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Seven processing potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars were evaluated for biochemical properties, starch morphology, crystallinity and thermal properties. One-way ANOVA results indicated a significant difference in those quality properties of individual potato cultivar. Dry-matter, total starch, and reducing sugar contents were ranged in 21.34 ~ 24.88%, 15.6 ~ 18.3%, and 0.24 ~ 1.09%, respectively. Glucose and fructose contents were ranged in 1.03 ~ 5.28% and 0.59 ~ 3.69 mg/g DW, respectively. Saebong, a round-oval shape with white-fleshed potato cultivar, was higher in dry-matter and total starch contents. The cultivars of Atlantic, Jinseon, and Saebong showed lower reducing sugar contents ranged in 0.24 ~ 0.27 mg/g DW. The extracted potato starches showed a similar morphology, which was round, oval or elliptical shape with mixed sizes of large, medium and small starch granules and glossy surface with regular pattern. The X-ray diffraction patterns were a typical B-type, which was generally observed in root plants. The major crystallinity peaks were at 5.5°, 14°, 17°, 19°, and 22° in 2Ɵ. There was a positive correlation between the onset temperature (To) with dry-matter and total contents, but a negative correlation with reducing sugar, glucose and fructose contents. The variations in physicochemical and starch properties of different potato cultivars could be directly related to the use of potato, which make them useful for industrial application.

취반방법이 유색미밥의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 유색미 비율별(0, 5, 10, 15 및 20%)로 첨가했을 때 취반방법별로 제조한 유색미밥의 기능성분 및 라디칼 소거 활성을 살펴보았다. 아밀로그램 특성은 유색미 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 최고점도, 최저점도, 강하점도, 최종점도, 치반점도가 유의적으로 감소하였다. 건강홍미의 수분결합력은 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 증가하였고 조생흑찰은 감소하였으며, 팽윤력은 감소, 용해도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 유색미의 혼합비율별 식미 특성은 외관, 경도, 찰기 및 밸런스는 백미에 비해 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 유색미 혼합비율과 취반방법에 따른 유색미밥의 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 함량 및 라디칼 소거 활성은 유색미의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 조생흑찰 20% 첨가, 10% 발효주정을 첨가하여 일반밥솥으로 취반한 경우 각각 461.83 μg GAE/g sample 및 127.38 μg CE/g sample로 높게 나타났다. 유색미밥의 주요 페놀 화합물은 protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid 및 ferulic acid 등으로 나타났다. 건강홍미의 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성은 20% 첨가, 10% 발효주정을 첨가하여 압력밥솥으로 취반한 경우 각각 13.38 및 29.29 mg TE/100 g sample로 나타났고, 조생흑찰은 20% 첨가, 10% 발효주정을 첨가하여 일반밥솥으로 취반한 경우 각각 34.00 및 49.59 mg TE/100 g sample로 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과 유색미밥은 발효주정을 첨가하여 취반하였을 때 높은 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타내어 소량의 발효주정을 첨가하여 밥을 짓는 방법은 산업적으로 이용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

The microbial and physicochemical properties of brown and white cooked rice treated by atmospheric pressure plasma (APP). APP was produced (250 W, 15 kHz, ambient air) and applied to brown and white cooked rice for 5, 10, and 20 min. The 20-min plasma treatment reduced in bacterial counts by 2.01 log CFU/g when cooked rice were inoculated with Bacillus cereus or Escherichia coli O157:H7. The pH of the brown cooked rice was decreased by the 5-min plasma. The hardness values of APP-treated brown and white cooked rice were lower than untreated samples. The reducing sugar contents of brown and white cooked rice were significantly higher than those in untreated samples. Lipid oxidation of APP-treated brown and white cooked rice were higher compared to untreated samples. These results indicate that APP improves microbial quality, although further studies should be conducted to change the physicochemical qualities of brown and white cooked rice induced by APP.

