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INTRODUCTION 1736 I. WHY APPLY THE RULES TO BENCH TRIALS? 1740 A. Reasons for Applying the Rules 1741 B. Reasons for Not Applying the Rules, and Responses 1745 1. The [...]

This article explores the relationships between sensation and embodiment alongside notions of exchange, economics, and collectivity in the postexilic writings of Haggai, Malachi, and Zech 1-8. I use the term embodied economics to describe how these texts envision the Judean community and its sensory-laden relations in terms of collection, exchange, and debt. This combination of economic and affective valences has critical implications for understanding the parameters of the prophetic task, of international relating, and especially the precise nature of Judean collectivity. In the history of scholarship, Haggai especially has been castigated for its 'materialist' or 'nationalistic' content. By contrast, the framework of embodiment invites the reader to think in a more textured way about the complex economic networks of deprivation, collection, and deferred satisfaction pictured in these texts. The idea of embodied economics illuminates the specific and consequential means by which the Judeans may constitute a legible, pleasing, and desirable collective within the postexilic prophetic imagination., I want to give you something, or I want to take something from you. But I want to feel the exchange, the warm hand on the shoulder, the song coming [...]

A correction was made to the e-First version of this paper on 2 March 2022 prior to the final issue publication. The current online and print versions are identical and both contain the correction. Taxonomic bias, resulting in some taxa receiving more attention than others, has been shown to persist throughout history. Such bias in primary biodiversity data needs to be addressed because the data are vital to environmental management. This study reviews taxonomic bias in South African primary biodiversity data obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The focus was specifically on animal classes, and regression analysis was used to assess the influence of scientific interest and cultural salience on taxonomic bias. A higher resolution analysis of the two explanatory variables' influence on taxonomic bias is conducted using a generalised linear model on a subset of herpetofaunal families from the focal classes. Furthermore, the potential effects of cultural salience and scientific interest on a taxon's extinction risk are investigated. The findings show that taxonomic bias in South Africa's primary biodiversity data has similarities with global scale taxonomic bias. Among animal classes, there is strong bias towards birds while classes such as Polychaeta and Maxillopoda are under-represented. Cultural salience has a stronger influence on taxonomic bias than scientific interest. It is, however, unclear how these explanatory variables may influence the extinction risk of taxa. We recommend that taxonomic bias can be reduced if primary biodiversity data collection has a range of targets that guide (but do not limit) accumulation of species occurrence records per habitat. Within this range, a lower target of species occurrence records accommodates species that are difficult to detect. The upper target means occurrence records for any species are less urgent but nonetheless useful and thus data collection efforts can focus on species with fewer occurrence records. Key words: biodiversity hotspot, biomonitoring, conservation, surrogate species, taxonomic chauvinism. Il a ete demontre que le biais taxonomique, qui fait que certains taxons recoivent plus d'attention que d'autres, persiste a travers l'histoire. Ce type de biais dans les donnees primaires de biodiversite doit etre aborde, car ces donnees sont vitales pour la gestion de l'environnement. Cette etude examine le biais taxonomique dans les donnees primaires de biodiversite d'Afrique du Sud obtenues aupres du Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). L'accent est mis sur les classes d'animaux, et une analyse de regression est utilisee pour evaluer l'influence de l'interet scientifique et de la pregnance culturelle sur le biais taxonomique. Une analyse a plus haute resolution de l'influence des deux variables explicatives sur le biais taxonomique est menee a l'aide d'un modele lineaire generalise sur un sous-ensemble de familles herpetofauniques de classes focales. En outre, les effets potentiels de la pregnance culturelle et de l'interet scientifique sur le risque d'extinction d'un taxon sont etudies. Les resultats montrent que le biais taxonomique des donnees primaires sur la biodiversite en Afrique du Sud presente des similarites avec le biais taxonomique a l'echelle mondiale. Parmi les classes d'animaux, il existe un fort biais en faveur des oiseaux, tandis que des classes telles que les Polychaeta et les Maxillopoda sont sous-representees. La pregnance culturelle a une plus grande influence sur le biais taxonomique que l'interet scientifique. Cependant, la maniere dont ces variables explicatives peuvent influencer le risque d'extinction des taxons n'est pas claire. Les auteurs recommandent que le biais taxonomique puisse etre reduit si la collecte de donnees primaires sur la biodiversite est assortie d'une serie de cibles qui guident (sans la limiter) l'accumulation d'enregistrements d'occurrence d'especes par habitat. a l'interieur de cette fourchette, une cible inferieure de releves d'occurrence d'especes permet de prendre en compte les especes difficiles a detecter. La cible superieure signifie que les releves d'occurrence d'une espece sont moins urgents, mais neanmoins utiles et que les efforts de collecte de donnees peuvent donc se concentrer sur les especes ayant moins de releves d'occurrence. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : point nevralgique de la biodiversite, biosurveillance, conservation, especes substitutives, chauvinisme taxonomique., Background Primary biodiversity data reflects the knowledge and practices in the study of biodiversity (Troudet et al. 2017) and consists of species occurrence records (Soberon and Peterson 2004). These occurrence [...]

