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Injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into one of the footpads of Wistar rats promotes swelling in all the footpads (including non-injected footpads) in the next few days, indicating a complicated immunological reaction and autoimmune arthritis. This survey was performed to assess the synergistic benefits of combined atorvastatin and pentoxifylline for treating arthritis induced by CFA. Therapeutic regimes began on day 12 post-challenge when all the rats recorded an arthritis index of more than one and continued throughout the investigation until day 32. Treatment with combined atorvastatin and pentoxifylline at half doses led to synergistic benefits causing the regression of clinical and radiological appearance of arthritis in non-injected paws, which was more favorable than treatment with any medication alone at full doses. Moreover, the combined treatment led to a reduction in some inflammatory biochemical parameters, such as myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, and C-reactive protein, which was more pronounced than those of the treatment with each medication alone. The mRNA expression of IL-1β and TNF-α in the rat toe area was significantly decreased by combination therapy, and this reduction was more significant than that of monotherapy. The ratios of RORγc/T-bet, RORγc/GATA-3, RoRγc/Foxp3, T-bet/GATA-3, and T-bet/Foxp3 expression showed a further decrease in the combined treated group compared to other groups. Interestingly, combination therapy did not reduce T lymphocyte proliferation to a level lower than healthy rats. Overall, the combination of atorvastatin and pentoxifylline possesses immunomodulatory synergistic benefits, and this approach may be an impressive strategy to manage complicated inflammation.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with severe multiorgan clinical manifestations. Although respiratory involvement is the predominant manifestation in patients infected with COVID-19, involvement of other organs, such as the nervous system, has also been identified; which highlights the virus' ability to disrupt the organs’ function. There is ample evidence of a nervous system susceptibility to the COVID-19. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic effect on psychological health, including insomnia, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression among health care workers and other high-risk groups has been identified. So far, many studies have examined the psychiatric manifestations in infected patients with COVID-19. Undoubtedly, awareness of these findings can help in the prevention and timely treatment of these patients. This study aimed to review the possible mechanisms of COVID-19 neuroinvasive potential, psychiatric manifestations, and the management of mental disorders in infected patients.

A number of studies have reported on the mechanical properties of paper coatings and the influence of various parameters on cracking at the fold. Failure at the pigment-binder interface is important to understand because it likely controls how coating layers fail or crack in different applications and processes. In this study, a model system of a calcium carbonate surface in contact with latex and starch binders was used to evaluate the interfacial bonding performance affecting failure in tensile mode. Samples of calcium carbonate marbles with binder films between them were tested in tensile tests and the results were compared with those of pure binder films. In addition, contact angles of calcium carbonate, latex and starch were measured. The failed surfaces were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All sample involving the calcium carbonate surface failed at a maximum stress of around 25 % compared to that of pure films. Samples that contained starch exhibited larger maximum stress values than pure latex system. The strain at failure for these samples did not depend on the starch content to a large extent. While Raman results did not indicate any residual latex particles on the adhesively failed surfaces, SEM microscopy confirmed that at least part of the failure was still cohesive because regions of binder were present on the surface.

Whey protein is a popular dietary product that has numerous health benefits such as immune modulation. In this study, we assessed efficacy of whey protein in management of patients with contact dermatitis (CD) through a double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial in Emam Reza clinic, Shiraz, Iran. Twenty-five patients in each group were randomly assigned to receive whey protein or placebo powder, 30 g in 200 mL warm water at fasting time for 4 weeks. Outcome measures were Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire and the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score. Furthermore, subjective total improvement (assessed by visual analogue scale) was set as the other primary outcome measure. A significant decrease was observed in the scores of EASI, DLQI, and subjective total improvement in the drug group after the intervention compared with the baseline. However, no changes were seen in the placebo group. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in the scores of EASI (P = .002) and subjective total improvement scores (P = .039) over the study period in the drug group compared with the placebo group. According to the results of this study, it seems that oral supplementation of whey protein could improve the symptoms of CD compared with placebo.

