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The purpose of the study is to analyze the running speed and agility abilities among 7-12 aged School Children. To achieve the purpose of the study, two hundred school children were selected (n=200) from Sri Sarada Vidyalaiya Higher Secondary School, Ariyakulam, Little Flower Public School, Gandhi Nagar, Govt. Higher Secondary School, Gankaikondan, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India as subject by stratified random sampling and their age ranged between 7 to 12 years. The selected participants were divided following category: area (Rural and Urban), and Gender (Boys and Girls). Member of these groups will consist of healthy school children from Tirunelveli District only. Prior to enrollment in the study, participants were informed of all possible risks involved in this study. The continuous variables selected for this study were running speed and agility abilities namely shuttle run, Stepping sideways over a balance beam, One-Legged Stationary Hop, One-legged Side Hop, One-legged Side Hop and two legged side hop. All the subjects were tested by BOT 2. Static group comparison design was used for this study. A collected data by stratified random sampling were divided into the following category: Area (Rural and Urban) and Gender (Boys and Girls). The collected data were analyzed data by using the independent t-test with the help of SPSS software. Rural and urban school children had significant difference on running speed and agility abilities namely shuttle run, Stepping sideways over a balance beam, One-Legged Stationary Hop, One-legged Side Hop, One-legged Side Hop and two-legged side hop. However, urban school children aged 7-12 years outperformed than rural school children on running speed and agility abilities namely shuttle run, Stepping sideways over a balance beam, One-Legged Stationary Hop, One-legged Side Hop, Onelegged Side Hop and two-legged side hop. The boys & girls school children had significant difference on running speed and agility abilities namely shuttle run, Stepping sideways over a balance beam, One-Legged Stationary Hop, One-legged Side Hop, One-legged Side Hop and two-legged side hop. However, boys school children outperformed than girls school children on running speed and agility abilities namely shuttle run, Stepping sideways over a balance beam, One-Legged Stationary Hop, One-legged Side Hop, One-legged Side Hop and two-legged side hop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to find out the impact of gross motor activities on the physical development of school children to achieve the purpose of the study, a total of twenty-four children (Boys) were selected randomly as participants from the Little Flower Matriculation School, Gandhi Nagar, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. The selected children's age was ranged from 8 - 12 years. The selected participants were divided in to two groups namely gross motor activity group and control group. keeping in mind the opinion of the experts, availability of equipment's, acceptability of the participants and the time to be derived the following variables were selected namely Balance, Co-ordination and Reaction Time, the data were statistically analyzed with dependent "t" test and Analysis of Co-Variances (ANCOVA). In all the cases 0.05 levels will be fixed as level of confidence to test the hypotheses. There were a significant improvement takes place on balance ability due to the influence of six weeks gross motor skill training programme. There were a significant improvement takes place on co-ordination ability due to the influence of six weeks gross motor skill training programme. There were a significant improvement takes place on reaction time ability due to the influence of six weeks gross motor skill training programme. There was a significant difference exists between experimental and control groups on balance, co-ordination and reaction time ability among school children. However, the control group had not shown any significant improvement of any of the selected variables among school children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study’s objective was to evaluate the stress distribution in tooth-implant, implant-implant, and tooth-tooth supported prostheses under parafunctional loading in axial and oblique directions employing a 3D finite element analysis in the mandibular posterior region which had D3 bone (porous cortical bone and fine trabecular bone). Setting and Design: In vitro study, Finite element analysis. Meterials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography data was used by Mimics software (Materialize Mimics 19) to create a three-dimensional finite element simulation of the jaw. Solid Works 2018 (Dassault Systems) was used to produce a geometric 3D model of the three systems. Each model consisted of a bone, an implant, and teeth (Model I tooth-tooth supported, Model II tooth-implant supported and Model III implant-implant supported). The three models’ geometrical models were transferred to Ansys Workbench (19.2 software) for the analysis portion. A load that mimicked masticatory force was delivered in both axial and oblique directions. Statistical Analysis Used: In the present study, statistical analysis was not required because 3D finite element analysis uses deterministic numerical methods to simulate physical behavior and stress distribution patterns. Result: The results demonstrated that under the parafunctional combined loading process, the implant- implant supported prosthesis showed significantly higher stress concentrations in the bone. It was found that the cortical bone around the crestal region had the highest stresses. Conclusion: Within the constraints of this investigation, we could draw the following conclusion: Of the three models, the tooth-tooth supported prosthesis exhibited the least amount of stress distribution, which was also least when functional loading was applied in the axial direction.

