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Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a popular surgical procedure for obesity treatment. Prediction of post-operative complication occurrence can result in better outcomes. It is reported that anthropometric measures such as waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), arm circumference (AC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and conicity index are more sensitive to predict the risk of obesity-related diseases than body mass index (BMI) and body weight (BW) are. No study has investigated the relationship between these anthropometric measures and complications after LSG in people with obesity. This cross-sectional study assessed 54 people with obesity with a BMI between 35 and 55, who were being evaluated for LSG. BW, height, BMI, AC, WC, and HC were measured and WHtR, WHR, and conicity index were calculated before and after LSG. Short- and long-term surgery complications were collected by using medical records and contact with the patients. Paired sample t test, independent sample test, and chi-square were used to analyze data. Short- and long-term complications were 13 and 37%, respectively. Pre- and post-operative HC showed significant differences between patients with and without short-term complications (P

Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the cancer chemotherapy-related side effects which can affect the quality of life of affected patients. This study was designed to investigate the healing effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia in 5-flurouracil (5-FU)-induced OM in golden hamster. Fifty-six adult male golden hamsters received three intraperitoneal injections of 5-FU at a dose of 60 mg/kg on days 0, 5, and 10. The cheek pouch mucosa was scratched superficially under local anesthesia. Then, two horizontal scratches were made across the everted cheek pouch on days 3 and 4. All treatments were started on day 12 for equal number of animals in control group with no treatments, gel base group that was treated with carboxy methyl cellulose as gel base which used in preparation of the topical gel, topical gel group that used gel containing 10% hydroalcoholic extract of E. angustifolia (HEEA) topically, and dietary group which was treated with 300 mg/kg HEEA. At 2 and 5 days after treatment, blood and pouch tissue sampling were done and analyzed for blood composition, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities plus histopathological evaluations. Both topically and orally HEEA-treated groups showed a significant relief in OM compared to the control and base gel groups. However, the systemic form had higher efficiency in some parts especially decreasing the MPO (0.27 ± 0.17 vs. 0.56 ± 0.17 IU/L) and increasing SOD (6.46 ± 0.15 vs. 5.36 ± 0.18 IU/L) activities in pouch tissue in comparison to topical form mostly at 5 days after treatment. It seems that hydroalcoholic extract of E. angustifolia can be used as an appropriate drug choice for the treatment of oral mucositis based on its healing stimulatory and anti-inflammatory properties.

The impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the lactose intolerance (LI) remains unclear. We checked 8 men and 34 women with mean body mass index (BMI) of 43.94 ± 5.89 kg/m2 for LI using hydrogen breath test and clinical examination before LSG and at 3 months postoperation. In addition to appropriate weight loss (34.30 ± 5.51 kg/m2), 1 man and 3 women, who had not LI at starting, were suffered from LI at 3 months postoperation. Among these four patients, the most and least LI was seen in women who had the lowest and highest percentage of excess BMI loss. It seems LSG can induce LI which must be monitored in postoperative follow-ups.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic periodontitis (CP) show common pathophysiological features. We investigated the serum levels of IL-23 and IL-35 in people with type 2 DM and CP. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 72 patients were divided into four equal groups: group A, participants without type 2 DM and CP; group B, patients with type 2 DM without CP; group C, patients with CP and without type 2 DM; and group D, patients with type 2 DM and CP. Demographic data were obtained and periodontal conditions including clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, plaque index, gingival index, and probing depth was evaluated on all existing teeth. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels, hemoglobin (Hb) A1c, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed. In addition, serum levels of IL-23 and 35 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The serum levels of IL-23 and 35 showed no significant differences between all groups (P>0.05). A significant positive correlation between the serum concentration of IL-23 and clinical attachment loss in the control group (r: 0.548, P=0.019) was detected. A significant negative correlation between IL-35 and the plaque index in group B (r: -0.578, P=0.012), plus significant negative correlations between IL-23 with ESR (r: -0.487, P=0.040) and CRP (r: -0.498, P=0.035) in groups C and D were also detected. Conclusion: Despite significant associations of serum concentration of IL-23 and 35 with certain periodontal and inflammatory indices, neither type 2 DM nor CP differentially affects serum levels of these two cytokines.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the synthetic monomer which can be found in the environment. Limited animal and human studies have demonstrated that BPA alters endocrine and or metabolic functions. The aims of the present study were to evaluate serum BPA level in marketing seller women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hormonal and metabolic effects of this exposure compared to a control paired group. In a case-control study, 62 PCOS women who work as marketing sellers and 62 healthy women with similar jobs were included. The two groups were body mass index (BMI)- and age-matched. Serum samples were analyzed for BPA content, fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, and LH:FSH ratio. Significant higher serum BPA content (0.48 ± 0.08 vs. 0.16 ± 0.04 ng/ml), triglyceride (103.05 ± 13.10 vs. 91.65 ± 12.52 mg/dl), cholesterol (165.05 ± 10.79 vs. 161.21 ± 10.31 mg/dl) levels and LH:FSH ratio (3.64 ± 0.86 vs. 0.62 ± 0.14) and significant lower TSH concentration (1.56 ± 0.68 vs. 2.15 ± 1.09 IU/ml) were detected in case against control group, respectively (P