Cracking at the fold of publication and packaging paper grades is a serious problem that can lead to rejection of product. Recent work has revealed some basic mechanisms and the influence of various parameters on the extent of crack area, but no studies are reported using coating layers with known mechanical properties, especially for double-coated systems. In this study, coating layers with different and known mechanical properties were used to characterize crack formation during folding. The coating formulations were applied on two different basis weight papers, and the coated papers were folded. The binder systems in these formulations were different combinations of a styrene-butadiene latex and mixtures of latex and starch for two different pigment volume concentrations (PVC). Both types of papers were coated with single and double layers. The folded area was scanned with a high-resolution scanner while the samples were kept at their folded angle. The scanned images were analyzed within a constant area. The crack areas were reported for different types of papers, binder system and PVC values. As PVC, starch content, and paper basis weight increased, the crack area increased. Double layer coated papers with high PVC and high starch content at the top layer had more cracks in comparison with a single layer coated paper, but when the PVC of the top layer was low, cracking area decreased. No measurable cracking was observed when the top layer was formulated with a 100% latex layer.

The mechanical properties of paper coating layers are important in various converting processes such as printing and folding of the paper. A method was developed to produce free-standing pigmented coating layers thick enough to be tested in bending as well as tension. The mechanical properties of these coating layers were characterized. Free-standing films with two types of binder formulations, pure latex or latex-starch combinations, with different binder content were prepared through an innovative film forming method that allows uniform drying of the coating layer while minimizing cracking. Tensile and flexural samples were cut out of these films. Tensile and flexural tests were carried out on samples and the results were compared. Tensile and flexural moduli were found to be similar. However, both stress at failure and strain at failure were higher in flexural tests compared to those in tensile tests. Three different types of paper were coated with these formulations and their failure during printing was evaluated through a standard ink picking test. Papers with different basis weights and porosities were found to have different picking resistance values. An interesting result was that the picking resistance did not correlate with the elastic modulus of the coating, but with the strain at failure behavior. This result indicates that the stiffness of the coating layer is not as critical during printing compared to its flexibility.

Background: This study was conducted on patients with tuberculosis (TB), based on regional needs and the outbreaks of the contagious disease, particularly those diagnosed with the smear-positive during 2014 - 2016. The regions neighboring this province, low health information, poorly equipped hospitals/medical clinics, high rate of welfare, the illegal entrance of foreigners to the province are necessities that have to be mentioned. Objectives: Spreading awareness of the disease in the province and the examination of possible ways to control and prevent its spreading are the purposes of this study. Methods: First, the information concerning the files of 250 patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was collected in Zahedan’s Tuberculosis Coordinator and the diagnostic criterion for the studied participants was a microscopic observation of the sputum. All patients had a chest X-ray and were examined every two months by an infectious disease specialist who diagnosed them with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. As the observations were incomplete, we could not apply the regular methods and SPSS software to estimate the survival probability (function); instead, we used Generalized Turnbull’s Estimator (GTE) and R software to calculate the non-parametric conditional probability of the patient’s survival and recovery times. For Instance, for the ith person, Li and Ri have been considered based on the last positive result and the first negative result of the disease, respectively. Results: Among 250 studied patients, four patients are right censored and the rest of them are interval censored. The patients’ age ranged from 10 to 91 years, the average age of diagnosis in infected males is 58.54 with a standard deviation (SD) of 19.10 years and females was 55.40 with an SD of 18.09 years. During this period there were no major differences between males and females. Moreover, 49.2% of the patients infected via sexual transmission were males and 50.8% of the patients were females. Conclusions: In this study, the patients’ weight was considered an effective variable in the evaluation of the survival function (the possibility of conditional survival) and we considered the effect of factors such as sex, the previous diagnosis of diabetes/AIDS, the previous history of being in contact with people with TB disease, and a history of imprisonment on the survival probability. As we can see, all the auxiliary variables mentioned above, are significantly effective in the course of the patient’s treatment and recovery (survival) time.

