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Connectivity and automation are technologies applied in combination to achieve increases in road safety, traffic efficiency and energy savings. Despite their potential, there are still many open questions regarding how roadway capacity will be affected and what methods should be employed to assess the expected benefits in the transportation domain. In this paper “what-if” scenarios were modelled in Aimsun Next to analyse assumption-based behaviour of automated vehicles operating with a cooperative adaptive cruise control system on roundabouts. The idea behind the study comes from the availability of the capacity adjustment factors for connected and automated vehicles provided by the Highway Capacity Manual for varying market penetration rates. The case study of a single lane roundabout was examined to compare the CAV-adjusted capacity curves and simulated capacities, and to endorse hypothesis on the model parameters of Aimsun Next which mostly affect the CAVs’ ability to increase roundabout’ throughput. The idea behind the study comes from the availability of the capacity adjustment factors for connected and automated vehicles provided by the Highway Capac ity Manual for varying market penetration rates. The case study of a single lane roundabout was examined to compare the CAV-adjusted capacity curves and sim ulated capacities, and to endorse hypothesis on the model parameters of Aimsun Next which mostly affect the CAVs’ ability to increase roundabout’ throughput

Suburbs suffer from isolation from densely populated urban centers due to the poor performance of traditional public transport services such as buses. This isolation worsens the quality of life of the residents of these areas, with related problems of social exclusion. One of the possible solutions to meet the mobility needs of these people is a flexible service such as Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) systems. This article assessed the effectiveness of a DRT service as a feeder transit service, assuming a connection of three suburban districts of Palermo, Italy, with a Railway Line station. Thanks to a Revealed Preferences (RP) and Stated Preferences (SP) survey campaign, both the current modal split towards the local public transport service and towards the hypothesized innovative DRT service were determined. The results show that the percentages of choice for this new alternative far exceed those of the current bus service, with values even over 40%, thus showing the potential as a mobility solution alternative to poor quality public transport.

Recensione del libro 'The Role of Sharing Mobility in Contemporary Cities. Legal, Social and Environmental Issues'.

The identification of transport policy measures able to reduce the use of private cars for home-to-school travel is very relevant to reduce congestion during peak hours and to ensure that the areas around schools have livable environments. An action that policymakers could apply is promoting cycling to school through the introduction of bikesharing programs and creating safe routes to school through the construction of new cycle infrastructure. The aim of the paper has been, therefore, to assess if these policies could lead the high-school students to cycle to school, considering the city of Palermo as a case study. The goal is reached through the calibration of a modal choice model based on Stated Preference interviews. The costs that the local authority have to support have been compared with the benefits that the realization of new cycle paths entails in terms of the modal shift, reduction of car mileage and reduction of the externalities. According to the model, the construction of the new cycle paths will lead to an impressive increase in the use of the bicycle for home-to-school travel and also to greater use of public transport, due to the multimodality guaranteed by the bikesharing stations near the railway stations and tram stops.

The paper presents the upgrading process of Master curriculum, designed and implemented in O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv within the E+-KA2-CHBE Programme. In particular, how the local conditions and needs as well as the results of the international reviews on which the curricula were built are described. Finally, some indications for process transferability are provided.

Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that greater accessibility to opportunities can have a positive impact on real estate values. However, this capitalisation of the benefits of accessibility could vary between different study areas. This research estimates hedonic and spatial hedonic models in two urban areas to compare if differences can be found in the impact accessibility using public transport has on residential property values. The two study areas chosen for comparison are a medium sized city without any major mobility problems (Santander, Spain) and a very large city with major congestion problems (Rome, Italy). The estimated hedonic models have considered the possible presence of spatial effects, a common occurrence with real estate data which may generate dependency in the residuals of hedonic models. Accessibility has been measured using two types of indicators: relative and gravity based. The results confirm that accessibility was a positive factor on property prices in both cities, although in Santander this was only true using the relative indicator to the city centre. These results are relevant for supporting the introduction of value capture policies which provide finance for new projects to extend and encourage greater use of public transport. This research was made possible through the projects PARK-INFO (TRA2013-48116-R) and REALTIMEQUALITY (TRA2015-69903-R) financed by the Government of Spain.

