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Introduction I. The Sports Industrial Complex 1. The hierarchy 2. The Global North bias in sports and medicine II. Problematizing the Court of Arbitration for Sport 1. CAS: Structure, adjudicators, [...], In March 2023, World Athletics, the regulating body for the sport of Athletics introduced The Eligibility Regulations for the Female Classification (Athletes with Differences of Sex Development). These Regulations limit participation in female Athletics events at international competition and to set world records. They require certain athletes to maintain a testosterone threshold below 2.5nmol/L, despite their naturally occurring testosterone levels. On one level, this paper is about gender regulation in sport, particularly regulating testosterone in elite, female athletes. On another level it is about power and privilege at the intersection of race, nationality, and gender. It argues that through its gender regulations, World Athletics is racializing non-western bodies and asserting white, Global North civilization as the appropriate authority on, and representation of, gender in sport. En mars 2023, World Athletics, l'organisme de r glementation du sport de l'athl tisme, a introduit les r glements d'admissibilit pour la classification f minine (athl tes ayant une diff rence de d veloppement sexuel). Ces r glements limitent la participation des femmes aux preuves d'athl tisme lors des comp titions internationales et l' tablissement de records du monde. Elles imposent certaines athl tes de maintenir un seuil de testost rone inf rieur 2,5nmol/L, en d pit de leur taux de testost rone naturel. D'une part, le pr sent article traite de la r gulation du genre dans le sport, en particulier de la r gulation de la testost rone chez les athl tes f minines d' lite. D'autre part, il traite du pouvoir et des privil ges l'intersection de la race, de la nationalit et du sexe. ll soutient qu' travers ses r glementations en mati re de genre, World Athletics racialise les corps non occidentaux et affirme que la civilisation blanche du Nord est l'autorit appropri e en mati re de genre dans le sport et de repr sentation de ce dernier.

I. INTRODUCTION 76 II. TALIBANISM: CUSTOM, RELIGION, AND PURE FIAT 76 III. PERFORMANCE OF THE TALIBAN: SUCCESSES, CHALLENGES, AND FAILURES 78 A. Assessing the Performance of the "State" 78 B. [...], After almost two years since the Taliban's return to power in Afghanistan, the international community is coming to terms with the nature of the new regime in Kabul. This Article explores the nature of Taliban 2.0, assessing evidence of both change and disturbing continuity in the new leadership of Afghanistan. Importantly, Taliban 2.0 has demonstrated persistent inflexibility in its imposition of a puritanical form of Islamic rule, exemplified by its treatment of the rights of women and girls. This inflexibility is in direct conflict with its goal of becoming a formally recognized member of the international community. Its lack of international recognition hampers the Taliban's ability to stabilize the Afghan economy and provide even minimal levels of public goods to its people. Yet, in light of this growing humanitarian crisis, the United States and its allies face a delicate balancing act: decreasing the suffering of the Afghan people while maintaining pressure on the Taliban regime. This Article argues that the United States should consider using a mix of carrots and sticks to achieve this delicate balance and test the ultimate flexibility, cohesion, and staying power of Taliban 2.0.

I. Introduction 787 II. Constitutional and Statutory Framework: The Equal Protection Clause 788 III. Elementary and Secondary Education 791 A. Litigation After the No Child Left Behind Act 791 B. [...]

Fencing, often referred to as a physical game of chess, is an organized sport involving the use of a sword, epee, foil, or saber for attack and defense according to set movements and rules. Fencing, one of the first nine sports included in the first Olympic Games in 1896, has a long history. This paper has systematically reviewed literature and evaluated the role of fencing in the empowerment of women through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods including first-hand observation, interviews, archival analysis, and secondary statistical data collection. It has attempted to narrow the empirical gap by exploring the gender perspective of fencing as a sport. It reveals that due to historical, social and cultural bias, financial constraints, as well as a lack of leadership, women's involvement in fencing had been limited throughout fencing's history. Since the 2nd half of the 19th century, fencing has witnessed tremendous strides in breaking the barriers influenced by the changing society propelled by a long history of feminist and civil rights activists who took a blend of the consciousness-raising and organizing approach and the pragmatic approach. Women's fencing shows a history of breaking barriers, and with the enacting of Title IX to eliminate gender discrimination in sports and education it is the most significant turning point. Title IX has not only broadened and deepened the scope and participation of women in fencing but also made fencing an enabler and driver to enhance women's grit and leadership, leading to the empowerment of women in society. The paper develops a framework to highlight the linkage between Title IX, women's fencing, and empowerment. The impact of Title IX on women with fencing as an enabler and drivers is farreaching. It has widened the scope of women in fencing by reaching the general public and deepened the scope of women's fencing by raising the visibility of this women's sport in national and international arenas. Keywords: Discrimination against women, Women's fencing, Barriers, Title IX, Empowerment of women, Qualitative and quantitative research, women in sports, Introduction 'Sport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire. It has the power to unite people in a way that little else does. It [...]

