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Aydin Tuncay,1 Volkan Sivgin,2 Aycan Ozdemirkan,2 Saban Cem Sezen,3 Hakan Boyunaga,4 Aysegul Kucuk,5 Isin Gunes,6 Mustafa Arslan2 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey; 2Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reamination, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; 3Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey; 4Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey; 5Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kütahya Health Science University, Kütahya, Turkey; 6Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reamination, Erciyes University, Kayseri, TurkeyCorrespondence: Mustafa Arslan Gazi University, Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara 06510, TurkeyTel +90 533 422 85 77Email mustarslan@gmail.comIntroduction: We aimed to investigate the effects of cerium oxide, applied before the sevoflurane anesthesia, on lung tissue in rats with lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion (IR).Materials and Methods: A total of 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups as; control (C), IR, cerium oxide-IR (CO-IR), IR-sevoflurane (IRS), and cerium oxide-IR-sevoflurane (CO-IRS). In the CO-IR group, 30 minutes after the injection of cerium oxide (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p)), an atraumatic microvascular clamp was placed on the infrarenal abdominal aorta for 120 minutes. Then, the clamp was removed and reperfused for 120 minutes. Sevoflurane was applied in 100% oxygen at a rate of 2.3% at 4 L/min during IR. The blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis and the lung tissue samples were taken for histological analysis.Results: Neutrophil infiltration/aggregation was significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and CO-IRS groups. The alveolar wall thickness and total lung injury scores were significantly higher in the IR group than in the C, IRS, CO-IR and CO-IRS groups.Discussion: We determined that the administration of 0.5 mg/kg dose of cerium oxide with sevoflurane reduces the oxidative stress and corrects IR-related damage in lung tissue. Our results show that the administration of cerium oxide before IR and the administration of sevoflurane during IR have a protective effect in rats.Keywords: cerium oxide, sevoflurane, ischemia reperfusion, biochemical analysis, histopathological analysis

Şaban Cem Sezen,1 Aysegul Kucuk,2 Abdullah Özer,3 Yiğit Kılıç,4 Barış Mardin,3 Metin Alkan,5 Fatmanur Duruk Erkent,5 Mustafa Arslan,5 Yusuf Ünal,5 Gürsel Levent Oktar,3 Murat Tosun6 1Department of Histology and Embryology, Kirikkale University Medical Faculty, Kirikkale, Turkey; 2Department of Physiology, Dumlupinar University Medical Faculty, Kutahya, Turkey; 3Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey; 4Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic, Dr Siyami Ersek Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; 5Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey; 6Department of Histology and Embryology, Afyon Kocatepe University Medical Faculty, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of levosimendan and thymoquinone (TQ) on lung injury after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Materials and methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were included in the study. The animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups. In Group C (control group), left anterior descending artery was not occluded or reperfused. Myocardial I/R was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery for 30 min, followed by 2 h of reperfusion in the I/R, I/R-levosimendan (24 μg/kg) (IRL) group, and I/R-thymoquinone (0.2 mL/kg) (IRTQ) group. Tissue samples taken from the lungs of rats were histochemically stained with H&E and immunohistochemically stained with p53, Bcl 2, Bax, and caspase 3 primer antibodies. Results: Increased expression of p53 and Bax was observed (4+), especially in the I/R group. In IRTQ and IRL groups, expression was also observed at various locations (2+, 3+). H&E staining revealed that that the lungs were severely damaged and the walls of the alveoli were too thick, the number of areas examined was increased during the evaluation. Caspase 3 expression was observed to be at an (1+, 2+) intensity that was usually weak and diffuse in multiple areas. Bcl 2 was not found to be expressed in any of the tissues. H&E staining revealed that that the lungs were severely damaged in the I/R group, with the walls of the channels and alveoli thickened and edematous, and also an intense inflammatory cell migration was observed. Immunohistochemical staining was more prominent in inflammatory areas and structures around the terminal bronchioles. Conclusion: The findings in our study have shown that administration of levosimendan and TQ during I/R increases expression of caspase 3, p53, and Bax in lung tissue and has a protective effect on lung as distant organ. We suggest that findings of this study be elucidated with further large-scale clinical studies. Keywords: ischemia reperfusion, levosimendan, thymoquinone, lung, caspase 3, p53

