Search

Background: Athletic performance can be improved with regular training, the contribution of genetic factors, nutrition and psychological factors. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism in Turkish swimmers and to compare the results with sedentary individuals. Material and Methods: 75 people, including 45 professional swimmers and 30 healthy and sedentary individuals (control), participated in the study. DNA isolation from buccal specimens of athletes was performed using the commercial kit Invitrogen (Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Genotyping was performed with real-time PCR. Results: GG genotype and G allele were found to be higher in athletes. GG genotype and G allele were found to be higher in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the athletes and controls in terms of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism. In our study, when the IL-6 rs1800795 gene polymorphism was compared between the groups in terms of swimming styles-distances and genotypes, no significant difference was found. Conclusion: Our study is the first to analyze the IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism in Turkish swimmers. More studies are needed in terms of IL-6 rs1800795 to reveal the importance of genetic factors in determining the sports performance of the athlete and to clarify their effects on athletic performance. This first report, which includes relevant genetic markers and swimmers, will guide scientists for further studies. Keywords: Genetics, Polymorphisms, Sports Genetics, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, Swimmers, IL-6

İnsan genom projesinden sonra toplam sayısının 20-25 bin olduğu düşünülen genlerimizden yaklaşıkolarak 250’si atletik performans ile ilişkili olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Bu gen bölgelerinden dayanıklılıkperformansına etki edenlerden biri de peroksizom – proliferatör aktive reseptör alfa (PPARA) rs4253778polimorfizmidir. Çalışmamızda genç futbolcularda PPARA rs4253778 polimorfizminin dağılımlarınıbelirlemeyi amaçladık. Çalışmamıza 64 genç Türk futbolcu katılmıştır. Futbolculardan DNA örnekleri, ağıziçi epitel hücrelerden ticari DNA izolasyon kiti kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Genotiplendirme işlemi, gerçekzamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) tekniği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan futbolculardan42’si GG, 21’i GC ve bir futbolcuda CC genotipinde olduğu saptanmıtır. G alleli 105, C alleli ise 23 olarakbelirlenmiştir. Kohortumuzda, patlayıcı güç fenotipi ile ilişkili olan PPARA GG genotipi ve G allelinindaha baskın olduğu görülmüştür. Futbolcular üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bu pilot çalışmanın bundan sonrayapılacak olan daha yüksek verili çalışmalara ışık tutacağı inancındayız., Approximately 250 regions of our genes, estimated to the total of 20-25 thousand genes, as a rusult ofHuman Genome Project, have been associated with athletic performance. One of these gene regionsthat affects endurance performance is the peroxisome – activated receptor alpha (PPARA) rs4253778polymorphism. We aimed to determine the distribution of PPAR polymorphism in young football players.64 young Turkish football olayers were enrolled to the study. NA isolations were obtained from buccal cellsby using commercial DNA isolation kit. Genotyping is carried out by real-time PCR technique. As a result,42 of the players were found as GG, 21 players as GC and 1 player as CC genotypes. G allele was counted as105 and C allele as 23. In our cohort, PPARA GG genotype and G allele, which are associated with powerphenotype, were found to be more dominant. We believe that this pilot study among footballers will guidefor further studies with an extended number of subjects.

Actins are small globular filaments functioning in cell processes like muscle contraction, and stabilized to the sarcomeric Z- discs by actin binding proteins (actinins). One of the important gene coding for actin binding proteins in fast twitch fibers is alpha- actinin- 3 (ACTN3). In this research, we have conducted a gene profile study investigating the genotype and allele distributions of ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in Turkish professional hip- hop and latin dancers and compared them to non-dancers as a control group. 30 professional dancers and non-dancers were recruited for the study. A genotyping procedure was carried out by a newly introduced four-primer PCR methodology. For statistical analysis, the Chi-square test was used to compare data between the groups (p

