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The high genetic diversity of rear‐edge refugia populations is predicted to have resulted from species repeatedly migrating to low latitudes during glacial periods over the course of Quaternary climate change. However, several recent empirical studies of cold‐tolerant plants revealed the opposite pattern. We investigated whether current habitats of the cold‐adapted and range‐restricted Bupleurum euphorbioides in the Baekdudaegan, South Korea, and North Korea could be interglacial refugia, and documented how their rear‐edge populations differ genetically from those of typical temperate species. Phylogeographic analysis and ecological niche modeling (ENM) were used. The genetic structure was analyzed using microsatellite markers and chloroplast DNA sequences. The congener B. longiradiatum was included as a typical temperate plant species. Despite having almost identical life history traits, these congeneric species exhibited contrasting patterns of genetic diversity. ENM revealed an apparent maximum range contraction during the last interglacial. In contrast, its range expanded northward to the Russian Far East (Primorsky) during the Last Glacial Maximum. Thus, we hypothesize that B. euphorbioides retreated to its current refugia during interglacial periods. Unlike populations in the central region, the rear‐edge populations were genetically impoverished and uniform, both within populations and in pooled regional populations. The rear‐edge B. euphorbioides survived at least one past interglacial, contributing to the species’ genetic diversity. We believe that such genetic variation in the cold‐adapted B. euphorbioides gives the species the necessary adaptations to survive an upcoming favorable environment (the next glacial), unless there is artificial environmental change., The study shows a pattern that contrasts with the changes in the distribution range that typical temperate plants experienced in the course of Quaternary climate change. ENM revealed an apparent maximum range contraction during the last interglacial. In contrast, its range expanded northward to Russian Far East (Primorsky) during the Last Glacial Maximum. The rear‐edge populations were genetically impoverished and uniform, both within populations and in pooled regional populations. We believe that such genetic variation in the cold‐adapted Bupleurum euphorbioides gives it the necessary adaptations that will enable it to survive an upcoming favorable environment (the next glacial), unless there is artificial environmental change.

Superlattice comprising of ferroelectric (FE) and non-ferroelectric (non-FE) material has been developed to induce a ferroelectric response in the non-ferroelectric layer. In this study, a superlattice thin film comprising of BiFeO3 (BFO) as FE oxide and La0.85Ce0.15MnO3 (LCMO) as semiconducting non-FE oxide is fabricated and investigated the FE and piezoelectric responses in LCMO. We observed the piezoelectric response of individual layers using time-resolved X-ray microdiffraction experiment under an external electric field. Piezoelectric response of individual layers was resolved by comparing it with the values obtained from kinematic diffraction calculation. Piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of LCMO monolayer is found to be approximately 27 pm/V, which is a similar value as that of the BFO layer.

The clinicopathologic characteristics of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) were unclear and the optimal surgical procedure for duodenal GIST remains poorly defined. We aimed to analyze clinicopathological characteristics, survival outcomes based on the surgical procedure, and recommend optimal surgical treatment for duodenal GIST. From July 2000 to April 2017, 118 patients with localized duodenal GIST underwent curative surgical resection at a single institution. We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 94.9 and 79.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, the mitotic count was a statistically significant prognostic factor for DFS. Limited resection (LR) was performed in 20 patients with GIST in the first or fourth portion of the duodenum. Both LR and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) were performed in 98 patients with GIST in second or third portion of the duodenum. The patients in the LR group had less late complications than in the PD group and no postoperative newly developed diabetes mellitus. The minimally invasive LR (MI-LR) group had a shorter duration of surgery and shorter length of postoperative hospital stay. LR is a feasible and effective surgical treatment for patients with small-sized and antimesenteric-sided duodenal GIST in terms of late complications and postoperative diabetic complications. MI-LR has better perioperative outcomes than open LR. Therefore, we should consider MI-LR as an optimal surgical treatment for selected patients with duodenal GIST.

