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This study presents a mass-production process for conductive carbon membrane-type sponge electrodes derived from recyclable cellulose biowaste. It includes an all-in-one hydrogel fabrication process for mass production, which significantly shortens the complex and expensive process for the conventional process of catalytic electrodes based on conductive supporting substrates such as the gas diffusion layer (GDL). The presence of pre-adsorbed melamine powder in the all-in-one hydrogel induces internal diffusion of the gaseous reactant for the uniform growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto the sponge-like porous carbon aerogel with a relatively thick and tortuous pore structure, thereby providing the electrochemical properties and mechanical strength simultaneously required for the air electrodes of rechargeable and quasi solid-state zinc-air batteries.

The purpose of this case study was to examine the success factors of a leadership development program using action learning for self-governance members in the city of Bucheon in Korea, as well as t...

본 연구의 목적은 발달장애성인의 삶의 질을 측정하기 위한 기초문항을 개발하고 개발된 문항의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증함으로써 심리측정학적 타당도와 신뢰도가 확보된 한국 발달장애성인의 삶의 질 측정도구를 개발하는 것이다. 발달장애성인의 삶의 질 측정을 위한 문항 개발을 위하여 관련 국내·외 선행연구를 바탕으로 8가지 영역에 해당하는 65개 1차 예비문항을 구성하였으며, 이후 연구팀 내 자체 재검토 과정을 통해 50개로 구성된 2차 예비문항을 개발하였다. 예비문항에 대한 내용타당도 검증을 위하여 특수교육 전공교수, 장애인복지 관련 사회복지전문가, 장애인 고용전문가 등 총 12명의 관련 전문가와 3명의 발달장애성인의 부모를 통한 내용타당도 검토를 받았으며, 예비조사를 실시하여 문항 적절성 등에 대한 검토 결과를 고려한 최종 45개의 문항을 개발하였다. 본 조사를 위해 전국의 지역별 발달장애인 인구비율을 고려해 응답자를 층화표집하여 질문지를 배부하여 총 442부의 질문지가 취합되었으나 결측자료를 제외하고, 최종적으로 407명의 본조사 자료를 기초로 문항의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과 ‘개인적 역량’, ‘안전한 환경’, ‘사회적 참여 지원’, ‘신체적 안녕’이라는 4가지 하위요인의 32개의 문항이 추출되었으며, 확인적 요인분석 결과 모형의 적합도는 전통적 기준에 비추어 보통수준으로 나타났다. 전체 척도의 신뢰도는 .970로 매우 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 이 도구를 ‘한국 발달장애성인의 삶의 질 척도’(QLS-KADD, 큐엘에스-캐드)로 명명하였다. 우리나라 발달장애성인의 삶의 질을 측정하기 위해 보다 신뢰롭고 타당한 도구 개발의 필요성 요구가 증대되는 시점에, 본 연구가 발달장애성인의 삶의 질을 적절하게 측정하는 척도를 해외도구의 단순 번안이나 소규모 타당화가 아니라 삶의 질 측정도구 개발의 원칙들을 준수하며 한국 발달장애성인의 현재 삶의 실정에 맞게 새롭게 개발한 결과에 대한 논의와 연구의 의의, 제한점 및 후속연구를 위한 제언이 제공되었다.