Abstract Variants in GBA1 result in dysregulated sphingolipids. We investigated five CSF d18:1 sphingolipid species in a longitudinal multicenter cohort comprising people with Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies with and without GBA1 variants and healthy controls. We found no increase of sphingolipid species in heterozygous GBA1 variant participants and no effect on development of cognitive impairment. Thus, CSF d18:1 sphingolipids are not suitable as state markers in Parkinson’s Disease.

Abstract Background Innovation in healthcare technologies can result in more convenient and effective treatment that is less costly, but a persistent challenge to widespread adoption in health and social care is end user acceptability. The purpose of this study was to capture UK public opinions and attitudes to novel healthcare technologies (NHTs), and to better understand the factors that contribute to acceptance and future use. Methods An online survey was distributed to the UK public between April and May 2020. Respondents received brief information about four novel healthcare technologies (NHTs) in development: a laser-based tool for early diagnosis of osteoarthritis, a virtual reality tool to support diabetes self-management, a non-invasive continuous glucose monitor using microwave signals, a mobile app for patient reported monitoring of rheumatoid arthritis. They were queried on their general familiarity and attitudes to technology, and their willingness to accept each NHT in their future care. Responses were analysed using summary statistics and content analysis. Results Knowledge about NHTs was diverse, with respondents being more aware about the health applications of mobile apps (66%), followed by laser-based technology (63.8%), microwave signalling (28%), and virtual reality (18.3%). Increasing age and the presence of a self-reported medical condition favoured acceptability for some NHTs, whereas self-reported understanding of how the NHT works resulted in elevated acceptance scores across all NHTs presented. Common contributors to hesitancy were safety and risks from use. Respondents wanted more information and evidence to help inform their decisions, ideally provided verbally by a general practitioner or health professional. Other concerns, such as privacy, were NHT-specific but equally important in decision-making. Conclusions Early insight into the knowledge and preconceptions of the public about NHTs in development can assist their design and prospectively mitigate obstacles to acceptance and adoption.

Purpose: Complement C1q, the initiating molecule of the classical complement cascade, is involved in synapse elimination and neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma. Here we report an evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and ocular pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of intravitreal (IVT) injections of ANX007, an anti-C1q monoclonal antibody fragment that blocks activation of the classical complement cascade. Design: An open-label, single-dose-escalation phase Ia study followed by a double-masked, randomized, sham-controlled, repeat-injection phase Ib study. Participants: A total of 26 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: Nine patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (mean Humphrey visual field deviation between −3 and −18 decibels [dB]) were enrolled in phase Ia and received single doses of ANX007 (1.0 mg, n = 3; 2.5 mg, n = 3; or 5.0 mg, n = 3). Seventeen patients (mean Humphrey visual field deviation between −3 and −24 dB) were enrolled in phase Ib and randomized to 2 monthly doses of ANX007 (sham, n = 6; 2.5 mg ANX007, n = 6; or 5 mg ANX007, n = 5). Main Outcome Measures: Safety and tolerability (including laboratory evaluation of urinalysis, complete blood count, and serum chemistries), ANX007 PK, target engagement, and immunogenicity. Results: The mean age overall was 70 years in phase Ia and 68 years in phase Ib. In both studies, no serious adverse events were observed, no non-ocular treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) attributable to study drug were reported, and ocular TEAEs were mild. Intraocular pressure returned to normal levels for all patients within 45 minutes of IVT injection. No clinically significant deviations in laboratory results were observed. In the phase Ib study, C1q in the aqueous humor was reduced to undetectable levels in both the 2.5 mg and 5 mg cohorts 4 weeks after the first ANX007 dose. Conclusions: In these studies, single and repeat IVT ANX007 injections were well tolerated and demonstrated full target engagement 4 weeks after dosing with both low and high doses, supporting monthly or less-frequent dosing. Further investigation in neurodegenerative ocular diseases is warranted. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) encompassing the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and catalyst layers are the key components in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). The cost of the PEMFC stacks has been limiting its commercialization due to the inflated price of conventional platinum (Pt)-based catalysts. As a consequence, the authors of this paper focus on developing novel bi-metallic (Pt-Co) nano-alloy-catalyzed MEAs using the non-equilibrium impregnation–reduction (NEIR) approach with an aim to reduce the Pt content, and hence, the cost. Herein, the MEAs are fabricated on a Nafion® membrane with a 0.4 mgPtcm−2 Pt:Co electrocatalyst loading at three atomic ratios, viz., 90:10, 70:30, and 50:50. The High Resolution-Scanning Electron Microscopic (HR-SEM) characterization of the MEAs show a favorable surface morphology with a uniform distribution of Pt-Co alloy particles with an average size of about 15–25 µm. Under standard fuel cell test conditions, an MEA with a 50:50 atomic ratio of Pt:Co exhibited a peak power density of 0.879 Wcm−2 for H2/O2 and 0.727 Wcm−2 for H2/air systems. The X-ray diffractometry (XRD), SEM, EDX, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), impedance, and polarization studies validate that Pt:Co can be a potential affordable alternative to high-cost Pt. Additionally, a high degree of stability in the fuel cell performance was also demonstrated with Pt50:Co50.

