182,523 results on '"Set (psychology)"'
Search Results
2. 'Try to design an approach to making a judgment; don't just go into it trusting your intuition.': Nobel Prize-winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman discusses the stubbornness of cognitive biases, the 'noise' that besets human decisions, and how institutions can learn to make fairer judgments
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Technology and civilization ,Set (Psychology) ,Decision-making ,Psychologists -- Interviews ,Nobel laureates -- Interviews ,Science and technology - Abstract
Cognitive psychologist Daniel Kahneman has spent his career studying the ways humans think, including the cognitive shortcuts and biases that shape--and sometimes misshape--our decisions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize [...]
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- 2022
3. General mixture item response models with different item response structures: Exposition with an application to Likert scales.
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Tijmstra, Jesper, Bolsinova, Maria, and Jeon, Minjeong
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Humans ,Models ,Statistical ,Set (Psychology) ,Decision Making ,Task Performance and Analysis ,Psychometrics ,Weights and Measures ,Test Taking Skills ,General mixture item response models ,IRTree models ,Item response theory ,Likert scales ,Measurement invariance ,Mixture modeling ,Response styles ,Set ,Psychology ,Models ,Statistical ,Set ,Psychology ,Experimental Psychology ,Artificial Intelligence and Image Processing ,Cognitive Sciences - Abstract
This article proposes a general mixture item response theory (IRT) framework that allows for classes of persons to differ with respect to the type of processes underlying the item responses. Through the use of mixture models, nonnested IRT models with different structures can be estimated for different classes, and class membership can be estimated for each person in the sample. If researchers are able to provide competing measurement models, this mixture IRT framework may help them deal with some violations of measurement invariance. To illustrate this approach, we consider a two-class mixture model, where a person's responses to Likert-scale items containing a neutral middle category are either modeled using a generalized partial credit model, or through an IRTree model. In the first model, the middle category ("neither agree nor disagree") is taken to be qualitatively similar to the other categories, and is taken to provide information about the person's endorsement. In the second model, the middle category is taken to be qualitatively different and to reflect a nonresponse choice, which is modeled using an additional latent variable that captures a person's willingness to respond. The mixture model is studied using simulation studies and is applied to an empirical example.
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- 2018
4. Ensemble statistics accessed through proxies: Range heuristic and dependence on low-level properties in variability discrimination.
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Lau, Jonas Sin-Heng and Brady, Timothy F
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Humans ,Analysis of Variance ,Set (Psychology) ,Discrimination (Psychology) ,Visual Perception ,Models ,Theoretical ,Adult ,Female ,Male ,Young Adult ,Heuristics ,Discrimination ,Psychological ,Set ,Psychology ,variability discrimination ,statistical summary representations ,range heuristic ,Experimental Psychology ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences - Abstract
People can quickly and accurately compute not only the mean size of a set of items but also the size variability of the items. However, it remains unknown how these statistics are estimated. Here we show that neither parallel access to all items nor random subsampling of just a few items is sufficient to explain participants' estimations of size variability. In three experiments, we had participants compare two arrays of circles with different variability in their sizes. In the first two experiments, we manipulated the congruency of the range and variance of the arrays. The arrays with congruent range and variability information were judged more accurately, indicating the use of range as a proxy for variability. Experiments 2B and 3 showed that people also are not invariant to low- or mid-level visual information in the arrays, as comparing arrays with different low-level characteristics (filled vs. outlined circles) led to systematic biases. Together, these experiments indicate that range and low- or mid-level properties are both utilized as proxies for variability discrimination, and people are flexible in adopting these strategies. These strategies are at odds with the claim of parallel extraction of ensemble statistics per se and random subsampling strategies previously proposed in the literature.
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- 2018
5. Competition and Distortion: A Theory of Information Bias on the Peer-to-Peer Lending Market
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Wu, Zhenhua, Hu, Lin, Lin, Zhijie, and Tan, Yong
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Set (Psychology) ,Computers ,Library and information science - Published
- 2021
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6. Learning to focus and focusing to learn : more than a cortical trick
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Dhawan, Sandeep Sonny, Brown, Verity Joy, and Tait, David Scott
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153.7 ,Cognition ,Executive functioning ,Behavioural neuroscience ,Attention ,Set-shifting ,QP405.D5 ,Executive functions (Neuropsychology) ,Set (Psychology) ,Subthalamus - Abstract
The consequence of many psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, is an impairment in ‘executive functioning'; an umbrella term for several cognitive processes, including the focussing and shifting of attention and the inhibition of responding. The ability to form an ‘attentional set' involves learning to discriminate qualities of a multidimensional cue, and to subsequently learn which quality is relevant, and therefore predictive of reward. According to recent research, the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and possibly the adjacent zona incerta (ZI) may mediate the formation of attentional set. Dysregulation of the STN as a result of Parkinson's disease contributes to characteristic motor symptoms, and whilst deep-brain stimulation of this region may treat gross motor impairments, it may also impair cognition. The work in this thesis aimed to expand our understanding of the mechanisms of attentional set-formation, and the role of the STN in this process. This thesis evaluates new methods for examining set-formation in the attentional set-shifting task; rather than inferring this behaviour solely from the cost of shifting set, modifications to the task design in Chapters 3 & 4 explored several hypotheses designed to exploit a deficit in this behaviour. Chapter 6 revealed that inhibition of this region with designer receptors leads to a disruption in attentional selectivity, which compromises the ability to form an attentional set. This manifested as an inability to parse relevant information from irrelevant, and instead, animals learned the stimuli holistically. The findings in this thesis also suggested that reversal and attentional shifting processes do not operate independently, but rather in a hierarchy, and that consequently, the STN is a region that may be crucial in selecting appropriate responses during associative learning that leads to the formation of an attentional set.
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- 2018
7. Bayesian analysis for quantification of individual rat and human behavioural patterns during attentional set-shifting tasks
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Wang, Jiachao and Bowman, Eric MacDonald
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153.7 ,BF322.W2 ,Attention ,Rats--Behavior ,Human behavior ,Set (Psychology) ,Bayesian statistical decision theory - Abstract
Attentional set-shifting tasks, consisting of multiple stages of discrimination learning, have been widely used in animals and humans to investigate behavioural flexibility. However, there are several learning criteria (e.g., 6-correct-choice-in-a-row, or 10-out- of-12-correct) by which a subject might be judged to have learned a discrimination. Furthermore, the currently frequentist approach does not provide a detailed analysis of individual performance. In this PhD study, a large set of archival data of rats performing a 7-stage intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional (ID/ED) attentional set- shifting task was analysed, using a novel Bayesian analytical approach, to estimate each rat's learning processes over its trials within the task. The analysis showed that the Bayesian learning criterion may be an appropriate alternative to the frequentist n- correct-in-a-row criterion for studying performance. The individual analysis of rats' behaviour using the Bayesian model also suggested that the rats responded according to a number of irrelevant spatial and perceptual information sources before the correct stimulus-reward association was established. The efficacy of the Bayesian analysis of individual subjects' behaviour and the appropriateness of the Bayesian learning criterion were also supported by the analysis of simulated data in which the behavioural choices in the task were generated by known rules. Additionally, the efficacy was also supported by analysis of human behaviour during an analogous human 7-stage attentional set-shifting task, where participants' detailed learning processes were collected based on their trial-by-trial oral report. Further, an extended Bayesian approach, which considers the effects of feedback (correct vs incorrect) after each response in the task, can even help infer whether individual human participants have formed an attentional set, which is crucial when applying the set-shifting task to an evaluation of cognitive flexibility. Overall, this study demonstrates that the Bayesian approach can yield additional information not available to the conventional frequentist approach. Future work could include refining the rat Bayesian model and the development of an adaptive trial design.