Atomic movement under application of external stimuli (i.e., electric field or mechanical stress) in oxide materials has not been observed due to a lack of experimental methods but has been well known to determine the electric polarization. Here, we investigated atomic movement arising from the ferroelectric response of BiFeO3 thin films under the effect of an electric field and stress in real time using a combination of switching spectroscopy, time-resolved X-ray microdiffraction, and in situ stress engineering. Under an electric field applied to a BiFeO3 film, the hysteresis loop of the reflected X-ray intensity was found to result from the opposing directions of displaced atoms between the up and down polarization states. An additional shift of atoms arising from the linearly increased dielectric component of the polarization in BiFeO3 was confirmed through gradual reduction of the diffracted X-ray intensity. The electric-field-induced displacement of oxygen atoms was found to be larger than that of Fe atom for both ferroelectric switching and increase of the polarization. The effect of external stress on the BiFeO3 thin film, which was controlled by applying an electric field to the highly piezoelectric substrate, showed smaller atomic shifts than for the case of applying an electric field to the film, despite the similar tetragonality.

Mucoid degeneration of cruciate ligament is rare cause of knee pain, however there are some cases causing pain and restriction of extension. A 60-year-old man came to our clinic complaining of pain in knee joint on full range of extension about 3 months ago. The range of motion (ROM) was a flexion contracture of 5 degree and a further flexion of 140 degree with pain aggravation by forced extension. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee joint showed thickened posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) mucoid degeneration. Arthroscopic treatment consists of PCL reduction-plasty by debridement of yellowish material in the PCL fiber and reduces the volume of the hypertrophied PCL. Immediately after surgery, patient gain the full ROM without any symptom of impingement. Enlarged PCL can make impingement in femoral notch with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Then, Partial debulking surgery of PCL is an effective treatment to pain relief and restore ROM of knee.

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) was hydrogenated to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) in various n-alcohol solvents with more than 99% yield using Ru(OH) x /ZrO2 catalyst. The BHMF in the same solvents was subsequently etherified to give 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furans (BAMFs, four examples) as potential biodiesels with moderate to good yields using Amberlyst-15.

Most cases of medial patella subluxation occur under iatrogenic conditions that are often associated with a prior excessive lateral retinacular release procedure. We report a case of medial subluxation following minor trauma with no history of previous lateral release. The abnormality was identified on magnetic resonance imaging and was successfully treated by direct repair of the lateral retinaculum. The recognition and treatment of medial subluxation of the patella without retinacular release can be difficult. Therefore, consideration of multiple causes through careful medical history taking, physical examination, and radiologic examination is needed for accurate diagnosis.

Epitaxial oxide ferroelectric films exhibit emerging phenomena arising from complex domain configurations even at pseudoequilibrium, including the creation of domain states unfavored in nature and abrupt piezoelectric coefficients around morphotropic phase boundaries. The nanometer-sized domain configurations and their domain switching dynamics under external stimuli are directly linked to the ultrafast manipulation of ferroelectric thin films; however, complex domain switching dynamics under homogeneous electric fields has not been fully explored, especially at the nanosecond timescale. This Letter reports the nanosecond dynamics of ferroelastic-domain switching from the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} direction using time-resolved x-ray microdiffraction under homogeneous electric fields onto an epitaxial $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.35},{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.65}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ film capacitor. It is found that the application of electric fields induces spatially heterogeneous domain switching processes via intermediate domain structures with rotated polarization vectors. In addition, the domain switching time is shown to be inversely proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field, and electric fields higher than $480\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{kV}/\mathrm{cm}$ are found to complete the ferroelastic switching within nanoseconds.