Purpose: The objective of this review is to estimate the prevalence of refractive errors, uncorrected refractive error (URE), and uncorrected presbyopia in adults aged ≥30 years in India. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. A detailed literature search was performed to include all studies published from India from the year 1990 using the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase. Refractive error was defined by >0.50 D ametropia. URE was defined by presenting visual acuity (PVA) worse than 6/18 improving with pinhole or spectacle correction, and uncorrected presbyopia by near vision

Introduction: Metastatic tumors of the temporal bone are extremely rare. Collet-Sicard syndrome is an uncommon condition characterized by unilateral palsy of the lower four cranial nerves. The clinical features of temporal bone metastasis are nonspecific and mimic infections such as chronic otitis media and mastoiditis. Case Report: This report describes a rare case of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the temporal bone causing Collet-Sicard syndrome, presenting with hearing loss, headache and ipsilateral cranial nerve palsies. The patient was a 68-year old woman initially diagnosed with extensive mastoiditis and later confirmed as having metastatic adenocarcinoma of the temporal bone, based on histopathologic findings. Conclusion: Clinical presentation of metastatic carcinoma of the temporal bone can be overshadowed by infective or inflammatory conditions. This case report is to emphasize the point that a high index of clinical suspicion is necessary for the early diagnosis of this aggressive disease which carries relatively poor prognosis. This report highlights that it is crucial to suspect malignant neoplasm in patients with hearing loss, headache and cranial nerve palsies.

Summary: Movement is an essential behavior requiring the assembly and refinement of spinal motor circuits. However, the mechanisms responsible for circuit refinement and synapse maintenance are poorly understood. Similarly, the molecular mechanisms by which gene mutations cause dysfunction and elimination of synapses in neurodegenerative diseases that occur during development are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the complement protein C1q is required for the refinement of sensory-motor circuits during normal development, as well as for synaptic dysfunction and elimination in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). C1q tags vulnerable SMA synapses, which triggers activation of the classical complement pathway leading to microglia-mediated elimination. Pharmacological inhibition of C1q or depletion of microglia rescues the number and function of synapses, conferring significant behavioral benefit in SMA mice. Thus, the classical complement pathway plays critical roles in the refinement of developing motor circuits, while its aberrant activation contributes to motor neuron disease. : Vukojicic et al. show that complement protein C1q is required for the refinement of spinal sensory-motor circuits during normal development, as well as for synaptic elimination in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Pharmacological inhibition of C1q or depletion of microglia rescues vulnerable synapses, yielding significant behavioral benefit in SMA mice. Keywords: sensory-motor circuit, motor neuron, proprioceptive neuron, microglia, synapse, C1q, classical complement pathway, spinal muscular atrophy, SMN