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- 2018
8. Overcoming financial planners' cognitive biases through digitalization: A qualitative study
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Athota, Vidya S., Pereira, Vijay, Hasan, Zahid, Vaz, Daicy, Laker, Benjamin, and Reppas, Dimitrios
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Financial planning ,Personal finance ,Artificial intelligence ,Financial planners ,Business schools ,Financial services industry ,Set (Psychology) ,Financial services industry ,Artificial intelligence ,Business, general ,Business - Abstract
Keywords Cognitive biases; Decision making; Artificial Intelligence, Financial planners Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate cognitive biases among financial planners and, if and how, digital transformation through Artificial Intelligence (AI) can help overcome biases. The literature establishes that investors and financial services clients can exhibit cognitive biases. However, it is not evident whether the financial planners understand and detect cognitive biases among the clients and if they at all 'attempt' to address the biases whilst providing financial planning services. Utilizing the attribution theory, our paper contributes by exploring the gap in research related on cognitive biases among financial planners and provides a future research agenda for addressing the gap, through a qualitative investigation. Our study was designed over two stages, wherein we conducted in-depth interviews in both stages. The first stage included in depth interviews with 21 financial planners and a repeat 10 interviewers with select financial planners, with scenarios in the second stage. In total, we conducted 31 interviews to investigate cognitive biases among financial planners and how Artificial Intelligence can assist. Our findings suggest that cognitive biases exist among financial planners while providing services for the people in need, which is a major challenge for them. Our findings further suggest that digital transformation by using the Artificial Intelligence technologies might help overcome this existing biases, albeit, AI technologies ought to be combined with human intelligence. To the best of our knowledge, there exists no existing research on the association between cognitive biases and artificial intelligence among financial planners. Author Affiliation: (a) The University of Notre Dame Australia (b) NEOMA Business School, Reims Campus, France (c) Henley Business School, University of Reading, UK (d) Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 26 February 2022; Revised 24 August 2022; Accepted 27 August 2022 Byline: Vidya S. Athota [sagar.athota@nd.edu.au] (a), Vijay Pereira [vijay.pereira@neoma-bs.fr] (b,*), Zahid Hasan [zahid.hasan@nd.edu.au] (a), Daicy Vaz (b), Benjamin Laker [benjamin.laker@henley.ac.uk] (c), Dimitrios Reppas [dimitrios.reppas@ku.ac.ae] (d)
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- 2023
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9. Do professional norms in the medical industry favor outcome bias?
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Fan, Xiaoqian, Cao, Qian, and Yang, Lin
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Cognitive biases ,Physicians ,Set (Psychology) - Published
- 2021
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10. Causal Inference with Genetic Data: Past, Present, and Future
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Rebecca C Richmond, George Davey Smith, and Jean-Baptiste Pingault
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Causality ,Human disease ,Computer science ,Causal inference ,Natural (music) ,Genetic data ,Humans ,Convergence (relationship) ,Set (psychology) ,Data science ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Field (computer science) - Abstract
The set of methods discussed in this collection has emerged from the convergence of two scientific fields-genetics and causal inference. In this introduction, we discuss relevant aspects of each field and show how their convergence arises from the natural experiments that genetics offer. We present introductory concepts useful to readers unfamiliar with genetically informed methods for causal inference. We conclude that existing applications and foreseeable developments should ensure that we rapidly reap the rewards of this relatively new field, not only in terms of our understanding of human disease and development, but also in terms of tangible translational applications.
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- 2024
11. Information bias of vaccine effectiveness estimation due to informed consent for national registration of COVID-19 vaccination (Updated February 20, 2024)
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Vaccination ,Set (Psychology) ,Business ,Health ,Health care industry - Abstract
2024 MAR 10 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA -- According to news reporting based on a preprint abstract, our [...]
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- 2024
12. Doomsurfing and doomscrolling mediate psychological distress in COVID-19 lockdown: Implications for awareness of cognitive biases
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Barkin, Jennifer L., Anand, Nitin, Sharma, Manoj Kumar, Thakur, Pranjali Chakraborty, Mondal, Ishita, Sahu, Maya, Singh, Priya, J., Ajith S., Kande, Jayesh Suresh, MS, Neeraj, and Singh, Ripudaman
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Set (Psychology) ,Stress (Psychology) ,Health ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Keywords: cognitive bias; doomscrolling; doomsurfing; healthy use of technology; psychological distress Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a significant increase in the consumption of the internet for work, leisure time activities, and has also generated substantial amounts of anxiety, and uncertainty, which has lead individuals to spend a lot of time surfing the internet for the latest news on developments in the COVID-19 crisis. This ends up as scrolling or surfing through a lot of pessimistic news items. This search for information during COVID-19 is apparently influenced by a number of cognitive biases as well as mediated by poor affect regulation skills. Thus, there is a need to address these cognitive biases and promote affect regulation strategies across health settings. Byline: Jennifer L. Barkin, Nitin Anand, Manoj Kumar Sharma, Pranjali Chakraborty Thakur, Ishita Mondal, Maya Sahu, Priya Singh, Ajith S. J., Jayesh Suresh Kande, Neeraj MS, Ripudaman Singh
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- 2022
13. Rechtliche Anforderungen an intelligentes und automatisiertes Technologiescouting — Technische Umsetzung unter Beachtung urheberrechtlicher und datenschutzrechtlicher Hürden.
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Müller-ter Jung, Marco and Rexin, Lewin
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TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,TECHNOLOGY ,INFORMATION retrieval ,LEGAL documents ,CHARTERS ,PERSONALLY identifiable information ,DATA warehousing ,PREPAREDNESS ,DATA protection ,SET (Psychology) - Abstract
The article reports that the technology radar automatically collects information about technology developments according to specified search criteria and makes this available to users in visual form. Topics include considered that relevant technologies for a topic are identified from a collection of topic-specific text documents and their technology readiness level is determined.
