used to prevent or reduce stress-induced negative effects on physiological and behavioral homeostasis in humans and various animals. The current data indicate dietary supplementation with a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic has similar functions in poultry. This review highlights the recent findings on the effects of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on skeletal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. It provides insights to aid in the development of practical strategies for improving health and performance in poultry.

The brain is among the most energetically costly organs in the vertebrate body. The expensive-tissue hypothesis (ETH) predicts that increasing the size of another costly organ, such as the gut, should compensate for the cost of a small brain. To date, this hypothesis has mainly been tested in homoeothermic animals and in some ectothermic animals (e.g., fishes and anurans). Here, we undertake a test of the ETH by analyzing the relationship between brain size variation and length of the digestive tract in Hylarana guentheri. After controlling for geographical situation and body size, we did not find a correlation between brain mass and the length of the digestive tract in H. guentheri. Our findings suggest that the variation of brain size did not follow general patterns in this species and that the effect of diet quality cannot play a role in the variation of brain.

To understand the water and energy exchange on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we explored the characteristics of evapotranspiration (ET) and energy fluxes from 2002 to 2005 over a Kobresia meadow ecosystem using the eddy covariance method. The ratio of annual ET to precipitation (P) of meadow ecosystem was about 60%, but varied greatly with the change of season from summer to winter. The annual ET/P in meadow was lower than that in shrub, steppe and wetland ecosystems of this plateau. The incident solar radiation (Rs) received by the meadow was obviously higher than that of lowland in the same latitude; however the ratio of net radiation (Rn) to Rs with average annual value of 0.44 was significantly lower than that in the same latitude. The average annual ET was about 390 mm for 2002-2005, of which more than 80% occurred in growing season from May to September. The energy consumed on the ET was about 44% of net radiation in growing season, which was lower than that of shrub, steppe and wetland on this plateau. This study demonstrates that the Kobresia meadow may prevent the excessive water loss through evapotranspiration from the ecosystem into the atmosphere in comparison to the shrub, steppe and wetland ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

The correlation between small spikes in Rolandic area and epileptic seizures was investigated. In this thesis, small spikes in Rolandic area were found in 118 cases recorded by video electroencephalogram (VEEG) monitoring. And the 118 patients were chose to be studied in our research. Among the 118 cases, 62 were male and 56 were female. The youngest was only 3-month-old, and the eldest was 4 years and 5 months old. Eighty-five cases were between 3 months and 2 years old which accounted for 72.03%. There were 101 patients (85.59%) having seizures: 42 cases (35.59%) of febrile convulsion, 35 (29.66%) of benign infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (BICG) and 24 (20.34%) of epilepsy; 17 cases (14.41%) of non-epileptic seizures. Hence, there is high correlation between infantile small spikes in Rolandic area and epileptic seizures. But it does not indicate any specificity. Whether small spikes in Rolandic area can be used as certain evidence to diagnose epilepsy and locate the onset of lesions requires further study to confirm.

The GaoFen-3 (GF-3) satellite is the first polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) satellite in China. With a designed in-orbit life of 8 years, it will provide large amounts of PolSAR data for ocean monitoring, disaster reduction, and many other applications. The polarimetric data quality is essential for all these applications, so the analysis and calibration of the polarimetric error sources are very important for GF-3. In this study, we established a full-link error model for GF-3 PolSAR system. Based on this model, we comprehensively analyzed the quantitative effects of the main error sources including the composition, figured out characteristics of the phase imbalance introduced by the antenna, and pointed out the error sources which have to be corrected. Furthermore, the polarimetric correction method for GF-3 PolSAR system is proposed. Finally, assisted by several external calibration experiments, polarimetric errors of GF-3 data are efficiently corrected during in-orbit-test phase.

The GaoFen-3 (GF-3) satellite, launched on 10 August 2016, is the first C-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) satellite in China. The PolSAR system of GF-3 can collect a significant wealth of information for geophysical research and applications. Being used for related applications, GF-3 PolSAR images must be of good quality. It is necessary to evaluate the quality of polarimetric data and achieve the normalized quality monitoring during 8-year designed life of GF-3. In this study, a new quality assessment method of PolSAR data based on common distributed targets is proposed, and the performance of the method is analyzed by simulations and GF-3 experiments. We evaluate the quality of GF-3 PolSAR data by this method. Results suggest that GF-3 antenna is highly isolated, and the quality of calibrated data satisfies the requests of quantitative applications.

Chemobiocatalysis has recently emerged as a promising tool in organic synthesis; nonetheless, chemobiocatalytic transformations remain challenging due to the incompatibility between the two types of catalysts. Many enzymes, especially aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), are readily inactivated under the chemocatalytic conditions. Herein, we present a robust NADP+‐dependent p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaHBDH) for integrated chemocatalysis and enzyme catalysis. Apart from good activities toward a number of aromatic aldehydes, PaHBDH showed excellent thermal and storage stability in the absence of any stabilizer, but was also highly tolerant toward various organic solvents. The usefulness of PaHBDH in integrated catalysis was demonstrated by the synthesis of a group of aromatic carboxylic acids in good yields by combining with photo‐/electrochemical NADP+ regeneration. The photoenzymatic approach was further extended by integrating with a chemo(bio)catalytic cascade in one pot to allow for the conversion of furfural into value‐added C4 chemicals. The finding of this work may expand the synthetic toolbox for integrated catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the interrupted and ruptured creep tests were carried out in a novel second generation single crystal superalloy named DD11 at 1100 °C/130 MPa. The alloy exhibited typical creep curve including primary, steady, and tertiary three creep stages. The microstructural evolution at different stages of the creep were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the γ′ phases transform into rafted structure at the early stage of the steady creep and keep stable during the steady creep stage. As the creep goes on, the rafted structure further coarsens and the topological inversion occurs. In addition, at the primary creep, the dislocations mainly move in the γ matrix and pile up in the γ/γ′ interface since the matrix channels widen slightly. The formation of the regular interfacial dislocation networks occurs at the early stage of the steady creep. Under the low stress, the dominated deformation mechanism during steady creep stage is the climbing of the 〈010〉 type edge dislocation. Furthermore, the effect of the deformation mechanism on creep property was discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]