Abstract Background The role of the alternative complement pathway and its mediation by retinal microglia and macrophages, is well-established in the pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). However, the contribution of the classical complement pathway towards the progression of retinal degenerations is not fully understood, including the role of complement component 1q (C1q) as a critical activator molecule of the classical pathway. Here, we investigated the contribution of C1q to progressive photoreceptor loss and neuroinflammation in retinal degenerations. Methods Wild-type (WT), C1qa knockout (C1qa −/− ) and mice treated with a C1q inhibitor (ANX-M1; Annexon Biosciences), were exposed to photo-oxidative damage (PD) and were observed for progressive lesion development. Retinal function was assessed by electroretinography, followed by histological analyses to assess photoreceptor degeneration. Retinal inflammation was investigated through complement activation, macrophage recruitment and inflammasome expression using western blotting, qPCR and immunofluorescence. C1q was localised in human AMD donor retinas using immunohistochemistry. Results PD mice had increased levels of C1qa which correlated with increasing photoreceptor cell death and macrophage recruitment. C1qa −/− mice did not show any differences in photoreceptor loss or inflammation at 7 days compared to WT, however at 14 days after the onset of damage, C1qa −/− retinas displayed less photoreceptor cell death, reduced microglia/macrophage recruitment to the photoreceptor lesion, and higher visual function. C1qa −/− mice displayed reduced inflammasome and IL-1β expression in microglia and macrophages in the degenerating retina. Retinal neutralisation of C1q, using an intravitreally-delivered anti-C1q antibody, reduced the progression of retinal degeneration following PD, while systemic delivery had no effect. Finally, retinal C1q was found to be expressed by subretinal microglia/macrophages located in the outer retina of early AMD donor eyes, and in mouse PD retinas. Conclusions Our data implicate subretinal macrophages, C1q and the classical pathway in progressive retinal degeneration. We demonstrate a role of local C1q produced by microglia/macrophages as an instigator of inflammasome activation and inflammation. Crucially, we have shown that retinal C1q neutralisation during disease progression may slow retinal atrophy, providing a novel strategy for the treatment of complement-mediated retinal degenerations including AMD.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the yield of retinal images obtained in a rural diabetes eye care model. Methods: An analysis of a sample of nonmydriatic fundus photography (NMFP) of posterior segment ophthalmic images, obtained by an indigenous equipment (3 nethra-Forus Royal), was done in a district-wide rural diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening program; a trained optometrist did the initial image grading. DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) were classified based on international DR and DME severity scale. The agreement between the optometrist and retina specialist was very good (κ = 0.932; standard error = 0.030; 95% confidence interval = 0.874–0.991). Results: Posterior segment images of 2000 eyes of 1000 people with diabetes mellitus (DM) were graded. The mean age of the participants was 55.7 ± 11.5 standard deviation years. Nearly 42% of the screened participants (n = 420/1000) needed referral. The most common referable posterior segment abnormality was DR (8.2%). The proportion of people with any form of DR was seen in 110/1225 eyes, and sight-threatening DR was seen in 35/1225 eyes. About 62% of posterior segment images were gradable. The reasons for ungradable posterior segment images (34%) were small pupil, unfocused/partially available field of images, and cataract. Conclusion: A NMFP model was able to detect referable posterior segment abnormalities in a rural diabetes eye care program. Reasons found for ungradability of images in the present study can be addressed while designing future DR screening programs in the rural areas.

Introduction: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) constitutes 75–85% of all thyroid cancers. PTC usually presents as a subtle, commonly slow-growing, painless thyroid mass or a solitary nodule in the neck. This presentation of a cystic neck lump, without the presence of a thyroid nodule, may imitate the course of a benign disease, thus delaying diagnosis and proper treatment. Case Report: Three cases that had been initially presented as a cystic neck lesion in which a benign etiology was considered primarily were compiled in this study. PTC was only diagnosed after surgical excision of these cystic neck lesions in the first two cases, and after performing fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and an 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET CT) scan in the latter case. Conclusion: PTC can sometimes present as a cystic neck mass; a presentation which is usually related to a benign lesion. This case series emphasizes that patients who appear to have a solitary cystic neck mass must be treated with a high index of clinical suspicion. Although not a first-line imaging modality, 18F-FDG-PET can be extremely useful in assessing patients with a cystic neck lesion, where diagnosis is still uncertain after standard investigations such as ultrasonography and FNAC have been performed.

The Covid-19 pandemic has a far-reaching impact on workplace practices with billions of employees worldwide have to alter work patterns. Most employees fully embraced digital technologies, including mobile instant messaging (MIM) apps, to fulfil their work obligations under new normal. However, the work-related MIM use does not translate into good practice. Its use has extended beyond the contracted schedule, worsening work-life balance, job satisfaction and job performance among employees. Despite the gradual easing of lockdown measures, work-related MIM use after work hours will likely continue to an undetermined period as herd immunity is yet to achieve. Therefore, this captures the urgency to understand the mechanism on how work-related MIM use after work hours can be beneficial to employees during the pandemic, which is under-represented. The study elicited data through an online survey from 368 full-time employees in Malaysia. The evidence suggested employees who obtained information sharing gratification, mobile convenience gratification and self-presentation gratification enjoyed better WLB, subsequently formed higher job satisfaction and ultimately enhance their job performance, based on the postulation of the Uses and Gratification theory and Job Demands-Resources theory. Thus, work-related MIM use after work hours should not be interpreted negatively. Both researchers and practitioners should work jointly on how to implement practices concerning healthy yet sustainable MIM use after work hours to be more resilient for future pandemics.