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- 2022
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14. Hindsight bias and outcome bias in judging directors' liability and the role of free will beliefs
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Strohmaier, Niek, Pluut, Helen, den Bos, Kees, Adriaanse, Jan, and Vriesendorp, Reinout
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Set (Psychology) ,Liability (Law) - Abstract
Abstract Following a corporate disaster such as bankruptcy, people in general and damaged parties, in particular, want to know what happened and whether the company's directors are to blame. The accurate assessment of directors' liability can be jeopardized by having to judge in hindsight with full knowledge of the adverse outcome. The present study investigates whether professional legal investigators such as judges and lawyers are affected by hindsight bias and outcome bias when evaluating directors' conduct in a bankruptcy case. Additionally, to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these biases, we also examine whether free will beliefs can predict susceptibility to hindsight bias and outcome bias in this context. In two studies (total N = 1,729), we demonstrate that legal professionals tend to judge a director's actions more negatively and perceive bankruptcy as more foreseeable in hindsight than in foresight and that these effects are significantly stronger for those who endorse the notion that humans have free will. This contribution is particularly timely considering the many companies that are currently going bankrupt or are facing bankruptcy amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Article Note: [Correction added on 16 November 2020, after first online publication: Misspelling in abstract corrected from 'COVD-19' to 'COVID-19'.] CAPTION(S): Supplementary Material Byline: Niek Strohmaier, Helen Pluut, Kees den Bos, Jan Adriaanse, Reinout Vriesendorp
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- 2021
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15. Outcome bias in self-evaluations: Quasi-experimental field evidence from Swiss driving license exams
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Meier, Pascal Flurin, Flepp, Raphael, Meier, Philippe, and Franck, Egon
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Set (Psychology) ,Automobile drivers' licenses ,Business ,Economics - Abstract
Keywords Outcome bias; Self-evaluation; Behavioral economics; Judgment; Regression discontinuity design Highlights * We examine whether people are outcome biased when self-evaluating their past decisions using field data from Swiss driving license exams. * We employ a quasi-experimental setting to address endogeneity concerns. * Candidates who narrowly passed the theoretical driving exam are significantly less likely to pass the subsequent practical driving exam compared to candidates who narrowly failed it. * Consistent with outcome bias, candidates who passed the theoretical exam are likely to prepare less for the practical exam. Abstract Exploiting a quasi-experimental field setting, we examine whether people are outcome biased when self-evaluating their past decisions. Using data from Swiss driving license exams, we find that candidates who narrowly passed the theoretical driving exam are significantly less likely to pass the subsequent practical driving exam -- which is taken several months after the theoretical exam -- than those who narrowly failed. Those candidates who passed the theoretical exam on their first attempt receive more objections regarding their momentary, on-the-spot decisions in the practical exam, consistent with the idea that the underlying behavioral difference is worse preparation. Author Affiliation: University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 14, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 3 March 2022; Revised 8 July 2022; Accepted 12 July 2022 Byline: Pascal Flurin Meier [pascal-flurin.meier@business.uzh.ch] (*), Raphael Flepp, Philippe Meier, Egon Franck
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- 2022
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16. Cognitive bias modification of inferential flexibility
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Perlman, Baruch and Mor, Nilly
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Set (Psychology) ,Psychology and mental health - Abstract
Keywords Cognitive style; Inferential flexibility; Cognitive bias modification; Rumination; Mood Highlights * We examine a cognitive bias modification procedure to increase inferential flexibility (shifting from negative to positive). * We found that inferential shifting can be trained, and training effects transferred to inferences for personal events. * Training to shift from negative to positive inferences improved mood and reduced rumination. * We discuss the use of CBM procedures to target the process of flexibility and change. Abstract This research examines the effects of a cognitive bias modification procedure for facilitating inferential flexibility, on inferences, mood, and state rumination. Participants were presented with training scenarios, followed by two consecutive inferences for each scenario. In the training condition, participants repeatedly practiced shifting from a negative inference to a positive one. But in the control condition, the two inferences were of the same valence and no shifting occurred. The training successfully promoted the intended inferential shift on new scenarios (d = 0.72). Moreover, trained participants shifted away more readily from negative inferences for a future negative personal event (d = 1) and generated less negative inferences for this event (d = 0.61). As expected, the trained inferential shift improved mood and reduced state rumination. We discuss the potential to minimize adverse effects of negative inferences by shifting away from them to more positive inferences. Author Affiliation: (a) Seymour Fox School of Education, Hebrew University, Israel (b) Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Israel * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 14 September 2021; Revised 13 May 2022; Accepted 21 May 2022 (footnote)[white star] This work was supported by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF 1761/18) awarded to Nilly Mor. Byline: Baruch Perlman [Baruch.Perlman@mail.huji.ac.il] (a,*), Nilly Mor (a,b)
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- 2022
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17. An Exploratory Study on the Employers' Perceptions of ICT Graduate work-readiness.
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Faisal, Nadia, Chadhar, Mehmood, Goriss-Hunter, Anitra, and Stranieri, Andrew
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INFORMATION & communication technologies ,GRADUATES ,SET (Psychology) ,COGNITIVE ability - Abstract
Drawing on information gathered from scoping interviews with graduate recruiters and industry experts in Australia, this study extends our understanding of how employers, rather than researchers, describe the desired work-ready skills for graduate/entry level roles in the Australian information and communication technology (ICT) industry. Contrary to the developing literature on work-readiness, the findings showed that the skills which contribute to work-readiness should not be limited to field-specific knowledge, skills and cognitive skills, but that they should be extended to include affective skills or personal attributes and behaviors, such as selfefficacy, willingness to learn, disposition, tolerance and integrity. Results have practical implications for developing academic programs aimed at enhancing cognitive and affective skills among IT graduates for employment potential and successful transition into work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
18. First- And Third-Person Video Co-Analysis By Learning Spatial-Temporal Joint Attention
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Huangyue Yu, Yunfei Liu, Feng Lu, and Minjie Cai
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Matching (statistics) ,Joint attention ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Applied Mathematics ,Transition (fiction) ,Computational Theory and Mathematics ,Artificial Intelligence ,Human–computer interaction ,Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ,Artificial intelligence ,Set (psychology) ,Representation (mathematics) ,Joint (audio engineering) ,business ,Feature learning ,Software ,Wearable technology - Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a tremendous increasing of first-person videos captured by wearable devices. Such videos record information from different perspectives than the traditional third-person view, and thus show a wide range of potential usages. However, techniques for analyzing videos from different views can be fundamentally different, not to mention co-analyzing on both views to explore the shared information. In this paper, we take the challenge of cross-view video co-analysis and deliver a novel learning-based method. At the core of our method is the notion of "joint attention", indicating the shared attention regions that link the corresponding views, and eventually guide the shared representation learning across views. To this end, we propose a multi-branch deep network, which extracts cross-view joint attention and shared representation from static frames with spatial constraints, in a self-supervised and simultaneous manner. In addition, by incorporating the temporal transition model of the joint attention, we obtain spatial-temporal joint attention that can robustly capture the essential information extending through time. Our method outperforms the state-of-the-art on the standard cross-view video matching tasks on public datasets. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the learnt joint information can benefit various applications through a set of qualitative and quantitative experiments.
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- 2023
19. Digital Transformation of Incumbent Firms: A Business Model Innovation Perspective
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Patrick Spieth, Christoph Klos, Christian Klusmann, and Thomas Clauss
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Knowledge management ,business.industry ,Strategy and Management ,Model transformation ,Value proposition ,Perspective (graphical) ,Digital transformation ,Value capture ,Business model ,Officer ,Business ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Set (psychology) ,computer ,computer.programming_language - Abstract
The literature argues that a real digital transformation of firms requires holistic changes of the business model. Despite knowledge about this ambitious goal, understanding of how digital business model transformation can be achieved is still very limited. In this article, we explore how firms achieve digital business model transformation. We apply a case study design to investigate how incumbents have changed their respective business model dimensions during digital transformation. Our findings center on interview data and complementary archival records from 15 cases. We present a framework for digital business model transformation along the dimensions of value proposition, value creation, and value capture. Our results emphasize the importance of a preparatory phase in which the strategic course is set. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that transforming a company's business model is most effective when a single person, namely the Chief Digital Officer, is responsible. Our findings contribute to the business model literature, by providing a more holistic view on how business model innovation can be utilized during digital transformation.
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- 2023
20. Peer Effects in the Adoption of a Youth Employment Subsidy
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Tomás Rau and Claudio A. Mora-García
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Microeconomics ,Economics and Econometrics ,Identification (information) ,Computer science ,Instrumental variable ,Assignment rule ,Subsidy ,Peer effects ,Set (psychology) ,Construct (philosophy) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
This paper studies the effects of peers on the adoption of a Youth Employment Subsidy in Chile since its inception. We examine the effects that former classmates' and coworkers' adoption have on one's adoption. Identification comes from discontinuities in the assignment rule that allow us to construct valid instrumental variables for peers' adoption. Using a comprehensive set of administrative records, we find that classmates and especially coworkers play significant roles in the adoption of the subsidy. Peer effects are determined during the early stages of the program's implementation and vary by network characteristics and the strength of network ties.