Epitaxial oxide ferroelectric films exhibit emerging phenomena arising from complex domain configurations even at pseudoequilibrium, including the creation of domain states unfavored in nature and abrupt piezoelectric coefficients around morphotropic phase boundaries. The nanometer-sized domain configurations and their domain switching dynamics under external stimuli are directly linked to the ultrafast manipulation of ferroelectric thin films; however, complex domain switching dynamics under homogeneous electric fields has not been fully explored, especially at the nanosecond timescale. This Letter reports the nanosecond dynamics of ferroelastic-domain switching from the 90° to 180° direction using time-resolved x-ray microdiffraction under homogeneous electric fields onto an epitaxial Pb(Zr_{0.35},Ti_{0.65})O_{3} film capacitor. It is found that the application of electric fields induces spatially heterogeneous domain switching processes via intermediate domain structures with rotated polarization vectors. In addition, the domain switching time is shown to be inversely proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field, and electric fields higher than 480 kV/cm are found to complete the ferroelastic switching within nanoseconds.

In total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a treatment of bone defect varies depending on the location and extent of defect and requires proper surgical procedure. Metal augmentation is readily available for both femoral and tibial bone defects. We report the operative technique of modular metal augmentation using a downsized block for ambiguous proximal tibial and distal femoral bone defects in primary and revision TKA. Regarding bone defects, bone loss can be minimized by using a different size of metal augmentation, and suitable reinforcement for bone defects can be achieved. Once our technique is properly used, it will be very helpful in treating bone defects.

Electric-field-driven phase transformation phenomena in multiferroic BiFeO3 are directly linked to the functionalities of electronic devices based on multiferroic materials. Understanding how the transformation evolves at the nanoscale under the influence of an electric field will provide fascinating insights into key parameters that utilize the transformation features. Here, we report both the electric-field-driven transient and permanent phase transformations in highly strained BiFeO3 thin films and their transformation dynamics at the nanoscale. We found that two distinct transient and permanent phase transformations were triggered below and above a coercive voltage of the polymorphic phase, indicating that ferroelectric polarization switching could promote permanent phase transformations. We also found that the transient transformations evolve via complex phase boundary motions between the coexisting phases, whereas permanent transformations occurred via nucleation of the other phases.

Results: Selenium plasma levels on days 2 to 7 after burn injury were fairly correlated with ABSI (r=-0.640, P＜0.001), TBSA (r=-0.640, P＜0.001), duration of intravenous antibiotics use (r=-0.555, P＜0.001), and length of stay in intensive care unit (r=-0.445, P=0.004). In comparison between survivor and non-survivor, statistical difference was observed between two selenium plasma levels (66.2±13.6 mcg/L versus 49.4±14.5 mcg/L, P=0.002). Conclusion: In this study, selenium plasma levels on days 2 to 7 after burn injury was related to prognosis of major burn patients. (Surg Metab Nutr 2015;6:28-32)

This study was intended to investigate into the incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients who used prophylactic antithrombotic medications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to compare clinical results in groups treated with Rivaroxaban versus Dalteparin sodium as prophylactic antithrombotic medications. This prospective study was performed in 300 patients who underwent TKA between November 2011 and December 2012. The prophylactic therapy was given to 150 patients in Rivaroxaban group and Dalteparin sodium group, respectively. In addition, intermittent compression pump and stocking were used in all the groups immediately after TKA. In order to determine the incidence of DVT, color Doppler ultrasonography, D-dimer, and clinical symptom examination were conducted. There were 17 cases (11.3%) of DVT in Rivaroxaban group and 18 cases (12.0%) of DVT in Dalteparin sodium group after TKA, and no significant difference was seen between both groups. Between patients with DVT and those without DVT after TKA at 4 days in both groups, there was a significant difference in the swelling indices. Moreover, a significant difference was observed in the evaluation of bruise. The early signs of DVT after TKA are unknown, however, some initial clinical signs such as swelling have been observed. After using the said prophylactic drugs, the lower incidence of DVT was seen, and there was no difference between the types of drugs. Pharmacological therapy (either Rivaroxaban or Dalteparin sodium) after TKA is considered effective for DVT prevention. There is also a need to consider constant monitoring of clinical symptoms.