Hasan Bostancı,1 Selin Erel,2 Ayşegül Küçük,3 Gülay Kip,2 Şaban Cem Sezen,4 Seda Gokgoz,5 Muharrem Atlı,4 Feyza Aktepe,2 Kursat Dikmen,1 Mustafa Arslan,2,6,7 Mustafa Kavutçu5 1Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey; 2Gazi University Faculty of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey; 3Kutahya Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Kutahya, Turkey; 4Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kırıkkale, Turkey; 5Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey; 6Gazi University, Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Ankara, Turkey; 7Gazi University, Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Research Center (GUDAM), Ankara, TurkeyCorrespondence: Ayşegül Küçük, Kutahya Health Sciences University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Kutahya, Turkey, Tel +90 532 675 77 05, Email aysegul.kucuk@gmail.comObjective: Pancreatic surgeries inherently cause ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, affecting not only the pancreas but also distant organs. This study was conducted to explore the potential use of dexmedetomidine, a sedative with antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, in mitigating the impacts of pancreatic IR on kidney and liver tissues.Methods: A total of 24 rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (C), dexmedetomidine (D), ischemia reperfusion (IR), and dexmedetomidine ischemia reperfusion (D-IR). Pancreatic ischemia was induced in the IR and D-IR groups. Dexmedetomidine was administered intraperitoneally to the D and D-IR groups. Liver and kidney tissue samples were subjected to microscopic examinations after hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), aryllesterase (AES), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity were assessed in liver and kidney tissues. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were measured.Results: A comparison of the groups revealed that the IR group exhibited significantly elevated TBARS (p

Necmiye Şengel,1 Ayşegül Küçük,2 Çağrı Özdemir,3 Şaban Cem Sezen,4 Gülay Kip,5 Fatma Er,6 Ali Doğan Dursun,7 Yücel Polat,8 Mustafa Kavutçu,6 Mustafa Arslan5,9,10 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (As a Specialist in Anesthesiology and Reanimation), Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey; 2Department of Physiology, Kutahya Health Sciences University Faculty of Medicine, Kutahya, Turkey; 3Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Mamak State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey; 4Department of Histology and Embryology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey; 5Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 6Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 7Department of Physiology, Atılım University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 8Cardiovascular Surgery, Tekirdağ Dr. Ismail Fehmi Cumalıoğlu City Hospital, Tekirdağ, Turkey; 9Life Sciences Application and Research Center, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey; 10Laboratory Animal Breeding and Experimental Researches Center (GÜDAM), Gazi University, Ankara, TurkeyCorrespondence: Mustafa Arslan, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, 06510, Turkey, Tel +90 533 422 85 77, Email mustarslan@gmail.comObjective: This study aimed to demonstrate whether fullerenol C60, sevoflurane anesthesia, or a combination of both had protective effects on the liver and kidneys in lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes.Methods: A total of 46 Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups as follows: control group (group C, n=7), diabetes group (group D, n=7), diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion (group DIR, n=8), diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion-fullerenol C60 (group DIR-FC60, n=8), diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion-sevoflurane (group DIR-S, n=8), and the diabetes-ischemia/reperfusion-fullerenol C60-sevoflurane (group DIR-S-FC60, n=8). Fullerenol C60 (100mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before the ischemia-reperfusion procedure to the fullerenol groups (DIR-FC60 and DIR-S-FC60). In the DIR groups, 2 hours (h) ischemia-2h reperfusion periods were performed. In the sevoflurane groups, sevoflurane was applied during the ischemia-reperfusion period with 100% O2. Liver and kidney tissues were removed at the end of the reperfusion procedure for biochemical and histopathological examinations.Results: In liver tissue, hydropic degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, pycnotic nuclei, prenecrotic cells, and mononuclear cell infiltration in parenchyma were significantly more frequent in group DIR than in groups D and group C. In terms of the histopathologic criteria examined, more positive results were seen in group DIR-FC60, and when group DIR-FC60 was compared with group DIR, the difference was significant. The best results in AST, ALT, glucose, TBARS levels, and SOD enzyme activities in liver tissue were in group DIR-FC60 compared with group DIR, followed by groups DIR-S-FC60 and DIR-S, respectively. Regarding TBARS levels and SOD enzyme activities in kidney tissue, the best results were in groups DIR-FC60, DIR-S-FC60, and DIR-S, respectively.Conclusion: According to our findings, it is clear that fullerenol C60 administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia, alone or together with sevoflurane, reduces oxidative stress in distant organ damage caused by lower extremity IRI, and reduces liver and kidney tissue damage in histopathologic examinations.Keywords: lower extremity, ischemia-reperfusion, diabetes, fullerenol C60, sevoflurane, kidney, liver, mice