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- 2023
21. Tracing Truth and Rumor Diffusions Over Mobile Social Networks: Who are the Initiators?
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Guihai Chen, Huan Long, Chenghu Zhou, Shan Qu, Hui Xu, Luoyi Fu, and Xinbing Wang
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Task (computing) ,Theoretical computer science ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Computer science ,Similarity (psychology) ,Stability (learning theory) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Tracing ,Rumor ,Set (psychology) ,Software ,Outcome (probability) ,Variety (cybernetics) - Abstract
As a huge variety of information floods pouring over us each day, identifying the authenticity of massive events becomes a necessary task to maintain the stability of Mobile Social Networks (MSNs). With this regard, this paper proposes a diffusion model that characterizes the simultaneous diffusion of both truth and rumor in realistic MSNs, and makes the first attempt to figure out their respective sources. The problem of interest can be stated as: Given an outcome of cascade of both truth and rumor in MSNs, i.e., a set of nodes that might be the ignorant, the spreader of truth or rumor, or simply the silent receiver, how can we infer both truth sources and rumor sources Different from previous sources detection works considering single type of nodes, the interplay between truth diffusions and rumor diffusions makes the conventional methods not work. To answer this question, we aim to maximize the similarity index, i.e., the number of nodes possessing the same states between the resulting network triggered by our estimated sources with the proposed diffusion model and the given observation network.i much harder to find two kinds of sets at the same time, including truth sources and rumor sources
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- 2023
22. The Making of Convergence: Knowledge Reuse, Boundary Spanning, and the Formation of the ICT Industry
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Georg von Krogh, Joakim Björkdahl, Fredrik Hacklin, and Martin W. Wallin
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Microfoundation ,convergence ,Knowledge management ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Strategy and Management ,Boundary spanning ,Strategy ,Information technology ,Technology development ,Reuse ,Bibliometrics ,Bibliometric ,Making-of ,Information and communication technology (ICT) ,information and communication technology (ICT) ,microfoundation ,strategy ,technology development ,Information and Communications Technology ,004: Informatik ,Convergence (relationship) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Set (psychology) - Abstract
While mastering technology and industry convergence are essential for firms across a growing number of industries, convergence is often rapid and abrupt, challenging firms to develop appropriate strategic responses. Focusing on the historical convergence between information technology and communication technology, we examine the microlevel behaviors of scientists initiating and driving convergence. Analyzing a bibliometric dataset of 257 641 scientific articles, we demonstrate how industry convergence manifests in a microlevel scientific convergence, preceding industry convergence by several decades. Our article contributes to the literature on convergence by developing new bibliometric measures for scientific convergence, and by contrasting microlevel behaviors that underpin convergence. Based on our findings, we offer a set of methods and strategies to assist managers in technology-based businesses with anticipating and responding to convergence in a timely manner., IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 70 (4), ISSN:0018-9391, ISSN:1558-0040
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- 2023
23. They should have known: Hindsight and outcome biases in child abduction cases
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McDermott, Christine M., Miller, Monica K., and DeVault, Alicia
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Set (Psychology) ,Emergency communication systems ,Kidnapping ,Psychology and mental health ,Sociology and social work - Abstract
Keywords: AMBER Alert system; child abduction; cognitive errors; crime control theater (CCT); hindsight bias; outcome bias Abstract Two cognitive biases might partially account for public support of the ineffective AMBER Alert system. Hindsight bias is a cognitive error in which people with outcome knowledge overestimate the likelihood that this particular outcome would occur; outcome bias is an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision once the outcome is known. Two experiments assessed whether hindsight and outcome bias occur in child abduction scenarios. Study 1 was a pre/posttest experiment that examined whether hindsight bias occurs in situations in which the identity of the abductor (stranger or parent) is manipulated between groups, and all participants are told the child was killed. Study 2, a between-subjects experiment, examined whether hindsight and outcome biases occur in situations in which no AMBER Alert was issued (because the situation did not meet the legal requirements to issue an Alert), and manipulated the identity of the abductor and the outcome (child safely returned, killed, or not outcome provided). Hindsight and outcome biases occurred in both studies, given the correct set of circumstances. Abductor identity also impacted outcome estimates. Results from the two studies indicate that hindsight and outcome bias occur, but this is dependent on the outcome (child killed, child returned safely, no outcome provided) and the identity of the abductor (stranger, dangerous parent, non-dangerous parent). Limitations and future directions are discussed. Byline: Christine M. McDermott, Monica K. Miller, Alicia DeVault
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- 2020
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24. The influence of early maternal care on perceptual attentional set shifting and stress reactivity in adult rats.
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Sakhai, Samuel A, Saxton, Katherine, and Francis, Darlene D
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Brain ,Animals ,Rats ,Rats ,Long-Evans ,Corticosterone ,Receptors ,Glucocorticoid ,Behavior ,Animal ,Stress ,Psychological ,Maternal Behavior ,Set (Psychology) ,Attention ,Male ,Stress ,Physiological ,HPA axis ,cognition ,maternal programming ,medial prefrontal cortex ,rat ,stress ,training ,Behavioral Science & Comparative Psychology ,Psychology ,Cognitive Sciences - Abstract
Stress influences a wide variety of outcomes including cognitive processing. In the rat, early life maternal care can influence developing offspring to affect both stress reactivity and cognitive processes in adulthood. The current study assessed if variations in early life maternal care can influence cognitive performance on a task, the ability to switch cognitive sets, dependent on the medial prefrontal cortex. Early in life, offspring was reared under High or Low maternal Licking conditions. As adults, they were trained daily and then tested on an attentional set-shifting task (ASST), which targets cognitive flexibility in rodents. Stress-sensitive behavioral and neural markers were assayed before and after the ASST. High and Low Licking offspring performed equally well on the ASST despite initial, but not later, differences in stress axis functioning. These results suggest that early life maternal care does not impact the accuracy of attentional set-shifting in rats. These findings may be of particular importance for those interested in the relationship between early life experience and adult cognitive function.
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- 2016
25. Mothers' perspectives and engagements in supporting children's readiness and transition to primary school in Indonesia.
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Fridani, Lara
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SET (Psychology) ,PRIMARY schools ,FOCUS groups ,SCHOOL children ,MOTHERS ,SCHOOL facilities - Abstract
The purpose of this research is to analyse the nature of mothers' perspectives and engagements in supporting children's readiness and transition to primary school. This research considers how mothers in Indonesia prioritise certain aspects of school readiness and implement these in practice. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach. There were 35 mothers who agreed to take part in the FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The results showed that there were three key variables that emerged from mothers' perspectives and engagements in supporting their children, those are academic skills urgency, practical issues and mothers' expectations toward school. The findings of this study have demonstrated that most mothers focused on teaching academic skills with the aim of making their children be ready to learn subjects in primary school. This study concluded with directions for informing mothers to facilitate children with experiences that prepare them for the transition. The importance of collaboration with teachers is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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26. Investigating the Role of Governmental Factors Affecting Social Capital (Case Study: Iraqi Kurdistan).
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Khayati, Chiman
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SOCIAL capital ,SET (Psychology) ,COLLECTIVE action ,HYPOTHESIS ,ACQUISITION of data - Abstract
Social capital is a latent wealth and property arising from a society's members' mental and psychological readiness to give up personal interests and engage in collective action. Social capital is a form of capital that potentially exists in all human societies. For flourishing and actualizing social capital, factors must be transformed, and special conditions must be satisfied that are seldom and difficult to meet. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the strengthening of social capital through the role of government. The study was applied research, and in terms of data collection method, it was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of the study was the citizens of Iraqi Kurdistan in 2020. One thousand subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Content validity and measurement model results were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of measurement tools. The questionnaires’ validity and reliability results were confirmed. Structural equation modeling through Smart PLS 3 was used for data analysis. The hypothesis testing results showed that the economy, geography and environment, and culture and society would strengthen social capital through government. According to the value obtained for the model fit index, 0.54, the overall model’s goodness of fit was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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27. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Researcher Details Findings in Vaccines (Mapping the Cognitive Biases Related to Vaccination: A Scoping Review of the Literature)
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Vaccination ,Medical research ,Medicine, Experimental ,Set (Psychology) ,Decision-making ,Health - Abstract
2023 DEC 27 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Vaccine Weekly -- Researchers detail new data in vaccines. According to news originating from New Delhi, India, by [...]