Cold plasma (CP) was applied to examine microbial safety and physicochemical properties of rough rice. CP was generated in a square-shaped plastic container (250 W, 15 kHz, ambient air) and dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment was applied for periods of 0, 10, and 20 min during 2 weeks at 4 and 25°C. As a result of observing changes in growth of microorganisms, 3.46-3.86 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria and 2.27-2.86 log CFU/g of mold were detected in the early stage of storage. The growth of total aerobic bacteria and mold was increased depending on the storage temperature and period, but there was no big difference between cultivars. Microbial analysis after storage showed that microorganisms of plasma-treated group were less grown approximately 1.50 log CFU/g. Moisture content of rough rice was decreased by storage temperature and periods. As for the amylose content, changes in the content by plasma were not observed in Samkwang, Cheongpum and Misomi, whereas Palbangmi showed a tendency to increase. The results of this study indicated that CP treatment improved the microbial quality of rough rice, but further studies should be conducted to reduce the deterioration of sensory quality induced by CP.

In this study the effect of rice addition on the quality of beer was investigated. Pilot-scale brews were performed with addition ratios of 10, 20, 30, and 40% of brown rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hangaru) which were compared with 100% malt beer and commercial beers in terms of quality. Alcohol content of beer was between 3.93 to 4.40%. The total sugar content increased when the rice percent was increased. The pH range of beer were 4.32 and 4.60, which were no significant differences found among by the rate of rice added. Total acidity and amino-acidity decreased corresponding to increasing percent of rice, on the other hand, lightness of beer was increased the increase in percent of rice, while redness and yellowness of beer were decreased. The study demonstrated that the increases of rice addition in beer provided some positive effects on beer quality by decreasing bitterness where as improving beer color.

Yogurt is produced by fermentation of milk using bacteria known as “yogurt cultures”. Most of these bacteria are probiotics such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lb. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Bifidobacterium. The domestic fermented milk market is increasing, and about 30 companies are producing yogurt. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality characteristics of domestic commercial liquid yogurt. Total 30types of commercial yogurts were sampled and their physicochemicial properties, including pH, sugar content, acidity, viscosity, and microbial characteristics of lactic acid bacteria counts, were measured. Commercial liquid type yogurt showed a pH of 4.5, sugar content of 7.4-21.2%, total acid content of 0.4-0.9%, and viscosity of 0.1-250 cP. In terms of microbial populations, lactic acid bacteria counts were 7.2-11.3 log CFU/mL and anaerobic lactic acid bacteria counts were 8.0-11.5 log CFU/mL. The quality characteristics differed depending on the constituents of the sample and the microorganisms used. These results are related to the quality characteristics of yogurts and are useful for identifying new trends in the domestic fermented milk industry.

The enzymatic activity (EA) and amino-type nitrogen (ATN), viscous substance (VS), organic acid (OA), free amino acid (FAA), and volatile compound (VC) content in fermented soybeans of six cultivars (Glycine max L. ‘Taekwangkong’ [TKK], ‘Daechankong’ [DCK], ‘Misokong’ [MSK], ‘Seonpungkong’ [SPK], ‘Uramkong’ [URK], and ‘Chamolkong’ [COK]) were compared. Fermentation increased the quality indices such as EA, ATN and VS in soybean, and their highest content were observed in DCK. The content of major OAs decreased in the following order: lactic acid > acetic acid > fumaric acid. The essential amino acid (EAA) content was increased by fermentation, and FAA production had a positive effect on the abundance of the fermentation metabolites ã-amino-n-butyric acid and ornithine. The content of the VS pyrazine differed with cultivar. Overall, soybean cultivars showed differences in the composition and fermentation properties, with raw DCK soybeans being particularly suitable for fermentation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of barley cultivars (Saessalbori, Saechalssalbori and Huinchalssalbori) and different milling recovery (95%, 85% and 75%) on quality characteristics of barley Makgeolli. The content of moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude fat in barley seeds were reduced with decreasing milling recovery. The qualities of barley Makgeolli were also significantly affected by the milling recovery. Decreasing milling recovery of all cultivars resulted to increase in total sugar content and reducing sugar content but decrease in pH while alcohol content and total acidity were not significantly affected. Moreover, the lightness and yellowness of barley Makgeolli increased by milling while its redness decreased. The sensory evaluation showed that the consumer preference for barley Makgeolli increased at the lowest milling recovery (75%). The results of this study suggest that the milling recovery and cultivar of barley were important factors to improve the taste and color of barley Makgeolli.