Mobile-bearing Oxford medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has been widely used and has produced good results in the treatment of medial compartmental osteoarthritis. But it is associated with the potential risk of meniscal bearing dislocation. Symptoms caused by most meniscal bearing dislocations include acute pain, knee swelling, and locking. We report two unusual cases of meniscal bearing spinning of 180° without remarkable symptoms, which would have been easily missed if we had not watched carefully. Therefore, if there is sudden locking, pain, swelling, or a slight locking history, the possibility of meniscal bearing spin out as well as meniscal bearing dislocation should be considered and the direction of meniscal bearing markers should be confirmed, especially on lateral radiographs.

In this study, steel-pier`s structural behavior by design variables of ribs were analyzed in order to improve structural details of ribs supporting double base plates. A numerical analysis was conducted using commercial FE analysis program. Anchor bolts and reinforced bars were made of BEAM element, and coefficient of friction was applied to contact surfaces. After that, the analytical result was compared with experiment of previous study to verify analysis methods. Steel-pier`s load-displacement relation was analyzed according to various rib`s design variables (rib`s central angle, height, thickness) by using proven analysis methods, and proper rib`s design ranges were proposed.

Scarf osteotomy is a common operative procedure for mild-to-moderate hallux valgus. We describe a simple supportive technique that prevents troughing intraoperatively without additional bony procedures.

Although LNG storage tanks are very delicate with chloride attack owing to its operating inshore location, specific integrity management system for chloride attack has not been studied so far. As the design warranty life time, about 25 years, has come, to prevent paying huge amount of construction cost and required resources for new alternative storage tanks and manage the life time of operating storage tanks, the basic data of chloride attack is necessary. This study intended to build up basic data for following detailed study to develop technologies for life time management of LNG storage tanks, NT Build 492 method in North Europe was used to test chloride diffusion coefficient for the newly-constructing concrete outer tank. Results of these tests lead us to the conclusion that 90 days diffusion coefficients show 46% of 28 days` due to a large quantity of fly ash mixing and much similar to estimation from concrete process table. It seems resonable to conclude that 90 days specimens are recommended estimating the chloride diffusion coefficient for LNG storage tanks to enhance the reliabilities.

The prognosis of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is strongly associated with the accuracy of the component alignment. To determine the accuracy of navigated UKA during primary minimally invasive Oxford UKA, twenty-nine knees of 29 consecutive patients (Group A) implanted using conventional instrumented UKA were followed by 23 knees of 17 consecutive patients (Group B) implanted by navigation assisted UKA and radiological results regarding alignments of the femorotibial mechanical axis, femur, and tibial component were compared in the two groups. Assessments of mechanical limb alignment revealed statistically significant increases in mechanical limb alignment post-operatively in both groups (p = 0.0 for both). In terms of component alignment, Group B had more prostheses implanted in the satisfactory range (> ± 3° from the targeted values) for the femoral and tibial components than Group A. There were no significant differences in the rate of prosthesis implanted within the range of radiographic alignment variations for the coronal implantation of either femoral or tibial components in both groups. (Radiographic alignment variation; coronal orientation of femoral components 90 ± 10°, sagittal orientation of femoral components 90 ± 5°, coronal orientation of tibial components from 10° varus to 5° valgus, sagittal orientation of tibial components from 7° of posterior tibial flexion to 5° of anterior tibial flexion). However, significant increases in the accuracies of sagittal implantation of femoral and tibial components were observed in Group B versus Group A. Our data suggest that navigated implantation improves the accuracy of the radiological implantation of the Oxford UKA prosthesis without increasing complications versus conventional UKA.