- Published
- 2023
28. Weill Cornell Medicine Researchers Publish Findings in Medical Education (Using an experiential learning model to teach clinical reasoning theory and cognitive bias: an evaluation of a first-year medical student curriculum)
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Reasoning ,Medical students ,Set (Psychology) ,Medical personnel -- Training ,Experiential learning ,Business ,Health ,Health care industry - Abstract
2023 DEC 17 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA -- Data detailed on medical education have been presented. According to [...]
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- 2023
29. Studies from German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in the Area of Science Described (Development of an IntelliCage-based cognitive bias test for mice [version 2; peer review: 2 approved])
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Animal welfare ,Set (Psychology) ,Risk assessment ,Health ,Science and technology - Abstract
2023 OCT 20 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Science Letter -- A new study on science is now available. According to news originating from Berlin, Germany, [...]
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- 2023
30. Progress bias versus status quo bias in the ethics of emerging science and technology
- Author
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Hofmann, Bjorn
- Subjects
Ethical aspects ,Ethics ,Technology and society ,Cognitive biases ,Technology and civilization ,Set (Psychology) - Abstract
Keywords: attitudes; optimism; pessimism; psychology; skepticism; status quo bias Abstract How should we handle ethical issues related to emerging science and technology in a rational way? This is a crucial issue in our time. On the one hand, there is great optimism with respect to technology. On the other, there is pessimism. As both perspectives are based on scarce evidence, they may appear speculative and irrational. Against the pessimistic perspective to emerging technology, it has been forcefully argued that there is a status quo bias (SQB) fuelling irrational attitudes to emergent science and technology and greatly hampering useful development and implementation. Therefore, this article starts by analysing the SQB using human enhancement as a case study. It reveals that SQB may not be as prominent in restricting the implementation of emergent technologies as claimed in the ethics literature, because SQB (a) is fuelled by other and weaker drivers than those addressed in the literature, (b) is at best one amongst many drivers of attitudes towards emergent science and technology, and (c) may not be a particularly prominent driver of irrational decision-making. While recognizing that SQB can be one driver behind pessimism, this article investigates other and counteracting forces that may be as strong as SQB. Progress bias is suggested as a generic term for the various drivers of unwarranted science and technology optimism. Based on this analysis, a test for avoiding or reducing this progress bias is proposed. Accordingly, we should recognize and avoid a broad range of biases in the assessment of emerging and existing science and technology in order to promote an open and transparent deliberation. Byline: Bjorn Hofmann
- Published
- 2020
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31. Return to sport after hip arthroscopy: are you ready?
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Wörner, Tobias, Thorborg, Kristian, Webster, Kate E., Stålman, Anders, and Eek, Frida
- Subjects
- *
ARTHROSCOPY , *HIP surgery , *SPORTS injuries , *SPORTS , *SET (Psychology) - Abstract
The authors consider alternative explanations as to why some patients may or may not return to sport (RTS) following hip arthroscopy. They discuss the important predictors of RTS, psychological readiness to RTS, and the use of Hip-Return to Sport after Injury scale (Hip-RSI) to measure and follow the development of psychological readiness to RTS in patients who have undergone hip arthroscopy.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Selecting Top Bureaucrats: Admission Exams and Performance in Brazil
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Thiago Scot, Ricardo Dahis, and Laura Schiavon
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Actuarial science ,Incentive ,Organizational economics ,Job performance ,Public service delivery ,Civil service ,Business ,Variation (game tree) ,Set (psychology) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
In the absence of strong incentive schemes, public service delivery crucially depends on bureaucrat selection. Despite being widely adopted by governments to screen candidates, it is unclear whether civil service examinations can predict job performance. This paper investigates this question by focusing on a highly prestigious and influential set of bureaucrats in Brazil: state judges. We first explore data on judges' monthly output and cross-court movement to separately identify what share of observed performance is explained by judges and courts. We estimate that judges account for at least 23% of the observed variation in the number of cases disposed. Using a novel data set on examinations, we then show that, within cohorts of candidates taking the same exam, those with higher grades perform better than their lower-ranked peers. Our results suggest that competitive examinations can be an effective way to screen candidates, even among highly qualified contenders.
- Published
- 2023
33. Word meaning in minds and machines
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Brenden M. Lake and Gregory L. Murphy
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FOS: Computer and information sciences ,Cognitive science ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,PsycINFO ,Semantics ,Machine Learning (cs.LG) ,Comprehension ,Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) ,Similarity (psychology) ,Meaning (existential) ,Association (psychology) ,Set (psychology) ,Psychology ,Computation and Language (cs.CL) ,Priming (psychology) ,General Psychology - Abstract
Machines have achieved a broad and growing set of linguistic competencies, thanks to recent progress in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Psychologists have shown increasing interest in such models, comparing their output to psychological judgments such as similarity, association, priming, and comprehension, raising the question of whether the models could serve as psychological theories. In this article, we compare how humans and machines represent the meaning of words. We argue that contemporary NLP systems are fairly successful models of human word similarity, but they fall short in many other respects. Current models are too strongly linked to the text-based patterns in large corpora, and too weakly linked to the desires, goals, and beliefs that people express through words. Word meanings must also be grounded in perception and action and be capable of flexible combinations in ways that current systems are not. We discuss more promising approaches to grounding NLP systems and argue that they will be more successful with a more human-like, conceptual basis for word meaning., Comment: In press at Psychological Review
- Published
- 2023
34. Investigating financial decision-making when facing skewed distributions of return: A survey study in Vietnam
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Thi Nha Truc Phan, Philippe Bertrand, Xuan Vinh Vo, and Kirsten Jones
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Finance ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Cumulative prospect theory ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Rationality ,Cognitive bias ,Lottery ,Ranking ,0502 economics and business ,050207 economics ,Set (psychology) ,Psychology ,business ,Preference (economics) ,Expected utility hypothesis - Abstract
This study investigates the relevance of behavioural finance to decision making. Studies suggest that human decision making is not always rational. This paper examines three behavioural financial theories: expected utility, optimal expectation, and cumulative prospect theory, to test financial decision-making when facing skewed distribution in Vietnam. A survey was conducted using lottery tickets, with six questions divided into three pairs. Each pair was aligned with one set of theories, and the questions selected allowed conclusions to be drawn to explain participants' behaviour. The experiment tested 321 people from a variety of age ranges, genders and occupations. Findings show that gender and ages do not significantly impact the decision-making process. However, they explain the preference of participants who appear to be behaving irrationally but do show some rationality when facing the skewed distribution of return. Decision-makers look for all the possible probability payoffs and choose the best outcome with the low-frequency distribution. They follow optimal expectation and cumulative prospect theory ranking the increasing order payoff valued by the parameter and support the cumulative prospect theory set out by Tversky and Kahneman (1992) , showing "cognitive biases" and demonstrating that individuals routinely make decisions that contradict reasonable logic The behavioural finance theory is again proven to be crucial. It strongly complements the standard financial theory. Individuals show heuristic behaviour when decision making in random situations especially when facing skewed distribution.