Necmiye Şengel,1 Zeynep Köksal,2 Ali Doğan Dursun,3 Ömer Kurtipek,2 Şaban Cem Sezen,4 Mustafa Arslan,2 Mustafa Kavutçu5 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey; 2Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 3Department of Physiology, Atılım University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; 4Department of Histology and Embryology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey; 5Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, TurkeyCorrespondence: Mustafa Arslan, Gazi University, Medical Faculty, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, 06510, Turkey, Tel +90 533 422 85 77, Email mustarslan@gmail.comBackground: Ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) injury, which can be encountered during surgical procedures involving the abdominal aorta, is a complex process that affects distant organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney, and lungs, as well as the lower extremities. In this study, we aimed to contribute to the limited literature by investigating the protective effect of dexmedetomidine, which was administered through different routes, on kidney tissue in rats with spinal cord IR injury.Methods: A total of 30 rats were randomly divided into five groups: control (C group), IR (IR group), IR-intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine (IRIPD group), IR-intrathecal dexmedetomidine (IRITD group), and IR-intravenous dexmedetomidine (IRIVD group). The spinal cord IR model was established. Dexmedetomidine was administered at doses of 100 μg/kg intraperitoneally, 3 μg/kg intrathecally, and 9 μg/kg intravenously. Histopathologic parameters in kidney tissue samples taken at the end of the reperfusion period and biochemical parameters in serum were evaluated.Results: When examined histopathologically, tubular dilatation was found to be significantly reduced in the IRIVD, IRITD, and IRIPD groups compared with the IR group (p = 0.012, all). Vascular vacuolization and hypertrophy were significantly decreased in the IRIVD, IRITD, and IRIPD groups compared with the IR group (p = 0.006, all). Tubular cell degeneration and necrosis were significantly reduced in the IRIVD, IRITD, and IRIPD groups compared with the IR group (p = 0.008, p = 0.08, and p = 0.030, respectively). Lymphocyte infiltration was significantly decreased in the IRIVD and IRITD groups compared with the IR group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.06, respectively).Conclusion: It was observed that dexmedetomidine administered by different routes improved the damage caused by IR in kidney histopathology. We think that the renoprotective effects of dexmedetomidine administered intravenously and intrathecally before IR in rats are greater.Keywords: dexmedetomidine, ischaemia–reperfusion, intrathecal, intravenous, rat

Introduction: Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency that results in testicular ischemia as a result of rotation of the spermatic cord around itself. Oxidative damage occurs in the testis and distant organs with the overproduction of free radicals and overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines by reperfusion after surgery. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of cerium oxide (CeO 2 ), an antioxidant nanoparticle, on lung and kidney tissues in testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) in rats., Materials and Methods: After ethics committee approval, 24 rats were equally (randomly) divided into 4 groups. Left inguinoscrotal incision was performed in the control (C) group. In group CeO 2 , 0.5 mg/kg CeO 2 was given intraperitoneally 30 minutes before inguinoscrotal incision. In group T/D, unilateral testicular T/D was achieved by performing an inguinoscrotal incision and rotating the left testis 720° clockwise, remaining ischemic for 120 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. In group CeO 2 -T/D, 0.5 mg/kg CeO 2 was given intraperitoneally 30 minutes before testicular T/D. At the end of the experiment, lung and kidney tissues were removed for histopathological and biochemical examinations., Results: Glomerular vacuolization (GV), tubular dilatation (TD), tubular cell degeneration and necrosis (TCDN), leukocyte infiltration (LI), and tubular cell spillage (TCS) in renal tissue were significantly different between groups ( p = 0.012, p = 0.049, p < 0.003, p = 0.046, and p = 0.049, respectively). GV and TCDN were significantly decreased in group CeO 2 -T/D compared to group T/D ( p = 0.042 and p = 0.029, respectively). Lung tissue neutrophil infiltration, alveolar thickening, and total lung injury score (TLIS) were significantly different between groups ( p = 0.006, p = 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). Neutrophil infiltration and TLIS were significantly decreased in group CeO 2 -T/D compared to group T/D ( p = 0.013 and p = 0.033, respectively). Lung and kidney tissue oxidative stress parameters were significantly different between groups ( p < 0.05). Renal tissue glutathione-s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and paraoxonase (PON) activities were significantly higher, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly lower in group CeO 2 -T/D than in group T/D ( p = 0.049, p = 0.012, p < 0.001, and p = 0.004, respectively). GST and PON activities were higher, and MDA levels were lower in group CeO 2 -T/D than in group T/D in the lung tissue ( p = 0.002, p < 0.001, and p = 0.008, respectively). Discussion . In our study, cerium oxide was shown to reduce histopathological and oxidative damage in the lung and kidney tissue in a rat testis torsion/detorsion model., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2022 Aycan Ozdemirkan et al.)

