14 results on '"Sethurajan, M."'
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2. Hydrometallurgical leaching and recovery of cobalt from lithium ion battery
- Author
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Sethurajan, M. Shirodker, M. G. P. Rene, E. R. van Hullebusch, E. D. and Sethurajan, M. Shirodker, M. G. P. Rene, E. R. van Hullebusch, E. D.
- Abstract
The main aim of this work was to test the ability of an amino acid (i.e. glycine) to leach cobalt from Li ion batteries (LiBs). The process parameters namely temperature, pulp density and concentration of glycine were optimized for maximizing the leaching efficiency of cobalt from the cathodic material. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for determining the experimental conditions instead of using the traditional one factor at a time (OFAT) approach in order to ascertain the interaction effects between the different factors. Thus, the optimal leaching value based on RSM and maximum cobalt leaching potential from LiBs was obtained. The optimum values for the parameters were as follows; temperature = 74 °C, pulp density = 19.9 g/L and glycine concentration = 0.936 M. Under this optimum condition, the cobalt leaching efficiency was 61.8%, while a maximum leaching of 89.7% was achieved at the following conditions: temperature = 100 °C, pulp density = 13.8 g/L and glycine concentration = 1.24 M. Oxalic acid was used for recovering cobalt from the leaching solution by varying the pH and molar ratio of oxalic acid and cobalt ions. Cobalt recovery efficiencies were 88.0% at pH 7.0 and at oxalic acid to cobalt ion molar ratio of 2.5:1.0.
- Published
- 2022
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3. Recent advances on hydrometallurgical recovery of critical and precious elements from end of life electronic wastes - a review
- Author
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Sethurajan M., van Hullebusch E. D., Fontana D., Akcil A., Deveci H., Batinic B., Leal J. P., Gasche T. A., Ali Kucuker M., Kuchta K., Neto I. F. F., Soares H. M. V. M., Chmielarz A., Sethurajan, M., van Hullebusch, E. D., Fontana, D., Akcil, A., Deveci, H., Batinic, B., Leal, J. P., Gasche, T. A., Ali Kucuker, M., Kuchta, K., Neto, I. F. F., Soares, H. M. V. M., and Chmielarz, A.
- Subjects
Critical raw materials ,WEEEs ,Critical and precious metals ,E-Wastes ,Hydrometallurgy ,Metal selective recovery ,Rare earth elements ,Critical and precious metal ,Rare earth element ,E-Waste ,Critical raw material - Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) contains economically significant levels of precious, critical metals and rare earth elements, apart from base metals and other toxic compounds. Recycling and recovery of critical elements from WEEEs using a cost-effective technology are now one of the top priorities in metallurgy due to the rapid depletion of their natural resources. More than 150 publications on WEEE management, leaching and recovery of metals from WEEE were reviewed in this work, with special emphasize on the recent research (2015–2018). This paper summarizes the recent progress regarding various hydrometallurgical processes for the leaching of critical elements from WEEEs. Various methodologies and techniques for critical elements selective recovery (using ionic liquids, solvent extraction, electrowinning, adsorption, and precipitation) from the WEEEs leachates are discussed. Future prospects regarding the use of WEEEs as secondary resources for critical raw materials and its techno-economical and commercial beneficiaries are discussed. AbbreviationsE-Waste Electronic wasteWEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipmentCRM Critical raw materialsPCB Printed circuit boardLCD Liquid crystal displayCRT Cathode ray tubeFl. Lamp Fluorescent lampHDD Hard disk drivesLED Light emitting diodeEU European UnionUNEP United Nations Environmental ProgramREE Rare earth elementITO Indium-tin oxidePM Precious metalNiMH battery Nickel-hydride batteryCPU Central processing unitRAM Random access memoryLiBs Li-ion batteriesSFL Spent fluorescent lamps.
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- 2019
4. A review on extractive metallurgy of tantalum and niobium
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Shikika, A., primary, Sethurajan, M., additional, Muvundja, F., additional, Mugumaoderha, M.C., additional, and Gaydardzhiev, St., additional
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- 2020
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5. Critical raw materials recovery through bio/hydrometallurgy from secondary resources
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Sethurajan, M. van Hullebusch, E. D. and Sethurajan, M. van Hullebusch, E. D.
- Abstract
Editorial
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- 2019
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6. Leaching and selective recovery of Cu from printed circuit boards
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Sethurajan, M. van Hullebusch, E. D. and Sethurajan, M. van Hullebusch, E. D.
- Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs), a typical end-of-life electronic waste, were collected from an E-waste recycling company located in the Netherlands. Cu and precious metal concentration analyses of the powdered PCBs confirm that the PCBs are multimetallic in nature, rich, but contain high concentrations of Cu, Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt. Ferric sulfate concentration (100 mM), agitation speed (300 rpm), temperature (20 °C), and solid-to-liquid ratio (10 g·L−1) were found to be the optimum conditions for the maximum leaching of Cu from PCBs. The ferric sulfate leachates were further examined for selective recovery of Cu as copper sulfides. The important process variables of sulfide precipitation, such as lixiviant concentration and sulfide dosage were investigated and optimized 100 ppm of ferric sulfate and (copper:sulfide) 1:3 molar ratio, respectively. Over 95% of the dissolved Cu (from the multimetallic leachates) was selectively precipitated as copper sulfide under optimum conditions. The characterization of the copper sulfide precipitates by SEM-EDS analyses showed that the precipitates mainly consist of Cu and S. PCBs can thus be seen as a potential secondary resource for copper.
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- 2019
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7. Recent advances on hydrometallurgical recovery of critical and precious elements from end of life electronic wastes - a review
- Author
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Sethurajan, M. van Hullebusch, E. D. Fontana, D. Akcil, A. Deveci, H. Batinic, B. Leal, J. P. Gasche, T. A. Ali Kucuker, M. Kuchta, K. Neto, I. F. F. Soares, H. M. V. M. Chmielarz, A. and Sethurajan, M. van Hullebusch, E. D. Fontana, D. Akcil, A. Deveci, H. Batinic, B. Leal, J. P. Gasche, T. A. Ali Kucuker, M. Kuchta, K. Neto, I. F. F. Soares, H. M. V. M. Chmielarz, A.
- Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) contains economically significant levels of precious, critical metals and rare earth elements, apart from base metals and other toxic compounds. Recycling and recovery of critical elements from WEEEs using a cost-effective technology are now one of the top priorities in metallurgy due to the rapid depletion of their natural resources. More than 150 publications on WEEE management, leaching and recovery of metals from WEEE were reviewed in this work, with special emphasize on the recent research (2015–2018). This paper summarizes the recent progress regarding various hydrometallurgical processes for the leaching of critical elements from WEEEs. Various methodologies and techniques for critical elements selective recovery (using ionic liquids, solvent extraction, electrowinning, adsorption, and precipitation) from the WEEEs leachates are discussed. Future prospects regarding the use of WEEEs as secondary resources for critical raw materials and its techno-economical and commercial beneficiaries are discussed.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Corrigendum to "A review on extractive metallurgy of tantalum and niobium" [Hydrometallurgy 198 (2020) 105496 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105496].
- Author
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Shikika, A., Sethurajan, M., Muvundja, F., Mugumaoderha, M., and St. Gaydardzhiev
- Subjects
- *
NIOBIUM , *HYDROMETALLURGY , *METALLURGY , *TANTALUM - Published
- 2022
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9. Electronic waste generation, recycling and resource recovery: Technological perspectives and trends.
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Rene ER, Sethurajan M, Kumar Ponnusamy V, Kumar G, Bao Dung TN, Brindhadevi K, and Pugazhendhi A
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- China, Humans, India, Recycling, SARS-CoV-2, Vietnam, COVID-19, Electronic Waste analysis, Waste Management
- Abstract
The growing population and increased disposal of end-of-life (EoL) electrical and electronic products have caused serious concerns to the environment and human health. Electronic waste (e-waste) is a growing problem because the quantity and the rate at which it is generated has increased exponentially in the last 5 years. The rapid changes or upgradation in technologies, IT requirements for working or learning from home during COVID-19, manufacturers releasing new electronic gadgets and devices that serves the consumers comfort and a declension in services has contributed to an increase in the e-waste or waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generation rates. The current status of e-waste generation, handling procedures and regulatory directives in USA, EU, China, India, Vietnam and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are presented in this review. The recent developments in e-waste recycling methods/recovery of base and precious metals, the advantages and limitations of hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy and pyrolysis are discussed. Considering the impediments in the present technologies, the extraction of valuable resources, i.e. precious metals, from e-waste using suitable biocatalysts shows promising applications. This review also stresses on the research needs to assess the economic effects of involving different unit operations/process industries for resource recovery, reuse and recycling., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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10. Recovery of phosphorus from municipal wastewater treatment sludge through bioleaching using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans.