OBJECTIVES: Soybean(Glycine max L.) sprouts are widely used in Korea as main and sub materials in various dishes such as stew, ‘Bibimbap’, ‘Haejangguk’, and seasoned bean sprouts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations of general compositions and antioxidant properties in sprout soybean seed according to varieties and sowing dates in the central region of Korea, and to utilize the basic data for stable supply of raw soybeans in response to the changes in production environment. METHODS: Sprout soybean were produced from the experimental field of Department of Central Area Crop Science of the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), located in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do. The sowing dates were on June 30(th), July 10(th) and July 20(th) in 2018 respectively. Planting and cultivation were followed by standard soybean cultivation methods of NICS. The harvested raw sprout soybean seeds at each seeding time were ground for the general compositions analysis. Antioxidant capacity was measured with total polyphenol contents and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. RESULTS: Approximate compositions of sprout soybean seed showed significant differences according to varieties and sowing date. Moisture, crude fat, and crude protein were the highest in the first sowing date, and tended to decrease in most varieties as the seeding time was delayed, whereas carbohydrate content increased at late sowing time. DPPH radical scavenging activity showed the highest tendency in second seeding. ABTS radical scavenging activity decreased as the seeding time was delayed in the most varieties, but ‘Soyeon’ and ‘Aram’ increased in second seeding. CONCLUSIONS: Taken the above results together, the significant differences in the approximate compositions and antioxidant capacities recognized due to varieties and sowing dates. Therefore, it was considered that the selection of proper varieties and sowing date should be considered carefully when growing raw sprout soybean grains in the central region in Korea. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by the RDA Agenda Project (project number: PJ01251603).

Phomopsis seed decay (PSD) caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae (Lehman) Wehmeyer, Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. caulivora Athow & Caldwell, and Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs reduces quality of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed when it is wet and warm condition during seed maturation period. To study of the PSD in Taiwan in March 2008, three unidentified fungal isolates (isolate1, isolate2 and isolate3) were isolated from soybean stems infected with pod and stem blight which is associated with seed decay. Based on their morphological and genotypic characteristics, three isolates were regarded as Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae. For PSD assay, we found that the best condition for the fungal isolates growth was on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media at 24°C temperature for 24 or 15 hr photoperiod. Leaf- stem and pods of soybean were inoculated by an atomizer with two isolates among three isolates to investigate PSD infection. In the result of two inoculation parts with two isolates, there was no significant difference in degree of pod infection and seed infection rate (%) between isolate2 and isolate3, but there was a tendency that pod inoculation than leaf- stem inoculation caused higher level of seed infection. These isolates obtained in this study would be applicable to screening of PSD resistant soybean germplasms in the breeding program.

BACKGROUND Tocopherols are crucial lipid-soluble antioxidants and essential nutrients. There is increasing interest in the biofortification of crops with vitamin E for reducing micronutrient malnutrition. However, relatively little is known about the development of soybean cultivars with high levels of tocopherol through combined breeding. RESULT Tocopherol contents of seeds and germinating seeds of 28 Korean soybean cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for health-promoting activities. Total tocopherol concentrations ranged from 203.9 to 503.1 µg g−1 in seeds and from 20.1 to 230.1 µg g−1 in germinating seeds. The traditional landraces of HaNagari (HN, 503.1 µg g−1), Orialtae (OL, 486.6 µg g−1), SuMoktae (SM, 476.5 µg g−1) and SoRitae (SR, 475.5 µg g−1) showed high levels of tocopherol content. The contents of the four isomers of tocopherol in seeds and germinating seeds were correlated with lipid peroxidation. The γ- and δ-tocopherol contents in seeds were related to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (0.434; P < 0.01 and 0.373; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Total tocopherol content was higher in soybean landraces as compared with modern cultivars developed by cross-breeding. These results suggest that soybean breeding is necessary to increase tocopherol levels. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry

Genetic variation in wild soybean (Glycine sojaSieb. and Zucc.) is a valuable resource for crop improvement efforts. Soybean is believed to have originated from China, Korea, and Japan, but little is known about the diversity or evolution of Korean wild soybean. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of 733G. sojaaccessions collected in Korea using 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The SSR loci produced 539 alleles (25.7 per locus) with a mean genetic diversity of 0.882 in these accessions. Rare alleles, those with a frequency of less than 5%, represented 75% of the total number. This collection was divided into two populations based on the principal coordinate analysis. Accessions from population 1 were distributed throughout the country, whereas most of the accessions from population 2 were distributed on the western side of the Taebaek and Sobaek mountains. The KoreanG. sojacollection evaluated in this study should provide useful background information for allele mining approach and breeding programmes to introgress alleles into the cultivated soybean (G. max(L). Merr.) from wild soybean.