Amaç: D vitamini kasların gelişmesinde, kasılmasında ve rejenerasyonunda görev alan önemli bir moleküldür. Çalışmamızda profesyonel Türk atletlerde D vitamin reseptör (VDR) Fok1 (rs 2228570) ve Bsm1 (rs1544410) polimorfizmlerinin dağılımını araştırmayı amaçladık. Yöntem: Çalışmamıza 13 kadın ve 14 erkek atlet olmak üzere 27 sporcu katılmıştır. DNA izolasyonları sonrasında D vitamini reseptörü polimorfizmleri gerçek zamanlı PZR (RT-PCR) metodu ile saptanmıştır. Bulgular: Fok1 polimorfizmi açısından atletlerin 12’si CC, 5’i CT ve 10’u ise TT genotipindedir. Kadın atletlerin 6’sı CC, 2’si CT ve 5’i ise TT genotipinde bulunmuştur. Erkek atletlerde 6 sporcu CC, 3 sporcu CT ve 5 sporcu ise TT genotipindedir. Bsm1 polimorfizmi için 9 atlet AA, 14'ü AG, 4’ü ise GG genotipindedir. Kadın atletlerin 3’ü AA, 8’i AG ve 2’si GG genotipindedir. Erkek atletlerin 6’sı AA, 6’sı AG ve 2’si GG genotipinde saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Çalışma grubumuzda Fok1 polimorfizmi için CC genotipi ve C allelinin, Bsm1 içinde AG genotipinin ve A allelinin baskın olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın VDR geninin atletik performansa etkisinin araştırılması için yapılacak yeni çalışmalar için referans olacağını düşünmekteyiz., Aim: Vitamin D is an important molecule responsible for the development, contraction and regeneration of muscles. In this study, we aimed to research the distribution of vitamin D receptor (VDR) Fok1 (rs 2228570) and Bsm1 (rs1544410) polymorphisms in professional Turkish athletes. Method: A total 27 athletes including 13 female and 14 male athletes participated in the study. Following DNA isolation, polymorphisms of VDR were determined by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Findings: 12 of the athletes have CC, 5 of them have CT and 10 of them have TT genotypes in terms of Fok1 polymorphism. 6 female athletes were determined as CC, 2 of them as CT and 5 of them as TT genotype. 6 male athletes were found as CC, 3 of them as CT and 5 of them as TT genotype. For Bsm1 polymorphism, 9 athletes have AA, 14 of athletes have AG and 4 of them have GG genotypes. 3 of the female athletes have AA, 8 of them have AG and 2 of them have GG genotypes. 6 of male athletes have AA, 6 of them have AG and 2 of them have GG genotypes. Conclusion: In our study, it was observed that CC genotype and C allele for Fok1 polymorphism were dominant of AG genotype and A allele in Bsm 1. We believe that this study will be a reference for new studies to research the effect of VDR gene on athletic performance

The objective of this study is to investigate allele distributions of the rs2069514 and rs762551 polymorphisms of the CYP1A2 gene which affect caffeine metabolism in long-distance and short-distance runners in the Turkish population. 20 professional athletes in total were included in the study within the age range of 18-24, 10 of whom were long-distance (female, n=5; Male, n=5) and 10 of whom were short-distance (Female, n=5; Male, n=5) runners. DNA isolation from the athletes was performed from peripheral blood samples and genotyping was determined using the technique of Real Time-PCR. According to the obtained data, the ratio of individuals having AA (n=6), GG (n=9) and AG (n=5) genotype for the region of rs2069514 was found as 30%, 45% and 25% respectively. On the other hand, the ratio for AA (n=4), CC (n=9) and AC (n=7) genotypes in the region of rs762551 allele was determined as 20%, 45% and 35%. According to the results, no significant variance regarding gender was found for either of the different polymorphisms under study in long-distance and short-distance runners while the genotype distributions varied between short and long-distance runners only in the rs2069514 polymorphism. The GG genotype was observed in 9 short-distance runners while it was observed in none of the long-distance runners. As a result, the fact that the GG genotype in case of the Rs2069514 polymorphism was observed in nine of the ten short-distance runners suggests that the athletes in this group metabolize caffeine slowly and this should be considered in the caffeine intake.

Studies conducted on sports genomics indicated the importance of genetic factors in determining the comprise, sustainability and development of athletic performance. Having information of these genetic factors gives us great information about not only the predisposition to a certain sports kind, and also for guiding to the fittest sports types. Not only the genomic DNA, but also mitochondrial DNA mtDNA have effects on athletic performance. In this review, we aimed to summarize the mtDNA variations and mtDNA haplogroups related with these variations. To date, mtDNA polymorphisms and mtDNA haplogroups were determined in different populations and with athletes in different sport types, and information gained by these studies gave rise to the effect of mtDNA on exercise physiology. However, studies which have included Turkish subjects have not been considered adequate. Therefore, we believe this review will guide further studies related to this subject