- Author
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Lee Y, Sethurajan M, van de Vossenberg J, Meers E, and van Hullebusch ED
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- Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Belgium, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Netherlands, Phosphorus, Sewage, Wastewater, Acidithiobacillus, Metals, Heavy
- Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatment plants remove phosphorus, which is captured in sewage sludge. Increasing attention is paid to suitable process pathways that allow recovery and recycling of phosphorus. One of the processes under investigation is acid leaching and recovery of phosphorus, but this requires considerable chemical additives, which could be avoided by stimulating acidification via microbiological processes. This study investigated phosphorus leaching from sewage sludge by biogenic sulfuric acid, using Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Sulfur supplementation and solid to liquid ratio were varied to examine how these factors affected phosphorus leaching yield. Chemical leaching by sulfuric acid from sewage sludge and thermally-treated sludge was conducted to compare with bioleaching from sewage sludge. Sewage sludge samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants in Ghent, Belgium, and Delft, The Netherlands. Both bioleaching and chemical leaching were conducted at laboratory scale using shake flask technique, and highest phosphorus leaching yield and time was determined using one-way ANOVA statistical tests. Biogenic sulfuric acid produced by A. thiooxidans extracted phosphorus from both sludge samples. The highest phosphorus leaching yield observed was 48 ± 0% for 17 days from Ghent samples and 57 ± 4% for 27 days from Delft samples with 5.0% (w/v) sulfur supplementation and 1.0% (w/v) solid to liquid ratio. Chemical leaching took shorter than bioleaching, but the leaching yield was lower, i.e. 41 ± 1% for 4 h from Ghent samples, 44 ± 1% for 1 h from Delft samples, 48 ± 1% for 1 h from thermally-treated Ghent samples and 51 ± 2% for 4 h from thermally-treated Delft samples. During phosphorus bioleaching, pH increase was observed during the early stage which hampered the activity of A. thiooxidans and therefore increased phosphorus leaching time. This study suggests that creating conditions for A. thiooxidans to overcome acid neutralizing capacity of sewage sludge is needed to extract phosphorus effectively., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
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- 2020
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11. Biotechnology in the management and resource recovery from metal bearing solid wastes: Recent advances.
- Author
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Sethurajan M, van Hullebusch ED, and Nancharaiah YV
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- Metallurgy, Solid Waste, Biotechnology, Metals, Waste Management
- Abstract
Solid metalliferous wastes (sludges, dusts, residues, slags, red mud and tailing wastes) originating from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical industries are a serious environmental threat, when waste management practices are not properly followed. Metalliferous wastes generated by metallurgical industries are promising resources for biotechnological extraction of metals. These wastes still contain significant amounts of valuable non-ferrous metals, sometimes precious metals and also rare earth elements. Elemental composition and mineralogy of the metallurgical wastes is dependent on the nature of mining site and composition of primary ores mined. Most of the metalliferous wastes are oxidized in nature and contain less/no reduced sulfidic minerals (which can be quite well processed by biohydrometallurgy). However, application of biohydrometallurgy is more challenging while extracting metals from metallurgical wastes that contain oxide minerals. In this review, origin, elemental composition and mineralogy of the metallurgical solid wastes are presented. Various bio-hydrometallurgical processes that can be considered for the extraction of non-ferrous metals from metal bearing solid wastes are reviewed., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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12. Leaching and selective zinc recovery from acidic leachates of zinc metallurgical leach residues.
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Sethurajan M, Huguenot D, Jain R, Lens PN, Horn HA, Figueiredo LH, and van Hullebusch ED
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Zinc (Zn) leaching yields and kinetics from three different zinc plant leach residues (ZLR) generated in different periods (ZLR1>30 years, ZLR2 5-30 years and ZLR3<2 years) were investigated. The factors affecting the Zn leaching rate such as solid to liquid ratio, temperature, acid concentration and agitation were optimized. Under optimum conditions, 46.2 (±4.3), 23.3 (±2.7) and 17.6 (±1.2) mg of Zn can be extracted per gram of ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3, respectively. The Zn leaching kinetics of ZLRs follow the shrinking core diffusion model. The activation energy required to leach Zn from ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3 were estimated to be 2.24kcal/mol, 6.63kcal/mol and 11.7kcal/mol, respectively, by the Arrhenius equation. The order of the reaction with respect to the sulfuric acid concentration was also determined as 0.20, 0.56, and 0.87 for ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3, respectively. Zn was selectively recovered from the leachates by adjusting the initial pH and by the addition of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. More than 90% of Zn was selectively recovered as sphalerite from the ZLR polymetallic leachates by chemical sulfide precipitation., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
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13. Leaching and selective copper recovery from acidic leachates of Três Marias zinc plant (MG, Brazil) metallurgical purification residues.
