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This article deals with an unreliable bulk arrival single server queue rendering two-heterogeneous optional repeated service (THORS) with delayed repair, under Bernoulli Vacation Schedule (BVS) and N-policy. For this model, the joint distribution of the server’s state and queue length are derived under both elapsed and remaining times. Further, probability generating function (PGF) of the queue size distribution along with the mean system size of the model are determined for any arbitrary time point and service completion epoch, besides various pivotal system characteristics. A suitable linear cost structure of the underlying model is developed, and with the help of a difference operator, a locally optimal N-policy at a lower cost is obtained. Finally, numerical experiments have been carried out in support of the theory.

The public policy field generally answers the question as to what a government should or should not do. In the case of Palestine, the Water Reform Process has however been characterized by a gap be...

In this paper, we describe how to analyze and design the accelerated life test plans to improve the quality and reliability of the item. We focus on estimating the costs of maintenance service poli...

Radiology services are an integrated part of overall health services. Radiology is a supporting examination to establish disease diagnosis and provide prompt and appropriate therapy for patients. Analysis of the results of radiology at the Condong Catur Hospital found that an average of 74 (86.80%) files from patients were in accordance with the standards and 12 files from patients (13.20%) were not in accordance with predetermined standards. These problems will interfere with the service quality and performance of the hospital. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the Minimum Service Standards or Standar Pelayanan Minimal (SPM) Policy of the radiology unit at the Condong Catur Hospital Yogyakarta. This type of research is qualitative with a case study design. The key informants were radiographers, medical doctor of radiology specialists, and chief medical officer. Data collection methods consisted of observation methods, in-depth interviews and documentaries. This research shows that the policies and commitments have been formed, but the resources are only sufficient for the minimum requirement. The application has referred to the radiology service policy, bureaucratic structure, compliance with clinical practice guidelines and standard operating procedures. Process components that support the success of radiology services are the disposition (attitude) and communication patterns between top management and staff in implementing SPM for radiology services that have been running quite well, but some have not reached the target. The suggestion of this research is that the management always socializes minimum service standards policy and standard operating procedures radiology to improve radiology services.

Обслуживание является одним из наиболее важных элементов стратегии компании. Это существенно влияет на уровень отношений и лояльность клиентов. Цель статьи – проанализировать возможности и обозначить важность сервисной политики предприятия как конкурентного преимущества. Қызмет көрсету компания стратегиясының маңызды элементтерінің бірі болып табылады. Бұл қарым-қатынас деңгейіне және клиенттердің адалдығына айтарлықтай әсер етеді. Мақаланың мақсаты – кәсіпорынның сервистік саясатының мүмкіндіктерін және маңыздылығын анықтап бәсекелестік артықшылық ретінде талдау. Service is one of the most important elements of the company's strategy. This significantly affects the level of relationships and customer loyalty. The purpose of the article is to analyze the opportunities and identify the importance of the company's service policy as a competitive advantage.

Garbage is a problem faced by almost all countries in the world. Increasing the volume of waste requires good and effective management. In Makassar City, waste management is regulated by the Regional Regulation Number 4 Year 2011 concerning Waste Management, which can be said to be a responsive regional regulation because it has accommodated the involvement of various parties, especially the community and the business world in waste management in Makassar City. The local government of Makassar City determines two types of solid waste or cleaning service policies, namely the Communal Service Policy (Indirect Service Policy) and Individual Service Policy (Direct Service Policy). Effective waste management in Makassar City is measured by the form of services provided by the government and the fulfillment of solid waste facilities and infrastructure in Makassar City. In terms of services, these services are provided every day by the local government of Makassar City through their apparatus. Then regarding the facilities and infrastructure, the Makassar City Government has made efforts to fulfill all facilities and infrastructure, especially related to waste transportation

Pagar Alam City is one of the cities prone to disasters. So, the public health centre or we used to call it Puskesmas as the first aid health centre must be eligible. This research is used to formulate policies of Puskesmas eligibility, based on disaster mitigation of Dempo volcano eruption with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis. This eligible policy was Prepared using health workers, facilities and infrastructure and service systems as the main criteria. Furthermore, from these criteria, alternative policy choices have been agreed as follows: Improving the quality and readiness of the health workers (40.2%), arranging mobilization and placement of health resources (20.9%), creating a network of health services (12.5%), developing a health service system for disaster preparedness (8.5%), Increasing the cross-sectoral sector or between the institutions related to NGOs or the private sector (6.3%), developing Puskesmas Disaster Plans (4.7%), Increasing the capacity of facilities and infrastructure of Puskesmas in Pagar Alam City (4,1%), and the Healthy Community Empowerment (2.7%). This third priority can be implemented through strategy or implementation so that Puskesmas can carry out their role as optimal first aid services.