In the cued criterion recognition paradigm (Stretch & Wixted, 1998b), trial-by-trial memory strength-based criterion shifts have been an elusive phenomenon. Often the criterion shifts do not occur. We suggest that the frequent failure in making criterion shifts in the literature is caused by participants' failure to understand the rationale of the task as typically presented in an abstract format. In this study, participants studied words once or thrice and were asked at test to either classify the probes into 'new,' 'seen once,' or 'seen 3 times' categories by pressing the corresponding keys or to make an old/new binary decision followed by an item presentation frequency, confidence, or a memory quality judgment. No memory strength cues were provided, and only one set of new items served as distractors for strong and weak targets. Robust trial-by-trial criterion shift was observed. We concluded that no cues distinguishing between strong and weak probes are necessary for obtaining this type of criterion shift when the tasks are designed to make good pragmatic sense for the participants. The reason why this type of criterion shift is typically hard to obtain in the cued criterion paradigm is not that the process itself is difficult but that the cued criterion method is hard for the participants to understand. KEYWORDS: criterion setting in recognition, criterion shifts in recognition, strength-based criterion shift, mixed-strength list test, Decision making and criterion setting are inseparable parts of memory in general and of recognition memory in particular (Cho & Neely, 2013; Healy & Jones, 1973; Healy & Kubovy, 1978; [...]

Psychology and economics (together known as behavioral economics) are two prominent disciplines underlying many theories in marketing. The extensive marketing literature documents consumers' nonrational behavior even though behavioral biases might not always be consistently termed or formally described. In this review, we identify and synthesize empirical research on behavioral biases in marketing. We document the key findings according to three classes of deviations (i.e., nonstandard preferences, nonstandard beliefs, and nonstandard decision making) and the four phases of consumer purchase decision making (i.e., need recognition, pre-purchase, purchase, and post-purchase). Our organizing framework allows us to (1) synthesize instructive marketing papers in a concise and meaningful manner and (2) identify connections and differences within and across categories in both dimensions. In our review, we discuss specific implications for management and avenues for future research., Author(s): Katharina Dowling [sup.1] , Daniel Guhl [sup.2] , Daniel Klapper [sup.2] , Martin Spann [sup.1] , Lucas Stich [sup.1] , Narine Yegoryan [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5252.0, 0000 0004 [...]