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the remodeling process after hemispherical femoral head allograft grafting in opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy with a plate and screw. Methods The study group included 105 knees in 92 women and 7 knees in 7 men from January 2007 through December 2007. The radiographic bone remodeling process was determined by use of a modification of the radiologic rating system described previously by van Hemert et al. in 4 groups: group A, 7-mm plate correction; group B, 9-mm plate correction; group C, 11-mm plate correction; and group D, 13-mm plate correction. Results The postoperative femorotibial angle and tibial slope were not significantly changed at latest follow-up in comparison to immediate postoperative status. The mean follow-up period was 25.4 months (range, 18 to 30 months). In all groups radiologic bone healing higher than phase 3 was successfully achieved between 3 and 6 months. The healing process slowed with increasing correction angle. Conclusions A hemispherical femoral head allograft is a good alternative osseous graft material when patients are selected appropriately with the following criteria: body mass index lower than 40, no symptomatic osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral joint and lateral compartment, no systemic inflammatory arthritis, no history of fracture or previous open surgery to the lower limb, and no flexion contracture. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Herein we describe a new species, Lysimachia quelpaertensis in Primulaceae from Jeju Island, South Korea. Lysimachia quelpaertensis differs from L. barystachys, L. fortunei, L. clethorides and L. acroadenia by having verticillate and linear-lanceolate leaves, 5 or 6 petals and 5- or 6-lobed calyx. Among the Lysimachia species, only Lysimachia quelpaertensis has verticillate leaves and white flowers.

Background: This study examined the results of open wedge high tibial osteotomy with using an Aescula open wedge plate and an allogenic bone graft as a surgical technique for the patients who suffer from osteoarthritis of the knee with a genu varum deformity. Methods: From March 2007 to August 2007, 33 patients (37 cases) with osteoarthritis of the knee and a genu varum deformity underwent a high tibial osteotomy with using an Aescula open wedge plate and an allogenic bone graft. The patients were followed up for more than 1 year. Before and after surgery, the correction angle of the genu varum was measured by the lower extremity scannogram and the posterior tibial slope, the joint space distance and the time to bone union were evaluated. The functional factors were evaluated using the Knee Society Score. Results: The average knee score and function score improved from 52.19 ± 11.82 to 92.49 ± 5.10 and 52.84 ± 6.23 to 89.05 ± 5.53, respectively (p < 0.001). According to the lower extremity scannogram, the mean preoperative varus angle was -1.86 ± 2.76°, and the average correction angle at the last follow-up was 10.93 ± 2.50° (p < 0.001). The tibial posterior slope before surgery and at the last follow-up were 8.20 ± 1.80° and 8.04 ± 1.30°, respectively (p = 0.437). The joint space distance increased from 4.05 ± 1.30 mm to 4.83 ± 1.33 mm (p < 0.001). The average time to complete bone union was 12.69 ± 1.5 weeks. Conclusions: An open wedge high tibial osteotomy using an Aescula open wedge plate and an allogeneic bone graft to treat osteoarthritis of the knee with a genu varum deformity showed good results for the precision of the correction angle, the time to bone union and the functional improvement.

Meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) is generally associated with good outcomes. However, the likelihood of a successful outcome is reduced by various complications, and a meniscal tear is one of the most common of these after MAT. Meniscal tears usually occur at the periphery of the meniscal allografts at the capsular junction or the posterior horn, and biomechanical factors, such as high contact stress areas, are possible causing mechanism. We encountered three unusual cases with multiple radial or horizontal tears possibly induced by the suture materials used for meniscus allograft fixation.

As a part of the Korea National Space Program, the Korean government has led the Sounding Rocket Program by Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) providing enhanced capabilities across a spectrum of earth sciences and/or astrophysics-related disciplines. In this paper, the Korean Sounding Rocket Program during 1993–2002 is introduced. This program includes Korea Sounding Rocket (KSR)-I, KSR-II, and KSR-III, and a total of five soundings were carried out. Two had flown in KSR-I series, two in KSR-II, and one in KSR-III. The main mission objective is to provide the opportunity to scientists for researching earth sciences and/or astrophysics and to improve Korean rocket development technologies including payload instruments, flight systems, ground systems, operational techniques, and interfaces between subsystems. As demand increased for launching of low-orbit earth satellites internally and externally, the Korean government was ambitiously firing the Korea Space Launch Vehicle (KSLV) Program in 2002, based on experience throughout the Sounding Rocket Program and preparing the world market for space launch vehicles.