Traditional and innovative on-demand transport services, such as taxi, car sharing or dial-a-ride respectively, can provide a level of flexibility to the public transport with the aim to guarantee a better service and to reduce the exploitation costs. In this context, in order to point out the key-factors of on-demand services, this study focuses on traditional on-demand service (such as taxi one), and presents the results of a demand analysis and modelling, obtained processing taxi floating car data (FCD) available for the city of Rome. The GPS position of each taxi is logged every few seconds and it was possible to build a monthly database of historical GPS traces through around 27 thousands of GPS positions recorded per day (more than 750 thousands for the entire month). Further, the patterns of within-day and day-to-day service demand are investigated, considering the origin, the destination and other characteristics of the trips (e.g. travel time). The time-based requests for taxi service were obtained and used to analyse the trip distribution in space and on time. These analyses allow us to forecast trips generated/attracted by each zone within the cities according to land use characteristics and time slices. Therefore, a regression tree analysis was developed and different regressive model specifications with different set of attributes (e.g. number of subway stations, number of zonal employees, population) were tested in order to assess their contribution on describing such a service use.

Background: In a world where every municipality is pursuing the goals of more sustainable mobility, bicycles play a fundamental role in getting rid of private cars and travelling by an eco-friendly mode of transport. Additionally, private and shared bikes can be used as a feeder transit system, solving the problem of the first- and last-mile trips. Thanks to GIS (Geographic Information System) software, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of such a sustainable means of transport in future users’ modal choice. Methods: Running an accessibility analysis of cycling and rail transport services, the potential mobility demand attracted by these services and the possible multimodality between bicycle and rail transport systems can be assessed. Moreover, thanks to a modal choice model calibrated for high school students, it could be verified if students will be really motivated to adopt this solution for their home-to-school trips. Results: The GIS-based analysis showed that almost half of the active population in the study area might potentially abandon the use of their private car in favour of a bike and its combination with public transport systems, furthermore, the percentage of the students of one high school of Palermo, the Einstein High School, sharply increases from 1.5% up to 10.1%, thanks also to the combination with the rail transport service. Conclusions: The GIS-based methodology shows that multimodal transport can be an effective way to pursue a more sustainable mobility in cities and efficiently connect suburbs with low-frequent public transport services to the main public transport nodes.

Contemporary urban life and functioning have become increasingly dependent on mobility. Having become an inherent constituent of urban dynamics, the role of urban moblity in influencing urban processes and morphology has increased dramat- ically. However, the relationship between urban mobility and spatial socio-economic structure has still not been thoroughly understood. This work will attempt to take a complex network theoretical approach to studying this intricate relationship through • the spatio-temporal evolution of ad-hoc developed network centralities based on the Google PageRank, • multilayer network regression with statistical random graphs respecting net- work structures for explaining urban mobility flows from urban socio-economic attributes, • and Graph Neural Networks for predicting mobility flows to or from a specific location in the city. Making both practical and theoretical contributions to urban science by offering methods for describing, monitoring, explaining, and predicting urban dynamics, this work will thus be aimed at providing a network theoretical framework for developing tools to facilitate better decision-making in urban planning and policy making.