Previous research has demonstrated irrational asymmetry in belief updating: people tend to take into account good news and neglect bad news. Contradicting formal learning principles, belief updates were on average larger after better-than-expected information than after worse-than-expected information. In the present study, typically developing subjects demonstrated this optimism bias in self-referential judgments. In contrast, adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were significantly less biased when updating self-referential beliefs (each group n = 21, matched for age, gender and IQ). These findings indicate a weaker influence of self-enhancing motives on prospective judgments in ASD. Reduced susceptibility to emotional and motivational biases in reasoning in ASD could elucidate impairments of social cognition, but may also confer important cognitive benefits., Author(s): Bojana Kuzmanovic [sup.1] [sup.2] , Lionel Rigoux [sup.1] [sup.3] , Kai Vogeley [sup.4] [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research Cologne, Translational Neurocircuitry Group, , 50931, [...]

Abstract. When algorithms use data generated by human beings, they inherit the errors stemming from human biases, which likely diminishes their performance. We examine the design and value of a [...]

Abstract. This paper uses a large-scale field experiment in India to study attitudinal, behavioral, and cognitive constraints that can stymie the link between financial education and financial outcomes. The study [...]

Abstract. We examine the role of teamwork within the top executive teams in generating management forecasts. Using social connections within the executive team to capture the team's interaction, cooperation, and [...]

Abstract. Crowdsourcing relies on online platforms to connect a community of users to perform specific tasks. However, without appropriate control, the behavior of the online community might not align with [...]

Abstract. Facing purchase choice involving ambiguity in product quality, consumers behave in a boundedly rational manner. Consumers also exhibit varying degrees of predisposition toward a product. We present a simple [...]

Abstract. Although firms are leveraging weather conditions in promotions, they struggle to quantify the impact. This study exploits field experiment data on weather-based mobile promotions with over six million users. [...]

Abstract. This research studies the effect of disconfirmation--the discrepancy between the expected and experienced assessment of the same product--on the behavior of consumers leaving online product reviews. We propose a [...]

In the 2001 cinema classic Bubble Boy, Jake Gyllenhaal's character, Jimmy, is forced by his mother to live inside a system of plastic tubes and bubbles, ostensibly because he was [...]

We focus on the role of the opportunity cost in the choice for entrepreneurship in favor of wage employment, that is, the wages given up as an employee. We argue [...]

We implement a gym-attendance incentive intervention and elicit subjects' predictions of their postintervention attendance. We find that subjects greatly overpredict future attendance, which we interpret as evidence of partial naivete with respect to present bias. We find a significant postintervention attendance increase, which we interpret as habit formation, and which subjects appear not to predict ex ante. These results are consistent with a model of projection bias with respect to habit formation. Neither the intervention incentives, nor the small posttreatment incentives involved in our elicitation mechanism, appear to crowd out existing intrinsic motivation. The combination of naivete and projection bias in gym attendance can help to explain limited take-up of commitment devices by dynamically inconsistent agents, and points to new forms of contracts. Alternative explanations of our results are discussed. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2091 Keywords: behavioral economics; experimental economics; habit formation; present bias; projection bias History: Received May 14, 2013; accepted September 5, 2014, by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics., 1. Introduction Individuals routinely make intertemporal decisions that require them to predict how their preferences, beliefs, and constraints will change over time. For example, if one is deciding today whether [...]

Rising obesity prevalence in the United States has led public health experts to propose solutions to what is frequently called an 'obesity epidemic.' Obesity prevalence has doubled over the past [...]

This paper tests the assumption that evaluators are biased to positively evaluate high-status individuals, 1 irrespective of quality Using unique data from Major League Baseball umpires' evaluation of pitch quality, which allow us to observe the difference in a pitch's objective quality and in its perceived quality as judged by the umpire, we show that umpires are more likely to overrecognize quality by expanding the strike zone, and less likely to undetTecognize quality by missing pitches in the strike zone for high-status pitchers. Ambiguity and the pitcher's reputation as a 'control pitcher' moderate the effect of status on umpire judgment. Furthermore, we show that umpire errors resulting from status bias lead to actual performance differences for the pitcher and team. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.1967. Keywords: status; bias; organizational studies; decision making History: Received October 28, 2013; accepted March 9, 2014, by Jesper Sorensen, organizations. Published online in Articles in Advance May 5, 2014., Introduction Social scientists have long understood status to be an indicator of hierarchical position and prestige that helps individuals and organizations procure resources and opportunities for advancement (e.g., Whyte 1943, [...]