The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of simple and microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic with or without inulin as prebiotic on meat quality of broiler infected by avian influenza virus (H9N2). Two hundred-day-old chicks were randomly allocated into 14 groups based on simple, microencapsulated probiotic and prebiotic and based on vaccination and challenge with H9N2 virus. Groups 1-7 contained 20 chicks, and groups 8-12 and 14 contained 10 chicks. Group 13 was derived from group 1 with 10 chicks at challenge day with avian influenza virus (AIV). Half of the groups were vaccinated by H9N2 vaccine on day 5. All groups except the negative control and positive vaccine control were challenged with 106.5 EID50 of low-virulence H9N2 AIV at day 21. Each bird was received 109 CFU of simple or microencapsulated probiotic on days 0 and 17 by gavage. Prebiotic as dose as 0.1 % of feed weight was used daily. Increase in water-holding capacity, dry matter, ash and protein content, and decrease in dripping loss plus beneficial changes in lightness and redness of breast meat were detected in response to probiotic especially microencapsulated synbiotic. In conclusion, probiotic alone or with prebiotic was able to improve the physicochemical properties of chicken breast muscle in both healthy and AIV-infected chickens.

Background Obesity is becoming a worldwide health problem. Recently, bariatric surgeries are developing to combat with this problem. However, these surgical methods themselves have risks. Objectives The present study investigated the preventive effect of routine leak test of both gastrojejunal and jejunojejunal anastomoses immediately after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) surgery against post-operative leak by inexperienced surgeons. Methods In a prospective interventional study, this research enrolled 52 morbid obese patients with LRYGB from September 2014 to October 2016. After anastomoses, methylene blue and air leak tests were performed and the section line and both anastomosis sites for patency and inspected for air and dye leaks were examined. Results Mean body mass index of patients was 48.84 ± 6.8 kg/m2. Twelve patients had positive leak test and the anastomoses were reinforced by additional sutures. All patients were discharged with no leak and no patient had leak during the routine follow-up period. Conclusions Intraoperative leak test of both gastrojejunal and jejunojejunal anastomoses is a valuable test in the assessment of leak during LRYGB surgery, especially in unskilled surgeons.

Aims The aims of this investigation were to compare the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus addition as simple or microencapsulated (ME) probiotic and inulin as prebiotic to the broiler diet on the faecal viral shedding and immunization against avian influenza virus (AIV) with or without H9N2 vaccination. Methods and Results Simple or ME forms of Lact. acidophilus, inulin and combination of them as synbiotic were analysed for their ability to enhance immunity against H9N2 AIV and to decrease faecal viral shedding in Cobb-500 broiler chicks. Our results indicated that probiotic as ME form can decrease haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre significantly on days 34 in vaccinated trial (P

Avian influenza virus (AIV, family Orthomyxoviridae) can cause serious disease in a wide variety of birds and mammals, but its natural host range is in wild ducks, gulls, and shorebirds. The strategies for dealing with AIV are broad, from vaccination and passive immunization to biosecurity or treatment. However, in recent years, use of beneficial microorganisms called probiotics and un- or partially digested ingredients in food called prebiotics for stimulating the immune system has dramatically increased. These include local and systemic humeral and cellular immunostimulations. In this chapter, the roles of synbiotics (combination of probiotic and prebiotic) in immunization against low pathogen AIV (H 9 N 2 ) in avian species are discussed and also compared with all other species. Also, the known mechanisms for these stimulation are discussed for clarifying the potential beneficial effects of synbiotics.

To determine the effect of Berberis vulgaris extract on the intestinal morphology, 1-day-old broiler chickens had their diet supplemented with 2 and 4 % barberry water extract for 3 days. On day 45, all chicks in each group were killed and morphometric analysis of the intestine was performed. The duodenal villous length and surface area were significantly (P 0.05). In conclusion, barberry water extract supplementation, particularly at a value of 4 %, can increase the majority of the intestinal architecture in broiler chickens.