Negli ultimi anni stanno emergendo diverse soluzioni innovative di trasporto, potenzialmente atte a limitare il primato dell’auto privata; il car sharing è una di queste, sebbene presenti alcuni aspetti critici che, se trascurati, possono portare al fallimento del servizio. Tra i principali fattori che caratterizzano questo nuovo tipo di servizio di mobilità e ne influenzano il successo emergono, per citarne alcuni, la stretta relazione tra domanda e offerta, gli effetti sull’ambiente, la relazione con il trasporto pubblico, il tema economico per l’operatore e, non da ultimo, il fattore “novità” per i cittadini. Riscontrata dalla letteratura la mancanza di una precisa fase progettuale, capace di tenere in considerazione tutti gli elementi cardine del sistema, il presente lavoro di ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di sviluppare un approccio metodologico globale e strutturato, in grado di supportare il progettista nella pianificazione di un nuovo servizio di car sharing, tenendo conto degli aspetti critici e delle loro mutue relazioni. La metodologia sviluppata è di tipo “multi-step”, ovvero sono presenti diverse fasi che si basano ciascuna su diverse teorie e strumenti, quali, sondaggi alle preferenze dichiarate, modelli alle scelte discrete, processi di ottimizzazione, relazionati ed integrati tra loro poiché gli output di una fase sono gli input di quella successiva. Inoltre, un algoritmo, sviluppato per il dimensionamento degli elementi dell’offerta, è stato integrato in una delle fasi della procedura. Al fine di avallarne le sue potenzialità, la metodologia è stata testata, contestualizzandola ad un caso di studio, mirato alla progettazione di un servizio serale di car sharing destinato agli studenti dell’Università degli Studi di Trieste. Da ciò si evince che la metodologia possa offrire un utile supporto al progettista, consentendogli di gestire il processo di pianificazione senza tralasciare aspetti importanti per il futuro successo del servizio, offrendo uno strumento semplice, flessibile ma allo stesso tempo accurato. La ricerca mette in luce la complessità della pianificazione di un servizio di auto condivise e valuta gli strumenti necessari per migliorarla, evidenziando come i diversi aspetti della progettazione vadano considerati in un’ottica integrata. Over recent years, different innovative transport solutions are emerging with the potential for mitigating the primacy of private car. Car sharing is one of them, although it presents some critical aspects which can lead to the failure of the service if neglected. The mutual influence between demand and supply, environmental impacts, relationship with public transport, operator’s economic issue, as well as the “novelty” for citizens are some of the main factors which characterise this new mobility service and influence its success. An intensive literature analysis reveals that a precise planning phase, able to consider all the critical aspects of the system, is lacking. This research work aims to develop a global and structured methodological approach, capable of supporting the designer in a new car sharing service planning, handling all the key aspects and their relationships. The developed methodology is “multi-step”, i.e. there are several phases, based on different theories and tools such as stated preference survey, discrete choice model, optimisation process, which are related to each other since the outputs of a step are the inputs of the following one. Furthermore, an algorithm, developed for dimensioning the supply’s elements, is integrated into a phase of the suggested methodology. The methodological approach is tested, applying it to the planning of a car sharing service dedicated to the University of Trieste students’ night trips. It transpires that the proposed procedure can be a reliable support for the planning process management, allowing the designer to consider all the aspects for the new service success, attesting to be a simple, flexible and accurate instrument. This research provides evidence that car sharing planning is a complex process and defines a methodology which is expected to contribute to the definition of successful services. It also highlights how the different planning aspects are related and the importance of considering all of them jointly.

The problems related to traffic emissions are becoming increasingly pressing and serious, especially in big cities where the private car plays the main role in the mobility of people, being excessively used, while walking, cycling and the use of public transport are often seen as secondary options and are hampered by a poorly urban environment. Therefore, solutions must be found to reduce the number of cars circulating in the city and to support the most sustainable modes of transport at the same time, in order to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and harmful substances. A modal alternative which is of undoubted interest could be represented by carsharing, which is a mode complementary to public transport, often involves walking or cycling and causes a reduction in private cars and kilometers travelled. This paper aims to estimate, therefore, the environmental benefits related to carsharing, using the COPERT methodology, developed within the European project CORINAIR for the estimation of road-transport related pollutant emissions. As a case study, the carsharing service in the city of Palermo has been chosen, where pollution and congestion caused by the excessive use of car are fundamental problems that the administration has to solve. The research has shown that there are benefits deriving from the use of carsharing in terms of reducing emissions of pollutants: there is a reduction of 25% for PM10 and of 38% for CO2. However, these benefits are limited compared to the emissions of the registered fleet circulating in Palermo.