- Author
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Sethurajan M, Huguenot D, Lens PN, Horn HA, Figueiredo LH, and van Hullebusch ED
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- Brazil, Chemical Fractionation, Copper chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Kinetics, Metals, Heavy chemistry, Zinc chemistry, Copper analysis, Environmental Pollution analysis, Industrial Waste analysis, Metallurgy, Metals, Heavy analysis, Zinc analysis
- Abstract
Zinc plant purification residue (ZPR), a typical Zn-hydrometallurgical waste, was collected from the Três Marias Zn plant (MG, Brazil). ZPR was characterized for its metal content and fractionation, mineralogy, toxicity and leachability. Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction results revealed that this ZPR displays high percentages of metals (Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb) in the highly mobilizable fractions, increasing its hazardous potential. Bulk chemical analysis, pH dependent leaching and acid (H2SO4) leaching studies confirm that the ZPR is polymetallic, rich in Cd, Cu and Zn. The sulfuric acid concentration (1 M), agitation speed (450 rpm), temperature (40 °C) and pulp density (20 g L(-1)) were optimized to leach the maximum amount of heavy metals (Cd, Cu and Zn). Under optimum conditions, more than 50%, 70% and 60% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn present in the ZPR can be leached, respectively. The metals in the acid leachates were investigated for metal sulfide precipitation with an emphasis on selective Cu recovery. Metal sulfide precipitation process parameters such as initial pH and Cu to sulfide ratio were optimized as pH 1.5 and 1:0.5 (Cu:sulfide) mass ratio, respectively. Under optimum conditions, more than 95% of Cu can be selectively recovered from the polymetallic ZPR leachates. The Cu precipitates characterization studies reveal that they are approximately 0.1 μm in diameter and mainly consist of Cu and S. XRD analysis showed covellite (CuS), chalcanthite (CuSO4·5H2O) and natrochalcite (NaCu2(SO4)2(OH)·H2O) as the mineral phases. ZPRs can thus be considered as an alternative resource for copper production., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
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14. Fractionation and leachability of heavy metals from aged and recent Zn metallurgical leach residues from the Três Marias zinc plant (Minas Gerais, Brazil).
- Author
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Sethurajan M, Huguenot D, Lens PN, Horn HA, Figueiredo LH, and van Hullebusch ED
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- Brazil, Environmental Monitoring legislation & jurisprudence, Environmental Pollutants toxicity, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Metals, Heavy toxicity, Mining, Models, Theoretical, Solubility, Time Factors, Zinc toxicity, Environmental Monitoring methods, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Industrial Waste analysis, Metallurgy, Metals, Heavy analysis, Zinc analysis
- Abstract
Various mineral processing operations to produce pure metals from mineral ores generate sludges, residues, and other unwanted by-products/wastes. As a general practice, these wastes are either stored in a reservoir or disposed in the surrounding of mining/smelting areas, which might cause adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, it is important to understand the various characteristics like heavy metal leaching features and potential toxicity of these metallurgical wastes. In this study, zinc plant leach residues (ZLRs) were collected from a currently operating Zn metallurgical industry located in Minas Gerais (Brazil) and investigated for their potential toxicity, fractionation, and leachability. Three different ZLR samples (ZLR1, ZLR2, and ZLR3) were collected, based on their age of production and deposition. They mainly consisted of Fe (6-11.5 %), Zn (2.5 to 5.0 %), and Pb (1.5 to 2.5 %) and minor concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, and Mn, depending on the sample age. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) results revealed that these wastes are hazardous for the environment. Accelerated Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction clearly showed that potentially toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn can be released into the environment in high quantities under mild acidic conditions. The results of the liquid-solid partitioning as a function of pH showed that pH plays an important role in the leachability of metals from these residues. At low pH (pH 2.5), high concentrations of metals can be leached: 67, 25, and 7 % of Zn can be leached from leach residues ZLR1, ZLR2, and ZLR3, respectively. The release of metals decreased with increasing pH. Geochemical modeling of the pH-dependent leaching was also performed to determine which geochemical process controls the leachability/solubility of the heavy metals. This study showed that the studied ZLRs contain significant concentrations of non-residual extractable fractions of Zn and can be seen as a potential secondary resource for Zn.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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