Hydrogen (H2) has attained significant benefits as an energy carrier due to its gross calorific value (GCV) and inherently clean operation. Thus, hydrogen as a fuel can lead to global sustainability. Conventional H2 production is predominantly through fossil fuels, and electrolysis is now identified to be most promising for H2 generation. This review describes the recent state of the art and challenges on ultra-pure H2 production through methanol electrolysis that incorporate polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). It also discusses about the methanol electrochemical reforming catalysts as well as the impact of this process via PEM. The efficiency of H2 production depends on the different components of the PEM fuel cells, which are bipolar plates, current collector, and membrane electrode assembly. The efficiency also changes with the nature and type of the fuel, fuel/oxygen ratio, pressure, temperature, humidity, cell potential, and interfacial electronic level interaction between the redox levels of electrolyte and band gap edges of the semiconductor membranes. Diverse operating conditions such as concentration of methanol, cell temperature, catalyst loading, membrane thickness, and cell voltage that affect the performance are critically addressed. Comparison of various methanol electrolyzer systems are performed to validate the significance of methanol economy to match the future sustainable energy demands.

Kisspeptin, a novel neuropeptide product of the Kiss1 gene, activates the G protein-coupled membrane receptor G protein-coupled receptor 54 (now termed Kiss1r). Over the last 15 years, the importance of the kisspeptin system has been the subject of much debate in the mammalian research field. At the heart of the debate is whether kisspeptin is an absolute upstream regulator of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion, as it has been proposed to be the master molecule in reproductive events and plays a special role not only during puberty but also in adulthood. The teleostean kisspeptin system was first documented in 2004. Although there have been a number of kisspeptin studies in various fish species, the role of kisspeptin in reproduction remains a subject of controversy and has not been widely recognized. There is an extensive literature on the physiological and endocrinological bases of gametogenesis in fish, largely derived from studying small, model fish species, and reports on non-model species are limited. The reason for this discrepancy is the technical difficulty inherent in developing rigorous experimental systems in many farmed fish species. We have already established methods for the full life-cycle breeding of a commercially important marine fish, the chub mackerel (cm), and are interested in understanding the reproductive function of kisspeptins from various perspectives. Based on a series of experiments clarifying the role of the brain–pituitary–gonad axis in modulating reproduction in cm, we theorize that the kisspeptin system plays an important role in the reproduction of this scombroid species. In this review article, we provide an overview of kisspeptin studies in cm, which substantially aids in elucidating the role of kisspeptins in fish reproduction.

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), an extensive accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal tau tangles, along with neuronal loss, is evident in distinct brain regions. Staging of tau pathology by postmortem analysis of AD subjects suggests a sequence of initiation and subsequent spread of neurofibrillary tau tangles along defined brain anatomical pathways. Further, the severity of cognitive deficits correlates with the degree and extent of tau pathology. In this study, we demonstrate that phospho-tau (p-tau) antibodies, PHF6 and PHF13, can prevent the induction of tau pathology in primary neuron cultures. The impact of passive immunotherapy on the formation and spread of tau pathology, as well as functional deficits, was subsequently evaluated with these antibodies in two distinct transgenic mouse tauopathy models. The rTg4510 transgenic mouse is characterized by inducible over-expression of P301L mutant tau, and exhibits robust age-dependent brain tau pathology. Systemic treatment with PHF6 and PHF13 from 3 to 6 months of age led to a significant decline in brain and CSF p-tau levels. In a second model, injection of preformed tau fibrils (PFFs) comprised of recombinant tau protein encompassing the microtubule-repeat domains into the cortex and hippocampus of young P301S mutant tau over-expressing mice (PS19) led to robust tau pathology on the ipsilateral side with evidence of spread to distant sites, including the contralateral hippocampus and bilateral entorhinal cortex 4 weeks post-injection. Systemic treatment with PHF13 led to a significant decline in the spread of tau pathology in this model. The reduction in tau species after p-tau antibody treatment was associated with an improvement in novel-object recognition memory test in both models. These studies provide evidence supporting the use of tau immunotherapy as a potential treatment option for AD and other tauopathies.

The conventional gas diffusion layer (GDL) of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells incorporates a carbon-based substrate, which suffers from electrochemical oxidation as well as mechanical degradation, resulting in reduced durability and performance. In addition, it involves a complex manufacturing process to produce it. The proposed technique aims to resolve both these issues by an advanced 3D printing technique, namely selective laser sintering (SLS). In the proposed work, polyamide (PA) is used as the base powder and titanium metal powder is added at an optimised level to enhance the electrical conductivity, thermal, and mechanical properties. The application of selective laser sintering to fabricate a robust gas diffusion substrate for PEM fuel cell applications is quite novel and is attempted here for the first time.