The drafting of the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan, required for the local authorities joining the Covenant of Mayors initiative, is an opportunity to plan actions reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector. Choosing the measures to implement requires the application of a methodology that compares them, considering costs and impacts in terms of energy consumption, emissions reduction, and social benefits. The paper aims to develop a method based on the typical approach of the Analytical Hierarchy Process, supporting decisions in the transport sector in the frame of the drafting of SECAP. The method allows determining the priority actions and the optimal allocation of economic resources, through the definition of indicators and weights, obtained by involving stakeholders in the process.

The potential success of shared mobility services in the urban area strongly depends on careful tariff planning, adequate sizing of the fleet and efficient integrated public transport system, as well as on the application of policies in favor of sustainable modes of transport. The balance between earnings and expenses is not always an easy target for the companies in those cities where these services are not well-rooted in the citizens’ mobility habits. Often only large operators in the sector can continue to offer a service generating profit. However, several factors can determine the success or the failure of shared mobility services. The objective of this study is to identify, thanks to the help of a case study, success and failure factors, developing an approach that is supportive for companies in managing the services and optimizing fares and fleet to increase the number of members and maximize profits. The city of Palermo has been chosen as a case study: the “Amigo” carsharing service - partly station-based, partly free-floating - is a service managed by the municipal company AMAT S.p.A., which operates also the public transport service.

Delivery bay availability for loading and unloading operations is critical to reduce times and costs of logistics operations, as well as for improving city sustainability and liveability. Beyond defining the appropriate number and location of such bays, urban sustainability and liveability can be improved with telematics tools which enable real-time bay reservation and monitoring, integrating such information within freight routing solutions. This paper presents an architecture for such tools along with methodology integrating delivery bay planning with transportation demand modelling through simulation, allowing computation of performance indicators to be used for ex-ante assessment in planning delivery scenarios. The results were validated through a simulation-based approach on Rome's limited traffic zone.

Many recent studies stress the importance of freight facility location for urban freight movement. Although, tools and reflections are still lacking to shed light on shopkeepers’ location choices. Several reasons, e.g. the implementation of long-term city logistics measures or the threat of commercial rent increasing can lead retail-store keepers to move their business from city centre to surroundings. Therefore, it becomes critical for them as for urban policy makers to have tools for simulating or assessing the effects of such a choice on the business, and on the local economy, land-use and environment. This paper assumes that the shopkeepers’ choices are mainly influenced by whether their customers accept or reject this move. It aims to forecast the choice of customers to remain or not client of a retail store after its relocation in the urban periphery, by predicting the most significant factors, which are likely to influence their decision. Starting from some surveys carried-out before the movement of an actual city centre store in Saint-Etienne, the paper suggests a conditional inference tree rather than other tree-structured models for this analysis. Over the peculiarities of the store and the city, the model estimated and tested in this paper underpins many findings available in the general literature about shopping trips. The results seem to be indicating that not only customers’ residence, but also their shopping trip behaviours and wanderings are to be taken into account in a retail-store location decision.

The implementation of a charging infrastructure network is the necessary prerequisite for the diffusion of Electric Vehicles (EVs). In this paper a methodology to calculate the required number of charging stations for EVs and to set their position in a road network is proposed. The aim is to planning the distribution of services area to host charging infrastructures. Using the demand (the flow of EVs) and the supply (the road network where they will be positioned) through a two-level model were the locations initially identified (first level) and thereafter the number of charging stations for each service area (second level) evaluated. The paper deals with the intersection of three main topics: the vehicle technologies (engine and battery pack specifications), the charging station characteristics and the EVs flow. After verifying the model and the solution procedure on a test road network, the methodology is applied in a high dimension case, considering the Italian highway network.

This paper presents a methodology aimed to acquire traffic flow data through the employment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The study is focused on the determination of driving behavior parameters of road users and on the reconstruction of traffic flow Origin/Destination matrix. The methodology integrates UAV flights with video image processing technique, and the capability of geographic information systems, to represent spatiotemporal phenomena. In particular, analyzing different intersections, the attention of the authors is focused on users’ gap acceptance in a naturalistic drivers’ behavior condition (drivers are not influenced by the presence of instruments and operators on the roadway) and on the reconstruction of vehicle paths. Drivers’ level of aggressiveness is determined by understanding how drivers decide that a gap is crossable and, consequently, how their behavior is critical in relation to a moving stream of traffic with serious road safety implications. The results of these experiments highlight the usefulness of the UAVs technology, that combined with video processing technique allows the capture of real traffic conditions with a good level of accuracy.