Cambodia has undergone dramatic increase in rice production changes since 2005. In particularly, 1994, 2000, 2002, and 2004 were decrease production and yield. In this review was conducted spatial and temporal variability, trend rice production in the Cambodia. We study demonstrated rice production fluctuations by flood and drought. Flood hit harvester area; In contrast, drought is biggest damage production, yield, cultivated area and harvested area. Last 20year statistics have shown that drought is giving low productivity. Long term drought is decrease early rice and medium rice plant area. But, irrigation system of extension and rehabilitation, and wet season of modern variety area is increasing, farmers of continuing innovation. In southern Cambodia, ‘The System of Rice Intensification’ (SRI) introduced this main principal is water and cultivation management. For all these reasons, rice production and cultivated area is progressively increasing.

An increasing production of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)-based food products may limit dietary choices for soy-allergic individuals. Gly m Bd 30K (P34) is the main seed allergen causing implications in soybean-sensitive patients. The objective of this research was to develop low allergenic soybean lines with molecular marker. The soybean genome assembly specifies that three copy genes of P34 exist in soybean genome. These are Glyma08g12270, which is expressed at significantly higher level over the other two, Glyma08g12280 and Glyma05g29130. Glyma08g12270 was found inactive and was not expressed in low P34 germplasm accessions. Using a co-dominant marker and a polyclonal antibody, polymorphisms and the quantity of protein produced by Glyma08g12270 were analyzed in the F2 and F3 generations obtained by crossing PI567476 and the Korean cultivar Hwanggum. The molecular marker and polyclonal antibody developed in this study could therefore be effectively used for selecting lines that express P34 at low levels. Selected lines could further be used to cross with other null allergenic soybean accessions to breed low allergenic soybean variety.

This study was carried out to obtain basic information about the improvement of corn breeding in Cambodia. Different varieties of Corn seeds; 4 varieties from Korea and 2 check varieties were sown in the CARDI field in wet season, which is located at 11.4 latitude and 104.8 longitudes. The study results are summarized as follows: The precipitation during the experimental period in 2012 was 790 mm which is higher compared in 2011, which is 538 mm. The rainfall in August to September 2012 is three times than in same periods in 2011. Minimum temperature, accumulative temperature and solar radiation in 2012 were the same in 2011. The maximum temperature in 2012 is 41.8 compared to 33.3 in 2011 (which is over threshold temperature 35oC for corn). Due to heavy rains, soil moisture was not maintained effectively. High rainfall at a maximum 43mm per hour affect the drainage and influenced, the growth and root development. Seed weight of Korean varieties (175 kg~242 kg/10 a) were less than that of check varieties, of Cambodia and Thailand. The result showed a positive correlation between yield and agronomic characteristics which include seed weight, silking day, stem height, ear height rate, number of ear per 100 plants, ear length, ear width and weight of 100grain. Therefore, when agronomic characteristics increase, the yield of corn also increases. The study also showed a positive correlation coefficient between root characters, such as root length, fresh and dry root weight, and agronomic characters. It is therefore concluded that when root becomes better, agronomic characters are also better and consequently seed weight also increases. Likewise, CP888 variety was the best in root characters, and produces high yield. In contrast with the Korean varieties, which are not good in root characters, hence the yield decreases. The result of Korean varieties experiments in wet season (Kwangpyeongok, Cheongdaok, Dapyeongok, Andaok) are poorer than that of CP888 in terms of root, growth and yield characteristics. Therefore, Korea varieties provide fewer yields than CP888. The causes are estimated to be poor root due to a lot of rainfall and high temperatures in wet season. Experimental result illustrates that Korean varieties cannot adapt in Cambodia. To respond to this issue, we should develop adaptive variety to the Cambodia weather condition in wet season.