Objectives: To examine the effects of desflurane and cerium oxide (CO) on lung tissue following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)., Methods: Experiments were conducted in Gazi University Animal Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey. Thirty rats were divided into 5 groups: control (C), IRI, IRI-CO, IRI-desflurane (IRID), IRI-CO-desflurane (IRICOD). Cerium oxide was given intraperitoneally. Lower extremity IRI was induced. Desflurane was applied during IRI. Lung histopathological examinations and serum biochemical analyses were performed., Results: Serum nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were higher in group IRI ( p =0.006) than in group C ( p =0.001). Serum MDA and NO levels were significantly lower in groups IRICO and IRICOD than in group IRI. Significantly greater alveolar wall thickening and neutrophil infiltration were recorded in group IRI than in group C. Co-administration of desflurane and CO significantly decreased alveolar wall thickening and neutrophil infiltration compared to group IRI. Total lung injury scores were significantly lower in groups IRID, IRICO, and IRICOD than in group IRI., Conclusion: Intraperitoneal CO with desflurane, reduced oxidative stress and corrected the damage in lung. Cerium oxide given before and desflurane given during IRI have been shown to have protective effects on lung damage in rats., (Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal.)

Aim: The aim of this study is to demonstrate whether fullerenol C60 protects renal injury in sevoflurane‑administered rats., Method: Rats (n: 24) were randomly divided into four groups: Control (Group C), Fullerenol C60 (Group F), Sevoflurane (Group S), Fullerenol C60-Sevoflurane (Group FS). Thirty minutes before the procedure, Fullerenol C60, 100 mg/kg, was administered intraperitoneally. Sevoflurane (2.3 %) was applied for 3 hours to rats in S and FS groups. Biochemical and histopathological parameters were analyzed in renal tissue samples. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in statistical analyzes., Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in Group S were significantly higher than that in all other groups. Paraoxanase (PON) enzyme activity in Group S was significantly lower than in Groups C and FS. The histopathological examination showed that vascular vacuolization and hypertrophy (VVH) and lymphocyte infiltration (LI) were significantly higher in the Group S compared to the Group C., Conclusion: Renal histopathology revealed that the administration of Fullerenol C60 prior to sevoflurane inhalation reduced oxidative stress and partially corrected the damage caused by anesthesia. We concluded that Fullerenol C60 has a renal protective effect in rats when administered before sevoflurane anesthesia (Tab. 2, Fig. 4, Ref. 40).