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 공교육 체계 밖의 특수교육요구 학생들의 현황과 지원에 관심을 두어 서울 지역 사립초등학교의 ‘특수교육요구’ 학생 현황과 지원실태 및 교사들의 통합교육 인식을 처음으로 밝히는 것이다. 연구방법: 서울의 39개 전체 사립초등학교 중 연구에 동의한 35개교 각 학년별 1명 교사가 무선으로 선정되어 질문지에 무기명 응답하였다. 최종 34개교 183명의 응답자료가 통계처리 되었다. 연구결과: 특수교육요구 학생은 34개교 중 25개교의 72개 학급에 총 110명이 있었으며, 남학생과 저학년에 많이 분포되어 있었다. 이 학생들의 주요 어려움은 자기중심적 행동, ADHD 관련 행동, 학업의 어려움 등으로 나타났다. 학교관리자의 관심은 낮은 편이었으며, 장애이해교육은 잘 이루어지지 않았고, 추가 인적 자원은 ‘학부모’가 고용한 보조인력이 가장 높은 비율을 차지했다. 담임교사와 특수교육전문가 간의 연계는 미흡하였다. 교사의 대다수가 특수교육요구 학생을 ‘특수교육대상자’로 의뢰할 의향이 없었고 특수교육대상자 선별 및 의뢰과정에 대해 잘 모르거나 전혀 모르고 있었으나 통합교육 연수 및 사립초등학교에 특수교사 배치 필요성에 대해선 동의하는 편이었다. 결론: 본 연구는 사립초등학교에 재학 중인 특수교육요구 학생의 현황과 지원실태 및 교사의 통합교육 인식을 최초로 밝힘으로써 사립초등학교의 특수교육 지원체계 개발의 필요성을 촉구하였고, 전국의 사립초등학교의 통합교육 지원 대책 촉구를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하였다.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Hovenia (Hovenia dulcis) monofloral honey produced in Korea. To produce Hovenia monofloral honey, Hovenia trees were surrounded by a net house, and honeybees were breed there over a 20-day period. Hovenia monofloral honey contained more than 95% of Hovenia pollen and showed physicochemical properties in agreement with the international honey standard (Codex). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Hovenia monofloral honey ranged from a 24.82–27.00 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g honey and a 0.41–0.46 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g honey, respectively. In addition, to evaluate the functional properties of Hovenia monofloral honey, the antioxidant activity of Hovenia monofloral honey was estimated by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and the 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, Hovenia monofloral honey showed an antibacterial activity against foodborne gram positive (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7).

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 일반초등학교와 인근 특수학교 간의 사물놀이로 구성된 통합교류활동 프로그램이 비장애 초등학생의 정서지능, 장애수용태도에 미치는 영향과 초등 중도․중복 장애학생(청각장애와 지적장애)들에게 미치는 영향을 밝히는 것이다. 연구방법: 연구참여자는 C일반초등학교와 N특수학교의 3학년 학생이며, 실험집단으로 비장애학생 24명과 중도․중복장애학생 8명은 통합동아리 시간에 총 16회기의 ‘통합교류활동 프로그램’에 참여하였다. 비장애학생의 종속변인 양적자료는 독립표본 t검정을 하였고 중도․중복 장애학생의 사전사후 변화는 관찰, N특수학교 담당교사, 특수교육보조원, 공익근무요원과의 면담, 학기 말 성과보고서에서 수합된 질적 자료로 제시하였다. 연구결과: 실험집단 비장애 초등학생들의 정서지능 전체 점수와 하위영역 3가지 점수는 통제집단에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 비장애 초등학생의 장애수용태도 전체점수와 하위영역에서 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 중도․중복 장애학생들은 통합교류활동 프로그램 참여의 양과 질 향상, 대인관계에서 상호작용의 증진, 개인적 정서적 안정감과 행복감의 표현이 나타났다. 결론: 이 연구는 ‘통합교류활동’을 초등 정규교육과정의 통합동아리 활동으로 실시하고 그 긍정적 효과를 보고하는 첫 연구로서 분리교육 환경의 특수학교 학생들에게 비장애학생들과의 통합경험 제공, 통합동아리 활동 참여 후의 초등학생들의 성장, 사물놀이 활동선정의 적절성, 특수학교의 발전 방향 등에 대한 논의와 연구의 의의 및 제한점이 제공되었다.

Little research has examined the role of pain catastrophizing (PC) in predicting suicide among patients with rheumatic disease or the mechanisms through which it works. This study examines whether depression, perceived social support (PSS), and perceived burdensomeness (PB) mediate the relationship between PC and suicide risk. It also examines the relative importance of sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors in predicting suicide risk. Three hundred sixty patients from a rheumatology clinic in Korea completed measures of pain catastrophizing, social support, depression, and perceived burdensomeness. In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the PC magnification, PB, physical disability, and PSS were significantly related to suicide risk. Results of the serial multiple mediation analysis indicated that the total indirect effect of PC magnification on suicide risk was significant while the direct effect was not. Four specific indirect effects of PC magnification were found to be statistically significant. First of all, PC magnification was associated with suicide risk through PB and through depression and PB. PC magnification was also associated with suicide risk through depression and PSS. Lastly, PC magnification was associated with suicide risk through depression, PSS, and PB. The identified pathways through which PC affects suicide risk suggest the importance of depression, PSS, and PB. Evaluation and intervention targeted at physical disability and the psychological factors of PC magnification, depression, PSS, and PB may be integrated into the management of suicide risk in patients with rheumatic disease.