The focus of the study discusses the implementation of a one-stop integrated service City policy in Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the implementation of a one-stop integrated service policy in Kendari City. The concept used is the theory of policy implementation presented by George Edwards III that the dimensions of policy implementation are: 1) communication, 2) resources, 3) disposition and 4) bureaucratic structure. The method used is descriptive qualitative with an inductive approach. The models used in analyzing the data through data reduction, the data presentation, and drawing Conclusions. Based on the results of research that the Office of Investment and Integrated Services of the One Door of the City of Kendari in the implementation of the One Door Integrated Services Policy can be Categorized as not good yet. This can be seen from the four dimensions of research, there are 3 (three) dimensions that are not good items, namely the dimensions of Communication, Disposition, and Bureaucratic Structure. Keywords: Implementation, Policy, Public Services, One Stop Integrated Services

This study aims to analyze the market structure and application of company policies in the photography industry in Bandar Lampung City and their effects on business performance. The first analytical tool used is the Herfindahl Index and Market Share to measure the market structure. Second, correlation analysis to measure the relationship between market structure and the achievement of targets for the implementation of company policy. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis to measure the effect of the target achievement of the implementation of company policy on business performance. The results showed that: (1). The structure of the photography industry market in Bandar Lampung City is a monopolistic competition market with a Herfindahl Index = 0.06103 approaching 0; (2). The market structure has a low correlation with the achievement of the target of applying price policy Rxy

Purpose of the stydy . To study the Features of the technological component of the Ivanovo region health system policy in malignant tumors early diagnosis Materials and methods . The base of the research is the Ivanovo Regional Oncology Dispensery, Department of Health of the Ivanovo Region. Methods: sociological, expert assessment, analytical, documentary. The assessment of the technological component of oncological service policy was carried out in the three areas: a) an assessment of the quality of oncological assistance using the method of correspondence examination of completed cases of assistance with filling out expert assessment cards (600 cases of assistance); b) an assessment of patients' satisfaction with the help provided by the method of a sociological questionnaire survey (600 patients); c) an assessment of the apparent patients' dissatisfaction with the help provided based on the analysis of justified complaints (30 people). Results . The expertize of oncological medical services provided showed that there is a decrease in a number of its properties in modern conditions. The first ranking places in terms of the frequency of violations belong to the following properties of medical services quality: timeliness; adequacy; continuity; performance, availability. In the structure of medical and organizational defects in the quality of care, according to the results of expert evaluation, the leading part of them- 70.5% — is occupied by diagnostic defects (non-compliance by the medical personnel with the oncological screening standard, non-use of instrumental and laboratory research methods). Conclusion . The policy of oncological care quality has signs of decrease (the number of diagnostic and medical-organi­zational defects averages 1.7 for each case of diagnosed cancer), which leads to advanced cases of oncopathology. The results of the study showed that the current system of oncological care in modern conditions is not sufficiently effective and requires improvement, including by increasing the doctors' level of cancer alertness, increasing the efficiency of the regional cancer pathology commissions.

PurposeThis paper aims to study the mixed after-sales service which simultaneously offers return and replacement services. The authors develop a model to propose what kind of after-sales service the firm should choose and how to make the after-sales service policy to improve the profit. The study aims to extend the literature on the mixed after-sales service and give some support to the managers to make decisions.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors use the optimization modeling method to describe the situations of a firm offering two exclusive after-sales service policies and a mixed after-sales service policy, respectively. They compare the results in different cases and analyze the impact of different parameters on the boundary values and other results. Finally, the authors include three numerical examples to illustrate the major results.FindingsThe authors find that the mixed after-sales service can successfully segment the market, meet various customers’ distinct needs and differentiate the service prices to improve the total profit. Moreover, the authors find the boundary values which indicate the optimal interval for each service. Then, for a certain situation, they can clearly tell which after-sales service dominates and provides the optimal selling price, order quantity and total profit. Besides, the authors show the impact of different parameters on the boundary values and other results.Originality/valueThis paper combines after-sales service into traditional models and provides a new mixed service to segment the market and improve total revenue. It provides some managerial implications for the decision-makers.