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to broiler diets on growth performance and meat characteristics. A total of 3,200 d-old, unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 16 pens (replicates), with 200 chicks per pen. There were four diet treatments (0, 5, 10, and 15% DDGS), and four replicates per treatment. From 8 to 21 d of age, the birds were fed broiler starter diets containing similar energy (TMEn 3,100 kcal/kg) and protein (21.6%) contents. From 22 to 35 d of age, they were fed grower diets containing similar nutrients (3,150 kcal/kg, 19.5% crude protein). No significant difference was found in growth performances among the four treatments. As the DDGS level increased, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in meat increased (p

Tocopherols are crucial lipid-soluble antioxidants and essential nutrients. There is increasing interest in the biofortification of crops with vitamin E for reducing micronutrient malnutrition. However, relatively little is known about the development of soybean cultivars with high levels of tocopherol through combined breeding.Tocopherol contents of seeds and germinating seeds of 28 Korean soybean cultivars were analyzed and evaluated for health-promoting activities. Total tocopherol concentrations ranged from 203.9 to 503.1 µg g⁻¹ in seeds and from 20.1 to 230.1 µg g⁻¹ in germinating seeds. The traditional landraces of HaNagari (HN, 503.1 µg g⁻¹), Orialtae (OL, 486.6 µg g⁻¹), SuMoktae (SM, 476.5 µg g⁻¹) and SoRitae (SR, 475.5 µg g⁻¹) showed high levels of tocopherol content. The contents of the four isomers of tocopherol in seeds and germinating seeds were correlated with lipid peroxidation. The γ- and δ-tocopherol contents in seeds were related to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (0.434; P0.01 and 0.373; P0.05).Total tocopherol content was higher in soybean landraces as compared with modern cultivars developed by cross-breeding. These results suggest that soybean breeding is necessary to increase tocopherol levels.

Narrow leaflet soybean (Glycine max) varieties tend to have more seeds per pod than broad leaflet varieties. Narrow leaflet in soybean is conferred by a single recessive gene, ln. Here, we show that the transition from broad (Ln) to narrow leaflet (ln) is associated with an amino acid substitution in the EAR motif encoded by a gene (designated Gm-JAGGED1) homologous to Arabidopsis JAGGED (JAG) that regulates lateral organ development and the variant exerts a pleiotropic effect on fruit patterning. The genomic region that regulates both the traits was mapped to a 12.6-kb region containing only one gene, Gm-JAG1. Introducing the Gm-JAG1 allele into a loss-of-function Arabidopsis jagged mutant partially restored the wild-type JAG phenotypes, including leaf shape, flower opening, and fruit shape, but the Gm-jag1 (ln) and EAR-deleted Gm-JAG1 alleles in the jagged mutant did not result in an apparent phenotypic change. These observations indicate that despite some degree of functional change of Gm-JAG1 due to the divergence from Arabidopsis JAG, Gm-JAG1 complemented the functions of JAG in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the Gm-JAG1 homoeolog, Gm-JAG2, appears to be sub- or neofunctionalized, as revealed by the differential expression of the two genes in multiple plant tissues, a complementation test, and an allelic analysis at both loci.

Tocochromanols are potent lipid-soluble antioxidants and essential nutrients for human health. Genetic engineering techniques were used to develop soybeans with enhanced vitamin E levels, including tocotrienols, which are not found in soybean. The gene encoding rice homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT) was overexpressed in soybeans using seed-specific and constitutive promoters. The association between abundance of vitamin E isomers and antioxidant activity was investigated during seed germination. With the exception of β-tocotrienol, all vitamin E isomers were detected in germinating seeds expressing OsHGGT. The antioxidant properties of germinating seed extracts were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Compared with intact wild-type seeds, transgenic seeds showed increases in radical scavenging of 5.4-17 and 23.2-35.3% in the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation levels were 2.0-4.5-fold lower in germinating seeds from transgenic lines than in wild-type seeds. Therefore, it appears that the antioxidant potential of transgenic oil-producing plants such as soybean, sunflower, and corn may be enhanced by overexpressing OsHGGT during seed germination.