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a kind of multifunctional cytokine and involved in mediating muscle repair metabolism, and therefore athletic capacity. Muscular and circulating IL-6 levels increase in response to physical exercise. Responsible gene coding for IL-6 has a functional polymorphism in its promoter region, -174 G/C (rs1800795). We aimed to analyze the association of G allele and GG genotype in Turkish professional athletes and compare the allelic and genotypic difference between short distance and long distance runners. For this purpose, we enrolled 40 (24 short distance runners and 16 long distance runners) Turkish professional athletes to the study. Real time genotyping procedure was carried out to determine the -174 G/C polymorphism. G allele and GG genotype was more prevalent than the others in our cohort. We found no statistically significant difference between short and long distance runners in the terms of genotype (p=0.07). Our study suggests that-174 G/C polymorphism of IL-6 gene differs in athletes, G allele and GG genotype is higher than the other ones, at least in Turkish athletes, and therefore should be taken into consideration when determining genetic aspects of athletes. Further studies are necessary to confirm our results and show the effect of the given polymorphism in sports science.

Background: The anxiety level of an athlete is important. The serotonin transporter protein is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. Serotonin is one of the most important members of anxiety metabolism. Serotonin transporter protein plays a role in bringing serotonin back from the synaptic space to the presynaptic neuron. Aims: We aimed to determine the genotype and allele distributions of the SLC6A4 promoter L/S polymorphism in football players and compare it with the control group. For this purpose, 20 football players participated in our study. Materials and Methods: Genotyping was performed by PCR after DNAs were isolated from buccal epithelial cells. Results: When we examined the genotype distributions, the LL, LS and SS were found as 4 (20%), 8 (40%) and 8 (40%), respectively. In the control group, the same genotype number and percentages were determined as 10 (23%), 25 (57%) and 9 (20%), respectively. In terms of genotype distribution, no statistically significant significance was found between the two groups (p = 0.2493). When allelic distributions were examined in the athlete group, the L allele was counted as 16 (40%) and the S allele as 24 (60%). In the control group, the L allele 45 (51%) and the S allele were counted as 43 (49%). When the two groups were compared statistically in terms of allelic distribution, no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.2423). Conclusion: As a result, LS and SS genotype were co-dominant and at the same time higher than LL genotype. At the same time, when we compared the S allele with the L allele, it was found that the S allele was more in percentage. Studies have found that the S allele is associated with anxiety. Sports psychologist can support athletes with S allele who are prone to anxiety problems. This is the first study to report that S allele is more common than L allele in Turkish football players.

We aimed to analyze the allelic distribution of solute carrier family-6 member-4 promoter region in Turkish athletes. Recent studies showed the association of lesser expressing "S" allele with anxiety. Genotype percentages for LL, LS and SS genotypes were found as 46, 35 and 19, respectively. 38% of the males had LL, %38 had LS and 24% had SS genotypes. Percentages of LL, LS and SS genotypes were 54, 31 and 15 in females, respectively. 15 (58%) male and 18 (69%) females had L, 11 (42%) male and 8 (31%) females had S alleles. Variations in the association of the SLC6A4 alleles with neuropsychiatric disorders according to different nationalities have been reported. This is the first report showing that LL genotype and L allele in Turkish athletes was more frequent than SS genotype and S allele.

Background. The determination of the genetic endowment of athletic performance in sports is an important step in developing personal training sessions or nutritional supplements for success in sports. Information about the genetic parameters responsible for these metabolisms will help sport’s scientist to develop new insights for better performance. Muscle metabolism is one of the key points in better personal athletic performance. Objectives. The aim of this study is to analyze the distribution of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase enzyme (MTHFR) rs1801133 (C677T) genotype and allele distribution in a Turkish professional cyclist cohort. Methods. There were 25 Turkish cyclists enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood used for DNA isolation and the conventional polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR- RFLP) methodology were used for genotyping. Results. There were 14 (56%), 10 (40%) and 1 (4%) cyclist who had CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively. C allele was counted as 38 (76%), and T alleles as 12 (24%). 9 (50%) of the male cyclist had CC, 8 (44.4%) had CT and only 1 had TT (5.6%) genotypes. C allele was counted as 26 (72.2%), and the T allele as 10 (27.8%) in the male cyclists. In the females, the respective genotypes for CC and CT were 5 (71.4%) and 2 (28.6%). C allele was counted as 12 (85.7%) and T allele as 2 (14.3%). Conclusion. In our cohort, both of the two genders, the CC genotype and C allele were found to be higher when compared to the other genotypes and T allele. Larger prospective studies focusing on the influence of MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphism in athletic performance are required for confirmation of our findings.