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- 2023
35. Analyzing the Public Opinion as a Guide for Renewable-Energy Status in Malaysia: A Case Study
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Atika Qazi, Usman Naseem, Fayaz Hussain, Chiranjib Bhowmik, Abayomi-Alli Adebayo, Abdu Gumaei, Shuiqing Yang, and Mabrook Al-Rakhami
- Subjects
Expectancy theory ,Value (ethics) ,business.industry ,Strategy and Management ,Sentiment analysis ,TOPSIS ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Environmental economics ,Multiple-criteria decision analysis ,Public opinion ,business ,Robustness (economics) ,Set (psychology) - Abstract
The risk of fossil fuels escalating the discussion of renewable-energy sources (RES) for a cleaner environment coupled with campaigns to promote it. Therefore, the focus of this article is twofold. First, in this article, we propose a model to investigate the mediating role of awareness in the intention to accept RES. The study consists of a unified theory of acceptance and the use of technology and a set of four hypotheses. Second, an integrated MCDM method is applied based on the entropy TOPSIS to select the optimum RES alternative. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis of the weight shows the robustness of the proposed integrated model and the public perception of RES is analyzed using sentiment analysis. As a part of a sufficient survey, data were collected from 300 plus people in an urban area of Malaysia and online global reports. The results indicate that awareness plays a mediating role leading to public opinions and performance expectancy for the acceptance of RES. Besides, the results reveal that biomass is the most appropriate clean energy source, having the highest score value assessed. The research in the field is lacking; however, utilizing public feedback and sentiments, the findings of this article will help effective policy and decision making.
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- 2023
36. A Core Outcome Set for Seamless, Standardized Evaluation of Innovative Surgical Procedures and Devices (COHESIVE)
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Nicholas Wilson, Christin Hoffmann, Shelley Potter, Sarah Squire, Patient representative, Uk, Jane M Blazeby, Alan Thomas, Patient representative, Uk, Angus G K McNair, Kerry N L Avery, Rhiannon C Macefield, Pete Wheatstone, Patient representative, Uk, and UK Neurosurgery
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operative ,Medical education ,device approval ,business.industry ,Delphi method ,Stakeholder ,Context (language use) ,core outcome set ,Outcome (game theory) ,Transparency (behavior) ,surgical procedures ,law.invention ,Core (game theory) ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Delphi technique ,Medicine ,Surgery ,business ,Set (psychology) ,outcome assessment - Abstract
Objective: To develop a core outcome set (COS), an agreed minimum set of outcomes to measure and report in all studies evaluating the introduction and evaluation of novel surgical techniques.Summary Background Data: Agreement on the key outcomes to measure and report for safe and efficient surgical innovation is lacking, hindering transparency and risking patient harm.Methods: (I) Generation of a list of outcome domains from published innovation-specific literature, policy/regulatory body documents, and surgeon interviews; (II) Prioritization of identified outcome domains using an international, multi-stakeholder Delphi survey; (III) Consensus meeting to agree the final COS. Participants were international stakeholders, including patients/public, surgeons, device manufacturers, regulators, trialists, methodologists and journal editors.Results: 7,972 verbatim outcomes were identified, categorized into 32 domains, and formatted into survey items/questions. 410 international participants (220 professionals, 190 patients/public) completed at least one round 1 survey item, of which 153 (69.5%) professionals and 116 (61.1%) patients completed at least one round 2 item. 12 outcomes were scored ‘consensus in’ (‘very important’ by ≥70% of patients and professionals) and 20 ‘no consensus’. A consensus meeting, involving 19 professionals and 10 patient/public representatives, led to agreement on a final 8-domain COS. Six domains are specific to a surgical innovation context: modifications, unexpected disadvantages, device problems, technical procedure success, whether the overall desired effect was achieved, surgeons’/operators’ experience. Two domains relate to intended benefits and expected disadvantages.Conclusions: The COS is recommended for use in all studies prior to definitive RCT evaluation to promote safe, transparent, and efficient surgical innovation.
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- 2023
37. Self-Supervised Learning of Person-Specific Facial Dynamics for Automatic Personality Recognition
- Author
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Siyang Song, Georgios Tzimiropoulos, Linlin Shen, Shashank Jaiswal, Michel Valstar, and Enrique Sanchez
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business.industry ,Computer science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Rank (computer programming) ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Facial recognition system ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Face (geometry) ,Task analysis ,Personality ,Artificial intelligence ,Big Five personality traits ,business ,Set (psychology) ,Representation (mathematics) ,computer ,Software ,media_common - Abstract
This paper aims to solve two important issues that frequently occur in existing automatic personality analysis systems: 1. Attempting to use very short video segments or even single frames to infer personality traits; 2. Lack of methods to encode person-specific facial dynamics for personality recognition. Hence, we proposes a novel Rank Loss which utilizes the natural temporal evolution of facial actions, rather than personality labels, for self-supervised learning of facial dynamics. Our approach first trains a generic U-net model that can infer general facial dynamics learned from unlabelled face videos. Then, the generic model is frozen, and a set of intermediate filters are incorporated into this architecture. The self-supervised learning is then resumed with only person-specific videos. This way, the learned filters' weights are person-specific, making them a valuable source for modeling person-specific facial dynamics. We then concatenate the weights of the learned filters as a person-specific representation, which can be directly used to predict the personality traits without needing other parts of the network. We evaluate the proposed approach on both self-reported personality and apparent personality datasets. Besides achieving promising results in personality trait estimation from videos, we show that fusion of tasks reaches highest accuracy, and that multi-scale dynamics are more informative than single-scale dynamics.
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- 2023
38. Spontaneous and directed attention to number and proportion
- Author
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Hurst, Michelle, Boyer, Ty, and Cordes, Sara
- Subjects
Linguistics and Language ,Matching (statistics) ,Absolute number ,Sample (material) ,Statistics ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Subset and superset ,Decision process ,Dimension (data warehouse) ,Set (psychology) ,Psychology ,Language and Linguistics ,Task (project management) - Abstract
Although difficulties processing both symbolic and nonsymbolic proportion compared with absolute number are well established, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigate four potential explanations to account for better number processing in adulthood: (a) number is more salient than proportion, (b) number is encoded more automatically than proportion, (c) proportion is more effortfully processed than number, and (d) number competes with proportion during decision making. Across three experiments, we used a delayed match-to-sample paradigm in which adults were asked which of two alternatives matched a sample set of red and blue dots. We systematically manipulated which dimension of the sample participants matched (number of red dots, total number of dots, proportion of red dots), the presence/absence of the competing quantity in the choice alternatives, and when they were told which quantitative dimension to encode (before vs. after the sample presentation, or not at all). Overall, data reveal that proportion was less salient than the numerical subset. Additionally, the number of items within the subset, but not the total number of items in the superset, interfered with proportion-based responding. Last, even in the absence of response competition and costly task demands, proportion matching took longer than number matching, highlighting basic processing differences. Together, results reveal pervasive difficulties in representing proportion compared with number, even when task demands are unambiguous. However, this varied depending on the numerical set involved and across encoding, processing, and decision processes. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of ratio processing and of quantity more generally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2023
39. The computation intelligent system of role of parental leadership in organizational familiarity in Iraqi Airways employees
- Author
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Marwan Thakir Abed
- Subjects
Harmony (color) ,Authoritarian leadership style ,Employee morale ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Sample (statistics) ,Organizational Affiliation ,General Medicine ,Set (psychology) ,Objectivity (science) ,Psychology ,Empowerment ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
The research aimed to know the effect of parental leadership represented by (benevolent leadership, moral leadership, and authoritarian leadership) found in the research sample, in the organizational familiarity (employee morale, empowerment, and objective merit), the research relied on the questionnaire as a key instrument to collect the necessary data to meet its goal. As (60) forms were distributed to find the level of availability of parental leadership and organizational harmony, while (56) forms were retrieved. A set of statistical methods were used, represented by normal distribution, stability factor (Alpha Kronbach), reliability, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and coefficient Simple correlation Pearson, multiple regression coefficient. The results showed that there is a positive correlation and effect relationship with statistically significant between parental leadership with its dimensions (benevolent leadership, moral leadership, authoritarian leadership) and organizational affiliation with its dimensions (employee morale, empowerment, and merit's Objectivity), and the research showed a direct impact relationship between parental leadership and the organizational affiliation of the studied sample. Accordingly, the research concluded that the study sample should pay attention to the nature and type of empowering workers in order to give them freedom and independence in making decisions regarding the tasks assigned to them.