This paper explores the new research challenges for forecasting urban goods demand by rail. In fact, the growing interest to find urban logistics solutions for improving city sustainability and liveability, mainly due to the reduction of urban road accessibility and environmental constraints, has pushed to explore solutions alternative to the road. Multimodal urban logistics, based on the use of railway, seem an interesting alternative solution, but it remained mainly at conceptual level. Few studies have explored the factors, that push actors to find competitive such a system with respect to the road, and modelling framework for forecasting the relative demand. Therefore, paper reviews the current literature, investigates the factors involved in choosing such a mode, and finally, recalls a recent modelling framework and hence proposes some advancements that allow to point out the rail transport alternative.

The paper proposes a simulation framework for planning, managing and controlling urban delivery schemes taking into account the real-time occupancy of delivery bays and the possibility to drive transport operators in their delivery tours providing personal and real-time information. A methodology that allows the real-time management of urban delivery operations (including prior booking) to be simulated and the performance indicators (to be used in the ex-ante assessment of delivery scenarios) to be computed was developed, on top of an application for testing the presented methods and for pointing out the importance of using telematics applications for managing and controlling such operations. Significant results were obtained according to some management and operations control rules.

The railway link of Palermo is part of the Palermo – Trapani railway line and it is located in the urban site of Palermo. Works funded by the European Union have been started in 2008 for developing a metropolitan service through the improvement of the infrastructure and of the transport service characteristics. The aim of the paper is the analysis of the capacity of the railway infrastructure in terms of frequency and integration with the public transport service of Palermo. Using the Origin-Destination matrix of the Urban Transport Plan of Palermo, the competition between the private car mode and the public transport mode has been simulated, taking into account the improving of the railway service, the integration with the public transport service and applying the strategies able to increase the public transport demand (parking pricing, Limited Traffic Zone, etc). A multinomial logit model has been used in order to calculate the modal split between the private car and the integrated public transport network, taking into account the attributes influencing the transport demand (cost, waiting and running time, socio-economic factors). The results achieved from the simulation indicate that an amount between the 37% and the 40% of the potential demand of users can switch from the private car mode to the public transportation mode