This study explores the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of explosively welded Ck60 steel/St37 steel. The objective is to find an economical way for manufacturing bimetallic plates that can be used in the rolling stand of hot rolling mill units. The explosive ratio and stand-off distance are set at 1.7 and 1.5t (t = flyer thickness), respectively. Since explosive welding is accompanied by such undesirable metallurgical effects as remarkable hardening, severe plastic deformation, and even formation of local melted zones near the interface, heat treatment is required to overcome or alleviate these adverse effects. For this purpose, the composites are subjected to heat treatment in a temperature range of 600-700 °C at a rate of 90 °C/h for 1 h. Results demonstrate well-bonded composite plates with a wavy interface. In the as-welded case, vortex zones are formed along the interface; however, they are transformed into fine grains upon heat treatment. Microhardness is also observed to be maximum near the interface in the welded case before it decreases with increasing temperature. Shear strength is the highest in the as-welded specimen, which later decreases as a result of heat treatment. Moreover, the energy absorbed by the heat-treated specimens is observed to increase with increasing temperature so that the lowest value of absorbed energy belongs to the as-welded specimen. Finally, fractography is carried out using the scanning electron microscope to examine the specimens subjected to shear and impact tests. As a result of heat treatment, fracture surfaces exhibit dimpled ruptures and fail in the mixed mode, while failure in the as-welded specimens predominantly occurs in the brittle mode.

The present work aimed at studying the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ck60/St37 composite plates fabricated by explosive cladding. The explosive ratio and stand-off distance were set to be R = 1.7 and s = 1.5t, respectively. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bonding at the interface had a wavy morphology, but local melted zones were formed along the interface. The chemical composition of the local melted zones was evaluated by energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. This analysis showed that the melted zones consisted of both Ck60 and St37 steels. The maximum hardness was obtained near the explosively cladded interface; then these values were decreased by the distance away from the interface. Moreover, it was seen that the local melted zones, especially the vortices, had a high degree of hardness. Shear tests on the cladded metals also showed that the average shear strength was higher than 140 MPa, as set by the ASTM A263-12, implying that composite plates could be used safely. The study was also conducted to consider the strength of bonding by bending test in two ways, one with the cladding metal in tension and the other with the cladding metal in compression. Bending test results showed that these joints could be used safely when the cladded metal was in compression; otherwise, it would be fractured. Finally, impact test results showed that the fracture toughness of cladded samples was higher than that of flyer material due to the higher fracture toughness of the base material.

Objective To assess the effects of depression and anxiety on serum cytokine levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 60 healthy control individuals and 60 patients with CHB participated after filling out standard questionnaires. We examined their serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TGF-β levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Results In patients with CHB compared with healthy controls, serum levels of IL-8 were significantly increased, whereas IL-6 and TGF-β levels were significantly decreased. Serum levels of TGF-β were significantly decreased in the patients with CHB who had mild depression, compared with patients with CHB without depression and with moderate and severe depression. Conclusions Downregulation of IL-8 and TGF-β, respectively, is a corresponding mechanism for induction of chronic inflammation in patients with CHB. Depression also seems to induce inflammation via downregulation of TGF-β in these patients.

This paper employs a back analysis method to determine soil strength parameters of the Mohr-Coulomb model from in situ geotechnical measurements. The lateral displacement of a soil nailed wall retaining an excavation in Tehran city used as a criterion for the back analysis. For this purpose, a genetic algorithm is applied as an optimization algorithm to minimize the error function, which can perform the back analysis process. When the accuracy of modeling is verified, the back analysis is performed automatically by creating a link between genetic algorithm in MATLAB and Abaqus software using Python programming language. This paper demonstrated that the genetic algorithm is a particularly suitable tool to determine 9 soil strength parameters simultaneously for 3 soil layers of the project site to decrease the difference of lateral displacement between the results of project monitoring and numerical analysis. The soil strength parameters have increased, with the most changes in Young's modulus of the first to third layers as the most effective parameter, 49.45%, 61.67% and 64.35% respectively. The results can be used in advanced engineering analyses and professional works.