Background: We investigated whether vitamin C has protective effects on rat liver tissue treated with different dexmedetomidine doses., Material and Methods: Thirty five wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (Control (0.9% NaCl intraperitoneally (i.p.), Dexmedetomidine 5 μg.kg(-1) (i.p.), Dexmedetomidine 5 μg.kg(-1) i.p. plus Vitamin C (100 mg.kg(-1)), Dexmedetomidine 10 μg.kg(-1) i.p. and Dexmedetomidine 10 μg.kg(-1) i.p. plus Vitamin C (100 mg.kg(-1)). Histopathological liver injury, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and tissue Malondialdehyde levels were investigated., Results: Hepatocyte degeneration was significantly higher in D10 group than those in other study groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, p = 0.005, respectively). Similarly, liver tissue sinusoidal dilatation and hepatocyte necrosis were significantly higher in D10 group than those in other groups (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, p = 0.046, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). Tissue MDA levels in D10 group were significantly higher than those in control, D5+Vit C and D10+Vit C groups (p = 0.028, p = 0.004, p = 0.031, respectively). SOD enzyme activity in D10 group was significantly lower than in control, D5+Vit C and D10+Vit C groups (p < 0.0001, p = 0.023 and p = 0.031, respectively)., Conclusion: High dose dexmedetomidine can induce hepatic injury and oxidative stress in rats while pre-treatment with vitamin C may be effective in protecting liver tissue against this newly recognized undesirable dexmedetomidine effect (Tab. 2, Fig. 5, Ref. 30).

Studies have shown that ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) produces free radicals leading to lipid peroxidation and to damage of the nervous tissue. Melatonin, a main secretory product of the pineal gland, has free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties and has been shown to diminish I/R injury in many tissues. There are a limited number of studies related to the effects of melatonin on I/R injury in the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, in the present study, the protective effect of melatonin was investigated in rats subjected to 2 hr of sciatic nerve ischemia followed by 3 hr of reperfusion. Following reperfusion, nerve tissue samples were collected for quantitative assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA), an oxidative stress marker, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), a principal antioxidant enzyme. Samples were further evaluated at electron microscopic level to examine the neuropathological changes. I/R elevated the concentration of MDA significantly while there was a reduction at SOD levels. Melatonin treatment reversed the I/R-induced increase and decrease in MDA and SOD levels, respectively. Furthermore, melatonin salvaged the nerve fibers from ischemic degeneration. Histopathologic findings in the samples of melatonin-treated animals indicated less edema and less damage to the myelin sheaths and axons than those observed in the control samples. Our results suggest that administration of melatonin protects the sciatic nerve from I/R injury, which may be attributed to its antioxidant property.

This study was conducted to evaluate any possible association between mast cells and sperm concentration, morphology, and motility. The study comprised 400 patients who had applied for semen analysis. To evaluate mast cells, 6 smear slides were prepared for each subject and stained with 1% toluidin blue-pyronine (pH 4). The slides revealing any mast cells were labeled as mast+. Concentration and motility was evaluated through a Makler chamber. Kruger's strict criteria were used in morphometric analysis. The mean age of 86 mast+ cases (21% of total patients) was 31+/-6.7; progressive sperm motility rate was 33+/-21.2. The mean concentration was 32+/-30.2 x 10(6)/mL, and normal sperm percentage was 11.8+/-6.5. Progressive sperm motility rate in the mast- cases were 53+/-25. The mean age of mast cell+ patients was higher than that of mast cell- patients (t=3.57, p<.001), while they had lower sperm concentration (p>.05) and lower normal morphologic sperm rate (t=2.26, p<.024), compared to mast cell- patients. The relation between mast cell+ and mast cell- cases and sperm progressive motility was statistically significant (t=6.44, p<.001). It was concluded that sperm parameters were negatively affected by mast cells.

The success of in vitro maturation (IVM) depends greatly on the acquisition of immature oocytes. Immature oocytes in prophase I (PI) and metaphase I (MI), aspirated after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, were incapable of fertilization, leading to a lower fertilization rate. Therefore, they must be evaluated on a fine structure level for their in vitro maturation (IVM) processes and their relationship with sperm. Oocyte membrane maturation and oocyte-sperm relationship were studied using transmission electron microscopy. A total of 55 human oocytes obtained from 20 patients at various times and 83 oocytes obtained from the dissected ovarians of female Wistar rats were used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluation. Despite being in either prophase I and metaphase I or in metaphase II, the oocytes were not fertilized after 48 h of incubation. At the various stages of maturation between PI and MII, the number and the size of microvilluses on the oocyte membrane increased as MII approached and decreased after full maturation. Oocyte activation was related to oocyte membrane maturation and has an effect on the oocyte sperm penetration.