To examine factors in the fear-avoidance model, such as pain, pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance beliefs, physical disability, and depression and their relationships with physical and psychological quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases.The data were obtained from 360 patients with rheumatic diseases who completed self-report measures assessing study variables. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized relationships among factors specified in the fear-avoidance model predicting physical and psychological quality of life.Final models fit the data well, explaining 96% and 82% of the variance in physical and psychological quality of life, respectively. Higher pain catastrophizing was related to stronger fear-avoidance beliefs that had a direct negative association with physical disability and depression, which, in turn, negatively affected physical quality of life. Pain severity was also directly related to physical disability. Physical disability also affected physical quality of life indirectly through depression. The hypothesized relationships specified in the model were also confirmed for psychological quality of life. However, physical disability had an indirect association with psychological quality of life via depression.The current results underscore the significant role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors in perceived physical disability and their mediated detrimental effect on physical and psychological quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases. Implications for rehabilitation The fear-avoidance model is applicable to the prediction of quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases. As pain-catastrophizing and fear-avoidance beliefs are important factors linked to physical disability and depression, intervening these cognitive factors is necessary to improve physical function and depression in patients with rheumatic diseases. Considering the strong association between depression and physical and psychological quality of life, the assessment and treatment of the former should be included in the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatic diseases. Interventions targeting physical function and depression are likely to be effective in terms of improving physical and psychological quality of life in patients with rheumatic diseases.

Background/Aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been an established treatment for indicated early gastric cancer (EGC) without deterioration of quality of life (QOL) compared with surgical resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term QOL in patients undergoing ESD for EGC. Methods Patients scheduled to undergo curative ESD for EGC were prospectively enrolled from 12 institutions between May 2010 and December 2011. Assessments of QOL with Korean versions of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QOL questionnaire-core (QLQ-C30) and a gastric cancer-specific questionnaire (STO22) were performed at baseline and at 7 days, 3 months, and 6 months after ESD. Results A total of 666 subjects were assessed for QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22. The mean QLQ-C30 score was 69.5 at baseline, 68.8 at 7 days, 73.1 at 3 months, and 73.2 at 6 months. The global health status on the EORTC QLQ-C30 was significantly improved after 3 and 6 months (p=0.0003 and p

PURPOSE Researchers recently suggested intravenous paracetamol as a potential cause of hypotension. We aimed to investigate risk factors of paracetamol- and propacetamol-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Korean individuals. METHODS All adverse hypotension cases, regardless of suspected drug, and all ADRs associated with paracetamol and propacetamol use were collected from the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System database between 2011 and 2014. The seriousness, causality, and type of ADR were classified. RESULTS Of 4,771 cases of adverse hypotension, 403 (8.4%) were reported to be related to propacetamol. This was comparable to the rate of hypotension associated with fentanyl (454, 9.5%), the major suspected drug of hypotension. Paracetamol-associated hypotension accounted for merely 1.2% (55 cases) of all hypotension cases. Among ADRs associated with propacetamol use, hypotension was the most common (37.1%), whereas cutaneous reactions were the primary paracetamol-associated ADR. Propacetamol/paracetamol-associated hypotension was frequently recorded in older patients (≥54 years) (53.9 ± 25.8 vs. 42.8 ± 21.7, P

Purpose The diagnostic criteria of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) are controversial across the world. We investigated how many discrepancies occur in the pathologic diagnosis of IEN and early gastric carcinoma in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) specimens, and evaluated the reasons of the discordance. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed 1,202 ESD specimens that were originally diagnosed as gastric IEN and early carcinoma at 12 institutions. Results The final consensus diagnosis of carcinoma were 756 cases, which were originally 692 carcinomas (91.5%), 43 high-grade dysplasias (5.7%), 20 low-grade dysplasias (2.6%), and 1 others (0.1%), respectively. High- and low-grade dysplasia were finally made in 63 and 342 cases, respectively. The diagnostic concordance with the consensus diagnosis was the highest for carcinoma (91.5%), followed by low-grade dysplasia (86.3%), others (63.4%) and high-grade dysplasia (50.8%). The general kappa value was 0.83, indicating excellent concordance. The kappa values of individual institutions ranged from 0.74 to 1 and correlated with the proportion of carcinoma cases. The cases revised to a final diagnosis of carcinoma exhibited both architectural abnormalities and cytologic atypia. The main differential points between low- and high-grade dysplasias were the glandular distribution and glandular shape. Additional features such as the glandular axis, surface maturation, nuclear stratification and nuclear polarity were also important. Conclusion The overall concordance of the diagnosis of gastric IEN and early carcinoma in ESD specimens was excellent. It correlated with the proportion of carcinoma cases, demonstrating that the diagnostic criteria for carcinoma are more reproducible than those for dysplasia.