La crescita del commercio mondiale ha portato a progressi nelle strutture di movimentazione e ha sviluppato l'attivit� di trasporto in modo proporzionale al progresso commerciale e industriale. In particolare, la flotta mondiale di container cargo ha triplicato la propria capacit� nell'ultimo decennio sia in termini numerici che di volume. Le navi attuali hanno capacit� di 13.000-15.000 TEU e le nuove classi di navi raggiungono anche i 22.000 TEU. � evidente che tali iniziative nel settore della navigazione consentono economie di scala del tutto nuove. � anche evidente che le dimensioni delle navi e i relativi costi operativi richiedono una gestione commerciale ottimale, espressa in rotte veloci tra paesi lontani (Ocean Services) e un numero limitato di porti (Malchow, 2014). Le dimensioni delle navi e i loro costi di gestione influenzano i terminal container, che sono alla ricerca di automazione per migliorare le loro prestazioni (Mart�n-Sober�n et al., 2014); tuttavia, i porti marittimi devono aggiornare continuamente i propri sistemi per garantire la gestione e lo stoccaggio specializzati dei container. La gestione dei terminal richiede una grande organizzazione con un sofisticato sistema IT per il monitoraggio dei movimenti dei container: ad esempio, dallo scarico alla consegna, registrando i giorni di archiviazione nel terminale. Le operazioni di movimentazione di container sono eseguite da gru speciali che, favorite dalla standardizzazione di dimensioni e sistemi di sollevamento, possono raggiungere alte velocit� operative di sollevamento e movimentazione. L'aumento della capacit� e delle dimensioni delle navi portacontainer ha reso necessario l?adattamento delle gru sia in altezza che in lunghezza del braccio di lavoro (International Forum Forum Report, 2015). Ci� consente alle navi di ultima generazione di operare con 23 file di container sul ponte. I terminal portuali attualmente utilizzano sistemi informatici (IT) per gestire completamente i dati e i movimenti dei container. La maggior parte delle informazioni viene elaborata secondo lo standard EDIFACT (Electronic Data Interchange for Administration Commerce and Transport), che consente lo scambio di dati con le navi (piano dell'alloggiamento), l'ottimizzazione della posizione del container, la definizione delle sequenze di carico / scarico (piano di stivaggio) ed il monitoraggio del container in tempo reale. Il sistema informatico EDI � inoltre disponibile per gli organismi esterni (dogane, autorit� portuali ecc.), gli operatori logistici, le agenzie e i clienti per i propri requisiti di informazione e documentazione. Lo standard EDIFACT fornisce un insieme di regole di sintassi per definire un protocollo di scambio interattivo e fornisce una serie di messaggi standard che consentono lo scambio multi-paese e multi-settore di documenti aziendali elettronici. EDIFACT � ampiamente utilizzato in tutta Europa e ha visto qualche adozione nella regione ASPAC (Asia-Pacifico) (anche se attualmente ci sono pi� standard basati su XML che vengono utilizzati oggi). Quindi, questi messaggi sono ora in uso in tutto il mondo e consentono lo scambio multi-paese e multi-settore. Tuttavia il l trasporto marittimo coinvolge molte parti interessate, le cui decisioni e azioni riguardano l'intera catena logistica del trasporto containerizzato. In questo contesto, i porti svolgono un ruolo cruciale, poich� le loro prestazioni operative determinano la qualit� del trasporto containerizzato. I processi portuali devono essere coordinati e ottimizzati, non solo durante la pianificazione, ma anche nelle fasi operative di gestione. In effetti, oggigiorno lo scambio di documenti nel trasporto marittimo � decisamente troppo frammentato. Di conseguenza, gli approcci marittimi sono spesso non coordinati. Tale mancanza di coordinamento nello scambio di informazioni tra tutti gli attori coinvolti provoca quantomeno una significativa perdita di tempo e una riduzione di efficienza. L?obiettivo di questa tesi consiste nello studiare come l?automazione ed uno scambio di informazioni organizzato, basato su tecnologia esistente ed efficiente, possa portare ad una migliore gestione dell?operativit�. Verranno presentati diversi casi studio riguardanti processi operativi e problematiche di terminal portuali differenti, sia LO-LO (lift on, lift off) che RO-RO (roll on, roll off). La prima parte presenta una analisi scientifica sullo stato dell?arte attuale inerente ai problemi di ottimizzazione che interessano un terminal container. In particolare, viene riscontrato un importante incremento di interesse da parte della ricerca scientifica a partire dagli ultimi anni; tale sviluppo � aumentato in parallelo con il fenomeno del ?gigantismo navale?. Questo aumento di capacit� ha generato delle problematiche di gestione e soprattutto di movimentazione da parte dei terminal portuali, i quali si sono trovati di fronte alla necessit� di dover ricercare delle soluzioni che permettano di incrementare la propria efficienza, garantendo un elevato livello di servizi. Successivamente verranno presentati i casi studio, sviluppati tramite modelli ad eventi discreti: - Il primo descrive una fase intermedia di perditempo che pu� verificarsi durante la pianificazione del carico/scarico di una nave in terminal LO-LO. Dopo una descrizione dello stato attuale verr� presentata l?idea, anch?essa implementata, per ovviare al problema facendo un rapido riferimento al progetto europeo Sea Traffic Management (STM), che presenta un tipo di piattaforma innovativa in grado di gestire lo scambio dati in tempo reale. - Il secondo pone un focus su un terminal di tipo RO-RO con riferimento al Terminal AET di Anversa. In questo caso verr� presentata la problematica di ricerca dell?auto da parte dei camionisti che entrano nel terminal per prelevarle e distribuirle. Verr� presentato un modello dello scenario attuale e una possibile soluzione legata ad una localizzazione certa dei veicoli con conseguente miglioramento dell?efficienza sia del terminal stesso che del singolo autista che di fatto perde meno tempo nella ricerca. - Infine, viene presentato un algoritmo che affronta ancora pi� in dettaglio il problema precedente. L?idea � quella di sviluppare un modo per consigliare, all?autista che cerca l?auto, quale sia il percorso da seguire pesando il costo di spostamento a partire da una certa origine. L?algoritmo permette, data una posizione iniziale dell?auto e verificato che questa non coincide con quella cercata, di scegliere come spostarsi all?interno di un reticolo per trovare l?auto desiderata nel minor tempo possibile. I risultati saranno poi confrontanti con algoritmi basati su criteri di ricerca diversi. Infine l?ultima parte dell?elaborato espone le considerazioni finali.