Salinomycin is a monocarboxylic polyether antibiotic with antimicrobial and anticoccidial properties. Although it has proved to be safe at therapeutic doses, toxic effects can result from overdosage or misuse. In addition to clinical signs and pathologic lesions, confirmatory diagnosis of toxicosis needs consideration of laboratory assays. The present study describes changes in biochemical parameters over an extended period of 35 days in calves administered toxic levels of sodium salinomycin. Eleven calves (90 to 130 kg, from both sexes) were randomly divided into three experimental groups (group 1, four male calves; group 2, three male calves; and group 3, four female calves). Blood samples were collected from jugular vein before administration of salinomycin as the control. Group 1 was given salinomycin at a dosage rate of 5 mg/kg twice a day for two consecutive days; groups 2 and 3 were similarly administered with the same drug but at 4 mg/kg. Following drug administration, blood samples were collected at different times (1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days), and their biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, CK, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, and total protein) were determined using conventional laboratory methods. Results indicated a significant increase in the activities of ALT, AST, and CK. Concentrations of creatinine, potassium, phosphorous, and blood urea nitrogen in the serum were also significantly elevated. In contrast, concentrations of serum chloride, sodium, and calcium were significantly decreased. However, no significant change was observed in the level of serum total protein.

Salinomycin is an ionophore compound that may be used in sheep as growth promoter or to prevent coccidiosis in these species. There are some reports with respect to the poisoning of animals with this agent used in high concentration in feed by mistake. So, the purpose of this study was to examine the gross and histopathologic lesions due to salinomycin in sheep. Fifteen adult (4 to 5 years old) male Mehraban sheep were randomly divided into three equal groups and doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg of salinomycin were administrated orally twice a day for 2 days. Five sheep died due to acute toxicosis within 72 h after administration of the drug. Postmortem examination revealed congestion and edema of skeletal muscles, swelling and hemorrhage in peripheral lymph nodes, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium, petechial hemorrhage in fat tissues of heart base, severe pulmonary congestion and edema, large pale kidney, and swelling of liver with mild to moderate yellowish appearance. Histopathologic examination showed pulmonary congestion and edema with hyalinized thrombi in some of capillaries, myocardial degeneration, and necrosis without any inflammatory reaction. Hepatocytes, renal tubules, sciatic nerves, and muscles were among other tissues that showed histologic changes.

Haematological and serum biochemical values were estimated in blood samples collected from 21 apparently adult golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) of both sexes. The mean values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, white blood cells, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were 1.63 ± 0.11 × 1012/l, 0.47 ± 0.009 l/l, 91.73 ± 1.52 g/l, 24.31 ± 1.97 × 109/l, 4.40 ± 0.22 × 109/l, 16.81 ± 0.65 × 109/l, 0.99 ± 0.19 × 109/l and 2.10 ± 0.30 × 109/l, respectively. The leucocytes had 69.14%, 4.09%, 18.12% and 8.65% lymphocytes, monocytes, heterophils and eosinophils, respectively. The results of serum biochemistry in the golden eagle indicated that the concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, total globulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were 16.42 ± 0.73 mmol/l, 49.76 ± 1.35 g/l, 20.46 ± 0.79 g/l, 29.30 ± 1.47 g/l, 2.14 ± 0.09 mmol/l, 2.04 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 457.67 ± 97.46 μmol/l, 2.74 ± 0.17 mmol/l, 53.27 ± 3.87 μmol/l, 2.37 ± 0.24 mmol/l, 1.73 ± 0.08 mmol/l, 293.24 ± 18.96 IU/l, 28.21 ± 2.36 IU/l, 411.29 ± 58.37 IU/l, 1,209.89 ± 21.73 IU/l and 67.31 ± 5.29 IU/l, respectively. There were no significant differences between haematological and serum biochemical parameters of male and female golden eagles (P > 0.05).

The golden eagle is one of the world's largest living birds. Footpad dermatitis, also known as plantar pododermatitis or bumblefoot, is a condition characterized by lesions due to contact with unhealthy "perching" conditions, such as plastic perches, sharp-cornered perches on the ventral footpad of birds. A young female golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Fars province of Iran was presented to veterinary clinics of Shiraz University with clinical signs of lameness. The bird was examined clinically and a variety of complementary diagnostic procedures such as blood analysis, X-ray and bacteriological culture were performed. Then a surgical method was pick out for removing of scab, pus and necrotic tissues from abscess on the plantar aspect of bird's feet and healing the skin of area. After surgery, specific bandage, systemic antibiotics and vitamins were used. Corynebacterium, a gram negative bacterium, was isolated in the pus from the abscess. After the surgical operation, swelling in the digital pad reduced, the skin of pad healed and the signs of lameness vanished. To prevent developing bumblefoot, good bedding for proper "perching" conditions is necessary. Additionally, vitamin therapy to promote a healthy integument is advised.