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Among the thirteen leukocyte Ig‐like receptor (LILR) loci located at 19q13.4, LILRA3 is unique in that it encodes a soluble protein lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, and a 6.7 kb deletion spanning the first seven exons has been detected in some human individuals. Presently, there is a lack of data about the distribution of LILRA3 gene deletion in more diverse ethnic groups. Also, no previous studies have investigated the correlation between copy number variation (CNV) of LILRA3 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this study, five populations from China mainland: two Southern Han populations, Hunan (N = 1478) and Guandong (N = 107); one Southeastern Han population, Fujian (N = 439); and two Northern populations, Inner Mongolia Han (N = 104) and Mongol population from Inner Mongolia (N = 158) were investigated for CNV of LILRA3 using polymerase chain reaction‐sequence‐specific priming (PCR‐SSP) method. LILRA3 variants were also examined in a cohort of NPC cases (N = 1142) in Hunan Han population. The five Chinese populations demonstrated northward increase in frequency of the deleted form of LILRA3 gene (LILRA3*Del) (all corrected p values < 0.05). Inter‐population comparison also uncovered significant differentiation in the distribution of CNV of LILRA3 among modern human populations. LILRA3*Del was found to confer significantly reduced risk to NPC in Hunan Han population (at allelic level: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.71–0.89, p < 0.0001; at genotype level: OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.51–0.79, p < 0.0001). No interaction was found between LILRA3 variants and HLA‐A*02:07, HLA‐A*11:01, HLA‐B*13 and HLA‐B*46:01 alleles in susceptibility to NPC. Our study constitutes the first demonstration of LILRA3 gene as a locus linked to NPC susceptibility in a southern Chinese population. Future independent studies in other populations are warranted to confirm the findings reported in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulfide based phototherapy, including photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, is an emerging minimally invasive treatment of tumor, which the light was converted to heat or reactive oxygen to kill the tumor cells. Compared with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, Cu2−xS based phototherapy is more efficient and has fewer side effects. However, considering the dose‐dependent toxicity of Cu2−xS, the performance of Cu2−xS based phototherapy still cannot meet the requirement of the clinical application to now. To overcome this limitation, engineering of Cu2−xS to improve the phototherapy performance by increasing light absorption has attracted extensive attention. For better guidance of Cu2−xS engineering, we outline the currently engineering method being explored, including (1) structural engineering, (2) compositional engineering, (3) functional engineering, and (4) performance engineering. Also, the relationship between the engineering method and phototherapy performance was discussed in this review. In addition, the further development of Cu2−xS based phototherapy is prospected, including smart materials based phototherapy, phototherapy induced immune microenvironment modulation et al. This review will provide new ideas and opportunities for engineering of Cu2−xS with better phototherapy performance. This article is categorized under:Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and ImagingTherapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) gains wide attention as a useful therapeutic method for cancer. It is mediated by the oxygen and photosensitizer under the specific light irradiation to produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce cellular toxicity and regulate the redox potential in tumor cells. Nowadays, genetic photosensitizers of low toxicity and easy production are required to be developed. KillerRed, a unique red fluorescent protein exhibiting excellent phototoxic properties, has the potential to act as a photosensitizer in the application of tumor PDT. Meantime, the course of tumor redox metabolism during this treatment was rarely investigated so far. Thus here, we investigated the effects of KillerRed-based PDT on tumor growth in vivo and examined the subsequent tumor metabolic states including the changes of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH) and flavoprotein (Fp), two important metabolic coenzymes of tumor cells. Results showed the tumor growth had been significantly inhibited by KillerRed-based PDT treatment compared to control groups. A home-made cryo-imaging redox scanner was used to measure intrinsic fluorescence and exogenous KillerRed fluorescence signals in tumors. The Fp signal was elevated by nearly 4.5-fold, while the NADH signal decreased by 66% after light irradiation, indicating that Fp and NADH were oxidized in the course of KillerRed-based PDT. Furthermore, we also observed correlation between the fluorescence distribution of KillerRed and NADH. It suggests that the KillerRed protein based PDT might provide a new approach for tumor therapy accompanied by altering tumor metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulfide based phototherapy, including photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, is an emerging minimally invasive treatment of tumor, which the light was converted to heat or reactive oxygen to kill the tumor cells. Compared with conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy, Cu 2-x S based phototherapy is more efficient and has fewer side effects. However, considering the dose-dependent toxicity of Cu 2-x S, the performance of Cu 2-x S based phototherapy still cannot meet the requirement of the clinical application to now. To overcome this limitation, engineering of Cu 2-x S to improve the phototherapy performance by increasing light absorption has attracted extensive attention. For better guidance of Cu 2-x S engineering, we outline the currently engineering method being explored, including (1) structural engineering, (2) compositional engineering, (3) functional engineering, and (4) performance engineering. Also, the relationship between the engineering method and phototherapy performance was discussed in this review. In addition, the further development of Cu 2-x S based phototherapy is prospected, including smart materials based phototherapy, phototherapy induced immune microenvironment modulation et al. This review will provide new ideas and opportunities for engineering of Cu 2-x S with better phototherapy performance. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of modified stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR) combined with perioperative pelvic floor biofeedback therapy (POPFBFT) in treating obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS)., Methods: Thirty female ODS patients underwent modified STARR (resection and suture was performed in rectocele with one staple) combined with POPFBFT in Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin university from October 2013 to March 2015. Before the modified STARR, patients received a course of POPFBFT (20 min/time, 2 times/d, 10 times as a course), and another 2 courses were carried out in clinic after discharge. Efficacy evaluation included general conditions of patients, morbidity of postoperative complication, overall subjective satisfaction (excellent: without any symptoms; good: 1 to 2 times of laxatives per month and without the need of any other auxiliary defecation; fairly good: more than 3 times of laxatives per month ; poor: with no improvement; excellent, good, fairly good are defined as effective), Longo ODS score (range 0 to 40 points, the higher the score, the more severe the symptoms), gastrointestinal quality of life index(GIQLI)(range 0 to 144 points, the lower the score, the more severe the symptoms), anorectal manometry and defecography examination. The follow-up lasted 12 months after operation (ended at April 2016)., Results: Average age of 30 patients was 57(46 to 72) years and Longo ODS score of every patient was ≥9 before operation. The modified STARR was completed successfully in all the 30 patients with average operation time of 25 (18 to 34) min and average hospital stay of 6(4 to 9) d. Postoperative complications included pain(20%, 6/30), urinary retention (16.7%, 5/30), anorectal heaviness (6.7%, 2/30), and fecal urgency(26.7%, 8/30). Anaorectal heaviness and fecal urgency disappeared within 3 months. No severe complications, such as postoperative bleeding, infection, rectovaginal fistula, anastomotic dehiscence and anal incontinence were observed. The effective rate of overall subjective satisfaction was 93.3%(28/30) during the follow-up of 12 months. There was no significant difference in Longo ODS score between pre- POPFBFT and pre-operation (pre- POPFBFT: 32.95±3.22, pre-operation: 32.85±3.62, t=1.472, P=0.163). Compared with pre-POPFBFT, Longo ODS score at 1 week after operation decreased (t=4.306, P=0.000), moreover, score at 1 month after operation was lower than that at 1 week (13.05±7.49 vs. 15.00±7.17, t=7.322, P=0.000), while no significant differences were found among 1, 3, 6, 12 months after operation (F=2.111, P=0.107). Likewise, there was no significant difference in GIQLI score between pre-POPFBFT and pre-operation (pre-POPFBFT: 79.39±17.14, pre-operation: 76.65±17.56, t=1.735, P=0.096). Compared with the pre-POPFBFT, GIQLI score at 1 week after operation increased (t=4.714, P=0.000), moreover, GIQLI score at 1 month after operation was higher than that at 1 week (102.26±19.24 vs 91.31±21.35, t=5.628, P=0.000), while no significant differences were found among 1, 3, 6, 12 months after operation(F=1.211, P=0.313). In comparison with pre- POPFBFT, parameters of defecography examination at 12 months after operation showed obvious improvement: the rectocele decreased from (34.1±0.4) mm to (3.1±0.3) mm (t=6.847, P=0.000), anorectal angle during defecation increased from (123.8±6.7)degree to (134.7±8.5)degree, enlargement of anorectal angle during defecation increased from (29.1±3.5)degree to (37.1±5.3)degree, while no significant differences in descend of perineum, anorectal angles at rest as well as parameters of anorectal manometry were found (all P>0.05)., Conclusion: Modified STARR combined with POPFBFT is safe and effective for ODS patients.

Malachite green oxidation degradation was kinetically investigated in a photoelectrocatalytic reactor, using Pr-N co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst as the electrode which was prepared by a sol-gel method. The result shows that the initial concentration, pH, voltage and temperature had a significant impact on the oxidation rate. The kinetic equation for malachite green oxidation under the conditions of 10-30 mg x L(-1) of initial concentration, 3-8 of pH, 1-5 V of voltage, 298-338 K of temperature could be described using the first order kinetics, which was fitted well with the experimental data. The lower activation energy of 11.99 kJ x mol(-1) shows the reaction can be initiated easily; The reaction order of pH (1.634 7) is higher than that of voltage (0.850 2) and initial concentration (0.123 8), which indicates that the oxidation rate can be controlled efficiently through adjusted pH.

This study kinetically investigated landfill leachate rejected by reverse osmosis (RO) oxidation degradation by ozonation. Initial pH, ozone dosage, temperature and initial COD had significant impact on the oxidation rate. The results demonstrated that for the removal efficiencies of COD 67.6% under the conditions of 8.0 pH, 5.02 g/h ozone dosage, 303K temperature. The empirical kinetic equation of ozonation degradation for landfill leachate under the conditions of 2.0-8.0 pH, 2.53-6.90 g/h ozone dosage, 934-4 037 mg/L initial COD, 283-323 K temperature fitted well with the experimental data(R2 0.969-0.996), with low activation energy E(a) = 1.43 x1094) J x mol(-1).