The statistics are impressive on the increased participation of women and girls in sports since Title IX became a federal civil rights law that bans sex-based discrimination at any educational [...]

The burgeoning menstrual justice movement highlights that women, girls, transgender men and boys, and non-binary persons may face discrimination or harassment due to their menstruation in workplaces, schools, prisons, and [...]

Signed into law by then-President Richard Nixon on June 23, 1972, Title IX would serve as protection from discrimination for women in higher ed. 'No person in the United States [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 780 II. STATUS OF THE TECHNOLOGY 783 III. EQUAL PROTECTION FOR REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY 786 IV. GENDER-BASED CLASSIFICATIONS AND INTERMEDIATE SCRUTINY 788 A. Facial or Neutral [...], Ectogenesis is the gestation of a fetus in an artificial womb. This suite of technologies, now in use to preserve the lives of premature infants, is on the cusp of being a viable method of reproduction from conception to term. This Article argues that an equal protection challenge to a ban on utilizing ectogenetic technologies should be analyzed under intermediate or strict scrutiny. Should the US Supreme Court apply the rational basis or rational basis "with bite" standard of review to such a challenge, the petitioner should prevail. The nature of ectogenesis is a technological alternative for a sex-specific organ. Intermediate scrutiny is well suited to address the discriminatory intent and effect behind denying access to ectogenesis, particularly against the backdrop of an extensive history of bipartisan legislative support for other artificial organs like the pancreas, kidneys, and heart. Strict scrutiny further supports protecting access to ectogenesis, as the fundamental right to procreative freedom necessarily encapsulates choosing the method of gestating one's offspring. While there are legitimate state interests in regulating the practice of medicine and ensuring the safety of reproductive biotechnology, prohibiting the use of ectogenesis on the grounds of preserving the natural order or moral disapproval would fail under even the most deferential rational basis review standard. Considering the immutability of reproductive roles, as well as the significance of the right to choose one's method of reproduction, if the Court applies this deferential standard, the rational basis should "bite." Under the aforementioned standards of review, access to these important reproductive biotechnologies should be protected. Whether the Court finds invidious gender discrimination, the infringement of the fundamental right to procreate, or impermissible moral condemnation, it is likely that a ban on ectogenesis would be found to be unconstitutional.

According to article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), States parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that women enjoy equality with men in political and public life. The Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Committee) declares in its General Recommendation No. 23 that while removal of de jure barriers is necessary, it is not sufficient to achieve full and equal participation of women in political and public life. That is why under article 4 of CEDAW, the CEDAW Committee encourages adoption by States parties of temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality between men and women in order to give full effect to article 7 of CEDAW concerning the participation of women in political and public life. The CEDAW Committee makes reference to setting quotas within a range of measures to achieve equality of political participation. Turkish women acquired the right to vote and to be elected in 1934 and representation of women in the Turkish Parliament began in 1935. Turkey also acceded to CEDAW in 1985. However, the political representation of women in the Turkish Parliament is still insufficient. In its last concluding observations on Turkey, the CEDAW Committee declared that it was concerned about the low participation of women at all levels of decision-making including the parliament which was below the global average. This article analyzes the issue of women's representation in the Turkish Parliament in light of CEDAW. It focuses on CEDAW Committee documents issued during seven reporting cycles. The article begins by examining Turkey's national reports and CEDAW Committee reports related to seven reporting cycles, and then proceeds to discuss the main problems concerning women's parliamentary representation on the basis of these documents. Keywords: CEDAW, Parliamentary representation, Gender, Document analysis, Women's Representation, Turkish Parliament, Women in Turkey, Introduction The Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Committee), the monitoring body of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against [...]