Today, the back analysis methods are known as reliable and effective approaches for estimating the soil strength parameters in the site of project. The back analysis can be performed by genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization in the form of an optimization process. In this paper, the back analysis is carried out using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization in order to determine the soil strength parameters in an excavation project in Tehran city. The process is automatically accomplished by linking between MATLAB and Abaqus software using Python programming language. To assess the results of numerical method, this method is initially compared with the results of numerical studies by Babu and Singh. After the verification of numerical results, the values of the three parameters of elastic modulus, cohesion and friction angle (parameters of the Mohr–Coulomb model) of the soil are determined and optimized for three soil layers of the project site using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The results optimized by genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization show a decrease of 72.1% and 62.4% in displacement differences in the results of project monitoring and numerical analysis, respectively. This research shows the better performance of genetic algorithm than particle swarm optimization in minimization of error and faster success in achieving termination conditions.

Background: Brucellosis is a systemic bacterial disease transmitted from animals to humans and involves many organs and tissues. Symptoms of brucellosis are protean and can be similar to many other infectious diseases. None of the symptoms are specific enough to support the clinical diagnosis. The musculoskeletal system is one of the most commonly affected organs. Disease can be present with bursitis, sacroiliitis, peripheral arthritis, osteomyelitis, spondylitis and paraspinal abscess, which among them vertebral osteomyelitis and paraspinal abscess are rare. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vertebral osteomyelitis and paraspinal abscess in patients with brucellosis who were admitted to an infectious hospital in Zahedan, Southeastern Iran. Patients and Methods: During 48 months, from December 2008 to October 2012 we evaluated all patients who were referred to infectious clinics (Zahedan, Southeastern Iran) because of fever, myalgia, arthralgia, chronic low back pain, bone pain and had a wright positive test. Blood samples were tested again for 2ME. A titer of more than 1/80 was positive. All patients with low back pain who had a MRI or spine CT-Scan, which showed a sign of osteomyelitis and/or cold abscess, were included in our study. Results: Among 73 patients with brucellosis (56 males, 17 females; age range 12-69 years), 14 patients (19%; 12 males) had a diagnosis of brucella osteomyelitis. Eleven patients had vertebral osteomyelitis and five showed an abscess next to the involved spine. Patients were treated with a triple regimen including: doxicycline, rifampin and streptomycin, and one patient needed surgery due to pressure effect on the spine. Conclusions: Localized complications of brucellosis such as bone involvement were observed in patients with acute disease or chronic untreated infection. Based on our results, in endemic areas, every patient with low back pain and a positive test for brucella should be evaluated for spinal osteomyelitis.

Background/Aims: Constipation and headache are prevalent conditions among children worldwide. Previous studies have shown the relationship between upper gastrointestinal complaints and headache in children. However, the association with lower gastrointestinal complaints such as constipation has not been investigated until present. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between headache and chronic functional constipation in children aged 4-12 years old. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study has evaluated the prevalence of headache in 326 children in Shiraz, Iran 2012. All the subjects and their parents were interviewed based on a structured questionnaire for the diagnosis of constipation and headache. Children with constipation were selected from the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic Affiliated to the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The control group was selected from healthy children attending Shiraz schools. Diagnosis of headache and constipation were made based on the second Edition of The International Headache Classification (ICHD-2) and ROME III criteria, respectively. Results: Headache prevalence among children with constipation was significantly higher (19.8%) than that of the control group (5.6%) [Odds ratio (OR) 4.192, p

The significant values of power losses of low voltage distribution system in Iranian large cities, have been actuated the planning managers to use the small transformers and set them as near as possible to the load points to reduce the LV network. In this paper the correctness of this approach has been evaluated and the optimum ranges for distribution substation capacities with respect to the load density and dispersion in various areas of large cities have been determined. A three stage distribution network planning algorithm based on comparative Genetic Algorithm and prim method has been applied. Various random generated cases for location and values of the load points in different categories of load densities and dispersions have been studied to conclude the reliable relationship between these characteristics of the load and the optimum feeding transformer capacity.