Negli ultimi anni � cresciuto considerevolmente l'interesse per la mobilit� urbana, non solo per l'aumento delle esternalit� negative generate dai trasporti, ma soprattutto perch� le recenti innovazioni tecnologiche stanno offrendo soluzioni particolarmente efficaci proprio nei contesti urbani. Queste nuove tecnologie vanno ad integrarsi con il concetto di sostenibilit�, il quale � molto discusso e affrontato da diversi settori, in particolare da quello dei trasporti e della pianificazione territoriale. Tra le diverse definizioni di "trasporto sostenibile" che si possono trovare in letteratura, il Consiglio Europeo ha fornito un prezioso chiarimento, affermando che "un sistema di trasporto sostenibile � accessibile, sicuro, e rispettoso dell'ambiente?. Nel 2015, l'Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite ha adottato una serie di 17 obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile. Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 11 � dedicato alle citt� e afferma che bisogna renderle inclusive, sicure, resilienti e sostenibili. Il documento ?New Urban Agenda?, approvato a Quito nell'ottobre 2016 durante ?UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III)?, si concentra anche sul trasporto sostenibile e sullo sviluppo urbano sostenibile. Portando l?attenzione alle aree urbane, il problema della congestione stradale combinato con la necessit� di ridurre le emissioni inquinanti, le problematiche legate alla sicurezza stradale dei veicoli ma anche legata alla ?soft mobility? (cio� la mobilit� di pedoni e ciclisti) ha portato il mondo della ricerca allo studio e allo sviluppo di soluzioni che forniscano valide alternative al trasporto privato. Il continuo crescere del numero di veicoli privati e di conseguenza l?aumento dei flussi stradali, ha reso sempre pi� necessario lo sviluppo di sistemi di sicurezza sia per il singolo utente che per la sicurezza stradale. Per ridurre l?impatto ambientale, economico e sociale del trasporto stradale sarebbe corretto che una parte della domanda di mobilit� fosse soddisfatta da altri sistemi di trasporto maggiormente sostenibili. Per far fronte a queste problematiche combinate, l?ingegneria dei trasporti ha iniziato a sviluppare nuovi sistemi di trasporto come i veicoli autonomi (AVs). Questi nuovi mezzi di trasporto equipaggiati di telecamere, sensori, radar e lidar, potranno muoversi autonomamente nel traffico cittadino e autostradale. Nello specifico, l'introduzione di mezzi a guida autonoma potrebbe cambiare radicalmente lo scenario consentendo, da una parte, un miglioramento e una diffusione pi� capillare del servizio pubblico, e dall'altra, l'implementazione di politiche di controllo e moderazione dell'uso dei veicoli individuali su aree estese del territorio pi� densamente urbanizzato (e congestionato), senza il rischio di ridurne l'accessibilit� e creare esclusione sociale. Sfruttando le caratteristiche dei veicoli autonomi, l?interconnessione fra di loro (V2V) e con l?infrastruttura (V2X) in tempo reale sar� possibile migliorare l?ambiente di guida, la sicurezza stradale e le caratteristiche del flusso veicolare in particolar modo sar� possibile gestire le condizioni di traffico congestionato andando cos� ad aumentare la sostenibilit� del trasporto stradale e nel caso di traffico cittadino di migliorare i livelli di inquinamento delle aree urbane. Inoltre con l?introduzione dei veicoli autonomi � stato valutato che sar� possibile andare a controllore e gestire al meglio l?utilizzo del territorio urbano, quindi si avranno anche degli interessanti impatti