Granted, Behavioral Economics has demonstrated that 'people' (implying all) are unable to act as strong definitions of rationality assume. Their cognitive limitations are 'hard wired'. However Behavioral Economics' own data show that important segments of the population find 'the' rational answer to choices posed to them. How do these findings square with the thesis that limitations are hard wired and universal? And, more attention should be paid to the extent to which various people deviate from the rational choice, and--whether training can improve performance despite the claim that flaws are hard wired. Keywords Behavioral economics * Rationality * Training * Methodology, This article argues that (a) behavioral economics (BE) has produced an unusually robust body of evidence about human deliberations and decision making (in short, choice behavior); that (b) this body [...]

We employ the individual-opportunity nexus perspective to conceptualize entrepreneurial commitment of academic scientists as the pursuit and attainment of external grant funding. We develop and test a model of network [...]

III. MAKING A CASE FOR AN APPEARANCE STANDARD IN NORTH CAROLINA Although the ABA Committee on Judicial Ethics did not explicitly rely upon the social psychology theories of cognitive bias [...]

The ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct and the judicial codes of conduct in nearly every jurisdiction admonish judges to avoid the appearance of impropriety. The North Carolina Code of [...]

ABSTRACT Work in philosophy of religion exhibits at least four symptoms of poor health: it is too partisan, too polemical, too narrow in its focus, and too often evaluated using [...]

This article explores how several subtle issues concerning political judgments raised in Harry Potter are reflected in contemporary policy making. Using Rowling's story as a starting point, we show that findings on systematic errors in judgment--or cognitive biases--studied in psychology and behavioral economics can lead to repeated misjudgments that obstruct sound policy prioritization. We examine several cognitive principles that (1) influence how decisions are made under conditions of uncertainty and (2) explain why some predictions underpinning those decisions can run quite seriously awry. These operate in both Harry's fictional world and the current policy approaches to climate change, counterterrorism, obesity, and immigration. We emphasize the need for policy makers and citizens to be more acutely aware of the kinds and scope of repeated errors in judgment that rational choice models cannot fully explain or predict. Finally, we note how cognitive bias might be potentially reduced in certain collective decision-making strategies. Keywords: Cognitive Biases, Heuristics, Policy, Prospect Theory, Threat Assessment, Decision Making, Harry Potter, Political Psychology, Anchoring, Framing, Rationality, Climate Change, Obesity, Immigration, Tversky and Kahneman. Este articulo explora como ciertos temas relacionados con las decisiones politicas en Harry Potter se reflejan en la toma de decisiones politicas. Usando las historias de Rowling como punto de partida, mostramos como los errores sistemdticos en la toma de decisiones--o errores cognitivos--estudiados en psicologia y economia conductual pueden provocar errores sistemdticos que impiden una priorizacion adecuada en politicas publicas. Examinamos principios cognitivos que (1) influencian la toma de decisiones bajo incertidumbre; y (2) explican por que las predicciones usadas para tomar esas decisiones pueden estar severamente equivocadas. Estos errores intervienen en el mundo ficticio de Harry y en los enfoques politicos actuales hacia el cambio climdtico, la prevencion del terrorismo, obesidad e inmigracion. Resaltamos la obligacion de los legisladores y ciudadanos de estar mds conscientes de estos errores sistemdticos que las teorias de racionalidad no logran explicar o predecir. Por ultimo, sugerimos como estos errores pueden ser reducidos en ciertos contextos de toma de decisiones grupales., Harry Potter, an eleven-year-old orphan, has just learned he is a wizard whose parents were killed by Lord Voldemort when he was a year old. Harry should have suffered the [...]