We performed the numerical analyses of thirty two morphological characters for twenty four populations of eight Korean Ilex L. taxa. Principal component analyses showed that the first three principal components were related to the total covariance by 67.0%, and the proportions of PCl, PC2 and PC3 were 31.5%, 21.1%, and 14.4%, respectively. And the closely related characteristics to the PCl, PC2 and PC3 were some reproductive characters such as the morphology of sepal, petal, anther, pistil and fruits and vegetative characters such as the morphology of petiol and leaf margin, the trichomes on the twigs, the leaf duration. From the two dimensional plottings by the eigenvalues of PCl, PC2 and PC3, six grouped were clustered as Ilex integra, I cornuta, I x wandoensis, I. rotunda, I. macropoda and I. macropoda for. pseudomacropoda, I. crenata and I. crenata var. microphilla. The numerical analysis was useful for the taxonomy of Korean Ilex because it clearly seperated the populations of taxa included in this study. The identification key was provided with the diagnostic characters.

The Korea Sounding Rocket-III (KSR-III) was successfully launched on November 28, 2002 from the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. The science payload onboard the KSR-III included an ozone detector and two magnetometers along with other various sensors installed to measure physical characteristics such as temperature, pressure, strain, and acceleration. The main objective of KSR-III was to evaluate the liquid propulsion engine system which has been newly adopted in the KSR series. In addition to this main objective, the science payload conducted atmospheric soundings. The payload data were transmitted to the ground station in real time by an onboard telemetry system. The UV radiometer measured the direct solar UV radiation and during the ascending phase the vertical ozone density profile was obtained. This result was compared with coincident measurements taken by other satellites, a ground station, and an ozonesonde. A fluxgate-type magnetometer was onboard the KSR-III to observe the Earth's DC magnetic field and for AC field measurements, a search-coil magnetometer was installed. This was the first Korean mission to use magnetometers on a rocket-borne platform to measure the Earth's magnetic field. Using the telemetry magnetometer data, a study on the rocket attitude was carried out. This paper will give an overview of the design, calibration, and test results of the science payload onboard the KSR-III.

The third-generation Korean sounding rocket, KSR-III, was successfully launched on Nov. 28, 2002 from the western coastal area of the Korean Peninsula. The previous KSR-I and -II series had employed a solid propulsion system whereas the KSR-III utilizes Korea’s first liquid propulsion system. The prime objective of the mission was to evaluate the performance of the liquid propulsion system. The onboard electronics system of the KSR-III is an enhanced version of the ones used in the previous series. The system has extended data channels and has adopted a distributed data processing system using the RS-485 bus network. The rocket has various sensors to measure physical characteristics such as temperature, pressure, strain, acceleration, etc., and has scientific instruments including an ozone detector and two magnetometers. The flight data is transmitted to the ground station in real time by the onboard telemetry system. The onboard electronics system of the KSR-III mainly consists of telemetry, an RF subsystem, a tele-command system, a power supply system, and scientific payloads. Herein, we present an overview of the enhanced electronics system of the KSR-III and representative flight test results analyses including scientific data are discussed.

The KSR-3 magnetometers consist of the fluxgate magnetometer (MAG/AIM) for acquiring the rocket flight attitude information, and the search-coil magnetometer (MAG/SIM) for the observation of the Earth's magnetic fluctuations. The position (latitude, longitude, and height) and flight condition (the transformation angle) of the rocket is measured after the data based on these two magnetometers are compared with IGRF. The gap in the vector of magnetic field between the position of the launching point and an impact point is taken into account in data reduction. Angular variation of pitch, yaw, and roll can be researched when the data is applied to the coordinate system of the rocket.

This paper describes the re-design and the calibration results of the MAG digital circuit onboard the KSR-3. We enhanced the sampling rate of magnetometer data. Also, we reduced noise and increased authoritativeness of data. We could confirm that AIM resolution was decreased less than 1nT of analog calibration by a digital calibration of magnetometer. Therefore, we used numerical-program to correct this problem. As a result, we could calculate correction and error of data. These corrections will be applied to magnetometer data after the launch of KSR-3.