sulle aree urbane. L?obiettivo principale del seguente elaborato � quello di presentare un nuovo approccio analitico e risolutivo per valutare, attraverso un sistema di modelli di interazione trasporti-territorio, gli impatti sulla domanda di mobilit� e sull'uso del suolo; precisamente l?impatto dei veicoli autonomi sull'infrastruttura e sulla pianificazione territoriale al fine di migliorare la qualit� urbana, tramite un?opportuna modellazione e analisi. La prima parte dell?elaborato ha lo scopo di valutare lo stato dell?arte attuale circa le tematiche principali ovvero la sostenibilit� nell'ambito dei trasporti e nell'ambito urbano, e i veicoli autonomi. Nella seconda parte verranno affrontati gli obiettivi principali, il primo � l?analisi e la valutazione di un modello di assegnazione multiclasse, considerando quindi due classi di veicoli e una condizione di traffico veicolare misto composto da veicoli autonomi e tradizionali. Grazie ai modelli si assegnazione � possibile simulare l?interazione fra il modello di offerta e di domanda di trasporto, e riprodurre gli effetti della congestione stradale sui flussi veicolari. In questo modo sar� possibile valutare come cambieranno le dinamiche del traffico veicolare con l?introduzione dei veicoli a guida autonoma. Successivamente verr� affrontato il secondo obiettivo della tesi, cio� la valutazione dell?impatto del traffico misto sulla rete stradale. Quindi � stato definito un problema di network design capace di valutare gli impatti del flusso veicolare misto sull'infrastruttura esistente in particolare andando a valutare l?eventuale possibilit� di chiudere degli archi stradali alla mobilit� mantenendo intatte le caratteristiche e le prestazioni della rete di trasporto. I seguenti problemi possono essere considerati quando si vogliono prendere delle decisioni strategiche, tattiche o operative in merito alla pianificazione territoriale e urbanistica. Entrambi i modelli sono stati validati attraverso l?applicazione a un caso reale, e successivamente i modelli sono stati utilizzati per valutare un intervento urbanistico per la citt� di Genova. Infine per rendere operativa la sostenibilit� urbana ed integrarla nelle politiche territoriali sono stati definiti tre indicatori per permettere la valutazione del livello di sostenibilit� della citt� di Genova. In particolare sono stati valutati i possibili incrementi delle aree urbane verdi da dedicare alla collettivit�. Sono diversi i punti legati al tema della salute nel contesto urbano e altrettante le azioni da eseguire per mettere in pratica il concetto di sostenibilit�; dal miglioramento della qualit� dell?aria all'utilizzo di energie rinnovabili, passando dal paesaggio e finendo alla morfologia stessa degli spazi urbani. Il seguente elaborato si � soffermato sull'ultimo concetto di quelli elencati precedentemente quello legato agli spazi urbani, senza discostarsi dall'impatto del traffico veicolare grossa fonte di inquinamento delle aree cittadine. Grazie all'analisi e agli studi proposti nel seguente documento � stato possibile valutare che attraverso l?utilizzo di mezzi di trasporto pi� sostenibili, sar� possibile ridurre lo spazio dedicato alla circolazione dei veicoli e di conseguenza potr� cambiare l?assetto urbanistico delle citt� riacquistando spazi da dedicare ai cittadini sotto forma di aree verdi o per la collettivit�. Questo approccio presentato pu� essere utile alle amministrazioni pubbliche per iniziare a inquadrare i futuri trend trasportistici e urbanistici al fine di migliorare la vivibilit� nelle citt� del domani.