Background/Aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an effective treatment for early gastric cancer (EGC) that has demonstrated a minimal risk of lymph node metastasis in retrospective studies. We sought to prospectively evaluate the short-term outcomes of ESD treatment in EGCs. Methods A prospective multicenter cohort study of neoplasms 3 cm or less in diameter at endoscopic size evaluation was performed in 12 Korean ESD study group-related university hospitals and the National Cancer Center. Resected specimens were evaluated by the central pathologic review board. Results A patient cohort (n=712) with a total of 737 EGCs was analyzed. The margin-freeen bloc resection rate was 97.3%, and curative resection of 640 lesions (86.8%) was achieved. Lower curative resection rates were associated with lesions 2 to 3 cm in size prior to ESD compared with lesions 2 cm or less in size (78.6% vs 88.1%, respectively, p=0.009). Significant factors associated with noncurative resection were moderately or poorly differentiated histological type, posterior wall tumor location, tumor size larger than 3 cm, ulceration, and submucosal invasion. Delayed bleeding occurred in 49 patients (6.9%), and 12 patients (1.7%) exhibited perforations. Conclusions ESD is an effective treatment with a high curative resection rate for EGCs that meets relatively conservative pre-ESD indications. Long-term survival outcomes should be evaluated in follow-up studies.

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to closely examine the economic status of households that include individuals with intellectual disabilities in South Korea as well as the factors contributing to their poverty dynamics. The 2008 and 2012 panel data from the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled were used to determine the income movement, poverty dynamics, and income patterns of families in the sustained nonpoverty and sustained poverty groups. Data from 87 households that include individuals with intellectual disabilities was used for analysis. Income mobility was assessed using a transition matrix between 2008 and 2012, and poverty and nonpoverty were determined based on the absolute poverty standard. Poverty dynamics were classified by the changes in poverty status in 2008 and 2012, including sustained poverty, sustained nonpoverty, poverty exit, and poverty entry. Income patterns were composed of earned income, social insurance, property income, and transfer income. The results showed that 66.7% of the households including individuals with intellectual disabilities showed no movement in income distribution and 82.8% of these families stayed in the lowest income distribution for both periods. The demographic characteristics of education level, multiple disabilities, and change in the number of employed members of the household were related to poverty dynamics. The ratio of earned income in the sustained nonpoverty group was significantly higher than that of the sustained poverty group, whereas the public transfer income ratio was significantly higher than in the sustained-poverty group in 2008 and 2012. To reduce the prevalence and severity of poverty among households with individuals with intellectual disabilities, opportunities and quality of employment need to be secured, not only for individuals with intellectual disabilities, but also for their supporting family members.

PURPOSE Cefaclor, a second-generation oral cephalosporin, is known to cause IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. Assays of serum-specific IgE (sIgE) to cefaclor are commercially available via the ImmunoCAP system (Thermo Fisher Scientific). While serum levels of sIgE >0.35 kU/L are considered indicative of an allergy, some patients with cefaclor allergy show low serum IgE levels. This study aimed to evaluate the proper cut-off levels of sIgE in the diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity to cefaclor. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 269 patients with drug allergy history, who underwent assays of sIgE to cefaclor at Ajou University hospital and Dong-A University Hospital, were reviewed retrospectively. Among them, 193 patients exhibited cefaclor-induced immediate hypersensitivity with certain or probable causality of an adverse drug reaction according to the WHO-UMC (the World Health Organization-the Uppsala Monitoring Centre) algorithm, and 76 controls showed delayed hypersensitivity reactions to non-antibiotics. RESULTS In total, 126 of the 193 patients (65.3%) experienced anaphylaxis; they had higher serum sIgE levels than patients with immediate hypersensitivity who did not experience anaphylaxis (6.36±12.39 kU/L vs. 4.28±13.61 kU/L, p

Background Discrepancies in the clinicopathologic parameters pre- and post-endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) sometimes necessitate additional surgical resection. The aim of this study was to assess such discrepancies in clinicopathologic parameters before and after ESD in the context of reducing the risk of failure of curative ESD. Methods Data on 712 early gastric cancer patients were prospectively collected from 12 university hospitals nationwide. The inclusion criteria were differentiated carcinoma