- Published
- 2023
40. Smart Emotion Recognition Framework: A Secured IoVT Perspective
- Author
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Pushpita Chatterjee, Amrit Mukherjee, Deepak Kumar Jain, Waleed S. Alnumay, and Pavan Paikrao
- Subjects
business.industry ,Computer science ,Speech recognition ,Confusion matrix ,Motion capture ,Computer Science Applications ,Human-Computer Interaction ,Speech enhancement ,Background noise ,Hardware and Architecture ,The Internet ,Mel-frequency cepstrum ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Set (psychology) ,business ,Environmental noise - Abstract
The promise of automated-driving cars cause the automotive and consumer electronics (CE) sector to rethink what it means to drive, but the relationship between the car and the consumer. Recent trend in Internet of Vehicle Things (IoVT) promotes robust interactions in between humans and vehicles which altimetry points to enhance human abilities such as hearing or emotion awareness as a part of safety concern. The voice-based interactions (speech recognition, stress monitoring) will improve in-time awareness of the vehicle status. Unfortunately, the existing modulation domain speech enhancement techniques achieve low satisfactory performance in detecting humans stress emotions where the environmental noise is inevitable and varies with every passing location of vehicle. In this direction, we propose frontend processing framework, in particular to stress emotion detection cases in different non-stationary noisy environments. This study encompasses three Inter-related issues: (i) analysis, modification, and synthesis of noisy speech emotion in modulation domain in realtime background noise, (ii) extracting set of Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) features from noisy speech stimuli for speech emotion recognition, and (iii) evaluation of overall system performance by means of objective parameters, and confusion matrix in adverse environments using speech emotion database Interactive Emotional Dyadic Motion Capture (IEMOCAP)
- Published
- 2023
41. Innovative teaching and learning strategies for materials engineering education
- Author
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G. Renuka
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Quality education ,Context (language use) ,General Medicine ,Innovative teaching ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Quality (business) ,Engineering ethics ,Set (psychology) ,business ,Quality assurance ,media_common - Abstract
To promote quality education and esteem engineered services and to provide quality engineering education by including innovating teaching-learning practices are presented in this paper. Conveys our teaching values, goals and beliefs to wider learners and provides a set of criteria and standards to evaluate the quality of our teaching. To help my students acquire skills, I engage them in learning by explaining the context of the subjects, their importance and their implementation in the real world.
- Published
- 2023
42. A Probabilistic Analysis of Cyber Risks
- Author
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Marshall A. Kuypers and M. Elisabeth Paté-Cornell
- Subjects
Password ,Cost–benefit analysis ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Strategy and Management ,Probabilistic logic ,Probabilistic method ,Risk analysis (engineering) ,Probabilistic analysis of algorithms ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Set (psychology) ,business ,Heuristics ,Risk management - Abstract
Cyber risk affects all organizations. Cyber risk management has generally been based on the heuristics and the availability of protective tools, such as firewalls and passwords. Only recently have there been quantitative analyses of these tools’ costs and benefits. This article presents a probabilistic method based on the existing data in an organization and on their extension to assess the probabilities of new attack scenarios. The objective is to set priorities among risk management measures and to optimize the allocation of limited resources. The model is illustrated first by a statistical analysis of 60 000 incidents, such as lost or stolen laptops, over six years in a specific organization. This analysis is then expanded to the probabilistic domain to cover threats that have not occurred yet. This requires a systematic construction of new attack scenarios and an assessment both of their probability of success and of subsequent losses. The conjunction of statistics and probabilities of more extreme scenarios yields full risk curves. These curves represent the overall cyber risk for the organization and its insurers and unable assessment of the benefits of a spectrum of protective options.
- Published
- 2023
43. The contribution of the subthalamic nucleus to executive functions in rat
- Author
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Xia, Shuang and Brown, Verity Joy
- Subjects
612.8 ,Response control ,Set-shifting ,Inhibition ,Subthalamic nucleus ,QP383.3X5 ,Subthalamus--Physiology ,Executive functions (Neuropsychology) ,Set (Psychology) ,Inhibition ,Rats--Behavior - Abstract
Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) alleviate the cardinal signs of idiopathic as well as MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in primates. For this reason, the STN is a target for clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease using deep brain stimulation. Despite its small size, the STN plays a vital role in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network. However, the functional features of the STN have yet to be fully uncovered. The research presented in this thesis examines the functions of the STN by measuring behavioural changes resulting from STN lesions in rats performing executive abilities. In the first experiment, a ‘signal change' reaction time task was developed and the performance of humans and rats was compared. The main findings were that although humans and rats used different strategies in the task, the task did challenge the ability to inhibit unwanted responses. In the second and third experiments, the effects of bilateral lesions of the STN on performance of two variants of the ‘signal change' task were examined. Rats with the STN lesions were able to inhibit responses when under stimulus control, but were less able to inhibit responses that were not under stimulus control. In the final experiment, the effects of lesions of the STN on inhibitory control in a nonmotor, cognitive domain were examined. Rats with STN lesions were not impaired on reversal learning, suggesting intact inhibition of previously rewarded responses. The rats with STN lesions did show impairments in selective attention which resulted in an inability to form an attentional set. Together, these findings challenge the conventional view that the STN simply plays a global inhibitory role. Rather, the contribution of the STN to inhibitory control is more complex and neither the motor nor the cognitive effects of the lesions are easily explained simply as a failure of inhibition.