The tetragonality (c/a) of a PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT) thin film on La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/ 0.72Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) substrates was controlled by applying an electric field on the PMN-PT substrate. The piezoelectric response of the PZT thin film under various biaxial strains was observed using time-resolved micro X-ray diffraction. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33) was reduced from 29.5 to 14.9 pm/V when the c/a ratio of the PZT film slightly changed from 1.051 to 1.056. Our results demonstrate that the tetragonality of the PZT thin film plays a critical role in determining d33, and in situ strain engineering using electromechanical substrate is useful in excluding the extrinsic effect resulting from the variation in the film thickness or the interface between substrate.

In this paper, we will discuss patterning challenges of EUV lithography to apply 1xnm node DRAM. EUV lithography is positioned on essential stage because development stage for DRAM is going down sub-20nm technology node. It is time to decide how to make sub-20nm node DRAM. It will be the simplest and cost effective way to make device with matured EUVL. But in spite of world-wide effort to develop EUV lithography, the maturity of EUV technology is still lower than conventional ArF immersion lithography. So, DRAM manufacturers are considering several candidates such as DSA, DPT and MPT simultaneously. In addition, DRAM manufacturers are considering new cell layout and new memory also. For this study, we investigate process window and shadow effect across exposure field of sub-20nm node DRAM cell. We also performed an overlay matching experiment between 0.25NA EUV scanner and 1.35NA ArF immersion scanner. In addition, we will compare EUV lithography with ArF immersion DPT or SPT in view of patterning performance. Finally, we will discuss some technical issues to applying EUV lithography such as flare, resist LER, EUV OPC and illumination condition using 0.25NA EUV scanner.

Purpose: Some recent trials suggest that postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) may be safely omitted after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for some patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). In this study, we reviewed clinical outcomes of patients with DCIS treated with partial mastectomy (PM) without adjuvant RT. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 28 patients (29 breasts) with DCIS who were treated with PM, but without RT, between April 1991 and December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on established criteria (2.0 cm or less in size and no comedonecrosis), 18 patients were treated without RT after PM. Seven patients (8 breasts) who did not receive RT due to refusal were also included in this study. Three other patients were excluded because data concerning comedonecrosis were not available. Results: For the 25 patients included in this study, the mean age of the 18 patients who met the criteria was 47.9±6.2 years, and 47.6±12.7 years for the 7 patients who did not. The mean sizes of the primary tumors were 0.6±0.4 cm and 0.9±0.3 cm, respectively, in these two groups. Among these 25 patients (26 breasts) treated without RT, we observed no ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence or mortality within a mean follow-up of 84 months. Conclusion: Based on this small number of cases, patients with DCIS, who were selected for tumor size less than 2 cm and absence of comedonecrosis, may be treated successfully with BCS; adjuvant RT may be omitted.

The age distribution of breast cancer patients in Korea, where most are less than 60 years of age and have recently entered menopause, differs from that in the West. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) changes in Korean breast cancer patients treated with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) either alone or in combination with zoledronic acid (ZA). Changes in BMD of the lumbar spine and hip were evaluated in 107 patients receiving AI treatment, of which 59 were treated in combination with ZA. The mean age of the patients was 54.9 years, and the median follow-up period was 38.2 months. With AI treatment alone, BMD loss was significant (all P < 0.0001) in the lumbar spine and hip 12 months (4.18 and 3.95%, respectively), 24 months (6.28 and 5.44%), and 36 months (8.17 and 6.82%) after treatment. In contrast, the combination treatment resulted in increased BMD in the lumbar spine and hip 12 months (2.45 and 0.89%, respectively), 24 months (3.51 and 1.03%), and 36 months (3.85 and 1.80%) after treatment. BMD loss in the lumbar spine was significantly greater in AI alone-treated women who had entered menopause within the past year compared with those who had entered menopause more than 1 year ago, when measured 12 and 24 months after treatment (P = 0.017 and 0.021, respectively). Importantly, ZA effectively inhibited AI-associated bone loss, independent of the postmenopausal interval. Because the proportion of patients in this study who had recently entered menopause was high, bone loss in Korean breast cancer patients treated with AI alone was higher than data reported from the Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial. In conclusion, we have shown that ZA is very effective in preventing AI-induced bone loss in Korean postmenopausal breast cancer patients.