클라이언트와 사회복지사의 관계는 사회복지실천의 중심으로 간주되어 왔지만 사회복지실천관계에 대한 현행 담론은 이론적 정향과 실천적 유용성 면에서 한계를 보이고 있다. 이런 상황에서 최근 사회 과학에서도 주목을 받고 있는 노자 도덕경은 유력한 대안 담론으로 검토될 만하다. 크게 본체론, 개체 론, 수양론을 아우르고 있는 도덕경은 원인론, 인과론, 개체주의로 상징되는 서양철학의 전통과 달리 객관주의, 긍정적 비판주의, 인본주의, 평등주의, 상호성과 관계성을 지향하는 유기적 세계관을 지향한 다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 노자 철학을 통해 사회복지실천관계론을 모색함으로써 다음과 같은 새로 운 가능성을 도출해 보았다. 첫째, 사회복지실천의 지향점을 ‘자연적 인본주의’로 설정함으로써 실천관 계를 인간본성에 근거한 상보적 존재로 규정한다. 둘째, 스스로 그러하다는 의미에서 자연스러운 존재 로서 인간본성을 규정함으로써 클라이언트의 잠재적 가능성과 이를 저해하는 인위적 억압을 인식한다. 셋째, 노자적 관점을 취하는 사회복지사는 폐쇄적 전문주의를 넘어 성찰과 무위(無爲)의 실천 주체로 설정된다. 이와 같이 노자 도덕경은 서구중심의 관계론이 가진 모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘의 이항 대립적 한계를 넘어 한국적 사회복지실천 관계를 모색하는 과정에서 중요한 이론적, 실천적 자원으로 활 용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

An Uninterruptible Power Supply(UPS) is a system designed to deliver energy during accidents that the AC mains is out of its acceptable limits, without interruption of power flow through the load. Battery Discharger is the device to supply high quality power to the Inverter, when accidents occur, such as Power Failure. The Battery Discharger should have a fast response characteristics. The LLC resonant converter for UPS battery discharger is proposed. The proposed Battery Discharger offers substantial improvements in efficiency, size and cost. The proposed Battery Discharger of UPS approach is a good solution for high power applications above KW. To verify the validity of proposed Battery Discharger, simulations and experiments are carried out.

Researchers recently suggested intravenous paracetamol as a potential cause of hypotension. We aimed to investigate risk factors of paracetamol- and propacetamol-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Korean individuals.All adverse hypotension cases, regardless of suspected drug, and all ADRs associated with paracetamol and propacetamol use were collected from the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System database between 2011 and 2014. The seriousness, causality, and type of ADR were classified.Of 4,771 cases of adverse hypotension, 403 (8.4%) were reported to be related to propacetamol. This was comparable to the rate of hypotension associated with fentanyl (454, 9.5%), the major suspected drug of hypotension. Paracetamol-associated hypotension accounted for merely 1.2% (55 cases) of all hypotension cases. Among ADRs associated with propacetamol use, hypotension was the most common (37.1%), whereas cutaneous reactions were the primary paracetamol-associated ADR. Propacetamol/paracetamol-associated hypotension was frequently recorded in older patients (≥54 years) (53.9 ± 25.8 vs. 42.8 ± 21.7, P 0.001) and taking more concomitant drugs (1.9 ± 5.0 vs. 1.1 ± 3.2, P 0.001). Also, compared with other ADRs associated by propacetamol/paracetamol, hypotension was more commonly assessed as a serious outcome (27.3% vs. 11.4%, P 0.001). Regarding concomitant medications, the risk for hypotension associated with propacetamol was significantly increased in patients simultaneously taking antibacterials (J01), cold preparations (R05), drugs for acid related disorders (A02), blood substitutes (B05), or antithrombotics (B01).Propacetamol was found to be a major suspected drug of pharmacologically associated hypotension in Korea. Older and male patients taking medications in combination with propacetamol/paracetamol should undergo monitoring of their blood pressure. Copyright © 2017 John WileySons, Ltd.

Subway is a representative public transportation that safety, above all, must be ensured. Therefore, subway stations need to be promptly maintained through the early detecting of damage conditions to guarantee the structural health and passengers` safety. However, it could be easily damaged by internal or external loads such as ambient train vibrations and even earthquake loads. For this reason, in this paper, authors suggest the structural-health evaluating algorithm based on the statistical pattern recognition techniques such as supervised and unsupervised learning method. And, also the numerical studies of Chungmuro station was carried out to verify the applicability of it into the structural-health evaluation of station structures.