- Published
- 2014
44. Omission bias in children's and adults' moral judgments of lies
- Author
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Hayashi, Hajimu and Mizuta, Nanaka
- Subjects
Cognitive biases ,Middle and junior high school students ,Elementary school students ,Set (Psychology) ,Junior high school students - Abstract
Keywords Omission bias; Moral judgment; Lying; Lies of commission; Lies of omission; Omission Highlights * We examined omission bias in moral judgments of lies. * Children aged 8/9 and 11/12 and adults made moral judgments about lies of commission and omission to conceal transgressions. * Omission bias in moral judgments of lies occurred irrespective of age. * The magnitude of omission bias in adults was stronger for the scenarios that benefited self and for those in concealing deliberate transgressions. Abstract This study examined whether omission bias occurs in moral judgments of lies. Omission bias is the tendency to judge acts of commission as morally worse than equivalent acts of omission. Children aged 8 and 9 years (third graders) and 11 and 12 years (sixth graders), as well as adults, made moral judgments about lies of commission and omission to conceal transgressions. Descriptions of four scenarios varied in terms of whether the protagonists lied to benefit themselves or others and whether the transgression was deliberate or accidental. The results showed that both age groups of children, as well as adults, judged that lies of commission were morally worse than lies of omission in all four scenarios, indicating that omission bias clearly occurs in moral judgments of lies. However, there were age differences in the magnitude of omission bias. Third and sixth graders generally showed omission bias of the same magnitude for all scenarios, whereas omission bias in adults was stronger for the scenarios that benefited self rather than others and for scenarios in which deliberate transgressions, rather than accidental ones, were concealed. These results reveal differences in moral judgments of lies between middle childhood and adulthood.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Normative responding on cognitive bias tasks: Some evidence for a weak rationality factor that is mostly explained by numeracy and actively open-minded thinking
- Author
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Erceg, Nikola, Galic, Zvonimir, and Bubic, Andreja
- Subjects
Cognitive biases ,Career development ,Job satisfaction ,Set (Psychology) - Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Nastavení mysli [2]
- Author
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Carol Dwecková and Carol Dwecková
- Subjects
- Attitude (Psychology), Success, Set (Psychology), Motivation (Psychology), Belief and doubt, Success--Psychological aspects, Self-perception
- Abstract
>> „Těžko hledat lepší důkazní materiál pro starou pravdu, že všechno jde, když se chce.“ – JÁN SIMKANIČ, novinář a publicista << # O knize Světoznámá psycholožka Carol Dwecková působící na Stanfordově univerzitě přišla po desetiletích bádání se skutečně převratnou myšlenkou – upozornila na moc, kterou má nastavení naší mysli. Dwecková je přesvědčená, že za úspěchem nestojí zdaleka pouze naše schopnosti a talent, ale také to, zda přistupujeme ke svým cílům s fixním nebo s růstovým nastavením mysli. Odhaluje, co všichni skvělí rodiče, učitelé, ředitelé firem a sportovci už vědí, a ukazuje, jak může jednoduchá myšlenka týkající se mozku napomoci lásce k učení a nezlomnosti, které jsou základem úspěchu ve všech oblastech života. Aktualizované vydání autorka doplnila o nové informace, které vyplynuly z jejího dalšího studia nastavení mysli nejen lidí, ale i organizací. # V knize se dozvíte: - Jaký je rozdíl mezi dvěma typy nastavení mysli - Že je možné změnit vlastní schopnosti a změnit se jako člověk - Co spojuje výjimečné studenty - Jaké nastavení mysli vládne na vašem pracovišti - Proč někteří lidé umějí budovat trvalé a uspokojivé vztahy - Jak motivovat děti a pomoci jim zlepšit se nejen ve škole - Že růstově nastavené mohou být také celé firmy a organizace # O autorce CAROL S. DWECKOVÁ, Ph.D., je považována za jednu z předních badatelek v oblasti zkoumání osobnosti a sociální a vývojové psychologie. Působí na Stanfordově univerzitě a je členkou Americké akademie umění a věd. Její texty vycházejí v časopisech The New Yorker a Time či v denících New York Times, Washington Post a Boston Globe. # Více o knize http://melvil.cz/kniha-nastaveni-mysli Diskutujte o knize s hashtagem #nastavenimysli
- Published
- 2017
47. Convolutional-Recurrent Neural Networks With Multiple Attention Mechanisms for Speech Emotion Recognition
- Author
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Xinzhou Xu, Cairong Zou, Huawei Tao, Pengxu Jiang, and Li Zhao
- Subjects
Recurrent neural network ,Artificial neural network ,Artificial Intelligence ,Computer science ,Speech recognition ,Emotion recognition ,Layer (object-oriented design) ,Set (psychology) ,Convolutional neural network ,Software - Abstract
Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) aims to endow machines with the intelligence in perceiving latent affective components from speech. However, the existing works on deep-learning-based SER make it difficult to jointly consider time-frequency and sequential information in speech due to their structures, which may lead to deficiencies in exploring reasonable local emotional representations. In this regard, we propose a Convolutional-Recurrent Neural Network with Multiple Attention mechanisms (CRNN-MA) for SER in this paper, including paralleled Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) modules, using extracted Mel-spectrums and frame-level features respectively, in order to acquire time-frequency and sequential information simultaneously. Further, we set three strategies for the proposed CRNN-MA: A multiple self-attention layer in the CNN module on frame-level weights, a multi-dimensional attention layer as the input features of the LSTM, and a fusion layer summarizing the features of the two modules. Experimental results on three conventional SER corpora demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach through using the convolutional-recurrent and multiple-attention modules, compared with other related models and existing state-of-the-art approaches.
- Published
- 2022
48. End-to-End Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning With Integrated Subgoal Discovery
- Author
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Ah-Hwee Tan, Shubham Pateria, Chai Quek, and Budhitama Subagdja
- Subjects
Hierarchy (mathematics) ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Computer science ,Heuristic ,business.industry ,Control (management) ,Space (commercial competition) ,Computer Science Applications ,Domain (software engineering) ,Deep Learning ,End-to-end principle ,Artificial Intelligence ,Learning ,Reinforcement learning ,Neural Networks, Computer ,Artificial intelligence ,Set (psychology) ,business ,Reinforcement, Psychology ,Software ,Probability - Abstract
Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) is a promising approach to perform long-horizon goal-reaching tasks by decomposing the goals into subgoals. In a holistic HRL paradigm, an agent must autonomously discover such subgoals and also learn a hierarchy of policies that uses them to reach the goals. Recently introduced end-to-end HRL methods accomplish this by using the higher-level policy in the hierarchy to directly search the useful subgoals in a continuous subgoal space. However, learning such a policy may be challenging when the subgoal space is large. We propose integrated discovery of salient subgoals (LIDOSS), an end-to-end HRL method with an integrated subgoal discovery heuristic that reduces the search space of the higher-level policy, by explicitly focusing on the subgoals that have a greater probability of occurrence on various state-transition trajectories leading to the goal. We evaluate LIDOSS on a set of continuous control tasks in the MuJoCo domain against hierarchical actor critic (HAC), a state-of-the-art end-to-end HRL method. The results show that LIDOSS attains better goal achievement rates than HAC in most of the tasks.
- Published
- 2022
49. Retailer Inventory Sharing in Two-Tier Supply Chains: An Experimental Investigation
- Author
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Rihuan Huang, Andrew M. Davis, and Douglas J. Thomas
- Subjects
Upstream (petroleum industry) ,History ,Polymers and Plastics ,business.industry ,Supply chain ,Strategy and Management ,Distribution (economics) ,ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,Downstream (manufacturing) ,Key (cryptography) ,Business ,Risk pool ,Random demand ,Business and International Management ,Set (psychology) ,Industrial organization - Abstract
When multiple retailers hold inventory to satisfy random demand, retailer inventory-sharing strategies can potentially reduce the supply-demand mismatch and increase overall supply chain performance. In this paper, we experimentally investigate alternative inventory-sharing strategies in a two-tier supply chain with an upstream manufacturer and two downstream retailers. In one setting, retailers act as if they are centralized and use a single quantity to fulfill joint demand. In the other, retailers are decentralized and face separate demands, but they can transfer inventory after demands are realized. In this latter decentralized scenario, we also consider whether the manufacturer or retailers have decision authority over the inventory transfer price. One key result is that when the retailers are decentralized and the manufacturer sets the transfer price, both retailers and the manufacturer earn higher profits than in the centralized retailer strategy, which runs counter to theory. We also find that when retailers are decentralized and set their own transfer price, the most equitable distribution of profits is achieved. In an effort to account for these results, we find that a model of fairness captures decisions well. Overall, by investigating how different inventory-sharing strategies affect the distribution of profits in a two-tier supply chain, our results provide guidance to firms considering how, if at all, they should enter such arrangements. This paper was accepted by Jay Swaminathan, operations management. Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from Cornell University and the University of Virginia. Supplemental Material: The data files and electronic companion are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4323 .
- Published
- 2022
50. Emotion and threat detection: The roles of affect and conceptual knowledge
- Author
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Karen S. Quigley, Jolie B. Wormwood, and Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject ,Emotions ,Strict constructionism ,Fear ,PsycINFO ,Anger ,Affect (psychology) ,Humans ,Arousal ,Psychology ,Set (psychology) ,Control (linguistics) ,High arousal ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated that angry participants exhibit biased threat detection whereby they are more likely to misidentify neutral objects as guns. Yet, it is unclear whether independent components of anger, such as conceptual knowledge about anger or the affective features of an anger instance, could lead to altered bias alone. Consistent with constructionist theories of emotion, the present set of two experiments demonstrates that threat-detection bias only differs significantly between participants in an emergent-anger condition, who had engaged both components of anger (i.e., conceptual knowledge of anger and negative, high arousal affect), and participants in a control condition, who had engaged neither. Study 2 demonstrates that this pattern of findings also extends to another threat-relevant emotional state (i.e., fear). Implications for studying anger and fear, and emotions more generally, as constructed mental experiences are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2022
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