Synovial fluid analysis can help to rule out a periprosthetic infection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of synovial fluid suspicious for a periprosthetic infection given the synovial leukocyte count and percent of neutrophils. From August 2006 to November 2008, patients who had synovial fluid aspirated for painful knees and elevated C-reactive protein levels after total knee arthroplasty but revealed no growth of any microorganism were retrospectively evaluated by medical record review. Mean follow-up period was 827.7±250.6 days from the date of joint aspiration results. The optimal cut-off values for synovial leukocyte counts and percent neutrophils were determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. From a total of 56 patients, 14 were classified as having poor results. The remaining 42 patients had an uneventful clinical course with a stable prosthesis on radiographs without specific therapy during the follow-up period. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that a synovial leukocyte count of 3600/uL had an 86% sensitivity and 79% specificity; with 89% synovial neutrophils, the sensitivity was 72% and specificity 62%. The synovial fluid leukocyte count and percent neutrophils were significant predictors of outcome in patients with cultures that were negative but suspicious for periprosthetic infections.

Dislocation of a total knee arthroplasty is a rare but serious complication. In previous literature, when dislocation does occur, it is usually in the posterior direction in cases with a posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty due to cam jump. We report an unusual case of anterior dislocation of an 11-year-old posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty in a 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis occurred after a slip.

In this paper, we will present applications of MoSi-based binary intensity mask for sub-40nm DRAM with hyper-NA immersion scanner which has been the main stream of DRAM lithography. Some technical issues will be reported for polarized illumination and mask materials in hyper-NA imaging. One att.PSM (Phase Shift Mask) and three types of binary intensity mask are used for this experiment; those are ArF att.PSM ( MoSi:760A , transmittance 6% ), conventional Cr ( 1030A ) BIM (Binary Intensity Mask), MoSi-based BIM ( MoSi:590A , transmittance 0.1%) and multi layer ( Cr:740A / MoSi:930A ) BIM. Simulation and experiment with 1.35NA immersion scanner are performed to study influence of mask structure, process margin and effect of polarization. Two types of DRAM cell patterns are studied; one is a line and space pattern and the other is a contact hole pattern through mask structure. Various line and space pattern is also through 38nm to 50nm half pitch studied for this experiment. Lithography simulation is done by in-house tool based on diffused aerial image model. EM-SUITE is also used in order to study the influence of mask structure and polarization effect through rigorous EMF simulation. Transmission and polarization effects of zero and the first diffraction orders are simulated for both att.PSM and BIM. First and zero diffraction order polarization are shown to be influenced by the structure of masking film. As pattern size on mask decreases to the level of exposure wavelength, incident light will interact with mask pattern, thereby transmittance changes for mask structure. Optimum mask bias is one of the important factors for lithographic performance. In the case of att.PSM, negative bias shows higher image contrast than positive one, but in the case of binary intensity mask, positive bias shows better performance than negative one. This is caused by balance of amplitude between first diffraction order and zero diffraction order light.1 Process windows and mask error enhancement factors are measured with respect to several types of mask structure. In the case of one dimensional line and space pattern, MoSi-based BIM and conventional Cr BIM show the best performance through various pitches. But in the case of hole DRAM cell pattern, it is difficult to find out the advantage of BIM except of exposure energy difference. Finally, it was observed that MoSi-based binary intensity mask for sub- 40nm DRAM has advantage for one dimensional line and space pattern.