This paper is dedicated to the cafeteria problem: given a single waiter operating multiple counters for different dishes arranged along a line and a set of customers with given subsets of dishes they desire, find a sequence of customers, which may not overtake each other, and a service schedule for the waiter, such that the makespan is minimized. This generic problem is shown to have different real-world applications in order picking with blocking restrictions. We present different heuristic and exact solution procedures for both problem parts, i.e., customer sequencing and waiter scheduling, and systematically compare these approaches. Our computational results reveal that the largest performance gains are enabled by not strictly processing order after order. Instead, the waiter should be allowed to flexibly swap between customers waiting along the line. Such a flexible service policy considerably reduces the makespan and the total walking distance of the waiter.

The article analyzes the experience of leading countries in implementing the service policy of the state (Great Britain, France, Germany, Malaysia, etc.) in order to identify effective practices for reforming state policy in the context of its service orientation. The Charter of the Citizen (UK) was adopted in 1991 and was a 10-year improvement program of the public services quality. The main principles of the Charter (standards; openness; choice; politeness and courtesy; providing services properly; efficiency and low cost) were observed. Moreover, the «Charter on the delivery of public services» (France, 1992) is researched. It presented basic principles of work regulation of French civil service on the basis of equality, impartiality and continuity, as well as new principles of activities, as a reaction to changes in expectations and demands of the population, the emergence of consumers’ new needs and requests, the need for transparency and accountability, simplicity and accessibility.It is proved that the Services Consumer Charter for Public Services in Belgium (1993) is an example of a comprehensive program that seeks to improve the relationship between state bodies and institutions on the one hand and the population - customers and consumers (clients) of services - on the other one.Analysis of mantioned above and other charters helps to detect the main tasks of the public service systems reforms, in particular: increasing the efficiency of public services and reducing the cost for their delivery; deliivery of services to citizens of the proper quality; reduced deadlines for preparing responses to requests of citizens; conducting external audits to provide creation of a system aimed at continuous improvement; emphasis on achieving results, but their planning; better definition of work processes; improving the quality of informing citizens about public services delivery; openness and transparency of authorities activities; liberalization of licensing institutions; implementation of the «e-government».A characteristic feature of reforming the system of public services delivery in the countries taken under consideration is detected. This is a duration of this process. The explanation of the long terms of the reforms in the sphere increasing the efficiency of the public sector lies in the complexity and scope of the set goals and objectives, and also in a large number of parties involved in the reform process. The further research of the problematic can be dealt with analysis of the state, quality, and special features of the domestic reforms dedicated to the state service policy implementation.

The policy of payment for forest environmental services (PFES) has been implemented in Vietnam since 2011 and in Hoa Binh province since 2013. This policy has had certain impacts on improvement of local people living standard as well as on forest protection and development. Based on secondary and primary information collected in Mai Chau district, Da Bac district and Hoa Binh city, this paper analyzes the economic, social and environmental impacts of PFES on the forestry sector in general and forest owners in particular. The study showed that although money that was received from PFES by households was very small in their overall income, revenue of Commune People’s Committees communities was so large that it could help them to purchase equipment for forest protection and development. Thanks to PFES, forest area and forest cover rate of Hoa Binh province have been markedly increased.

Introduction: In Brazil, the right to health has a constitutional and universal provision. However, the judicial route has been widely used to access health goods and services. Objective: To analyze the lawsuits of medicines filed by citizens of a Brazilian municipality. Methods: Quantitative and retrospective study evaluating 652 lawsuits filed in 2016 conducted in Uruguaiana, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The information was made available by the State Department of Health. Results: 55.5% of lawsuits filed were related to drugs provided by the public health system Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). 44.5% did not fit into the guidelines of the Brazilian Policy for Pharmaceutical Services. Most of the lawsuits were filed by women over 60 years old. Regarding the therapeutic classification, the most requested drugs were for the nervous system. The most described pathological condition according to the ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) was Diabetes Mellitus. Conclusion: These data corroborate the situation found in other parts of the country, demonstrating the need to reorganize the Pharmaceutical Service Policy to ensure universal and equitable access to medicines, as described in the Federal Constitution.

Hazing has been a persistent issue over the generations and across organization-type. For many, the default solution is zero-tolerance. Zero-tolerance was originally developed as a U.S. Customs Service Policy in 1986. Attorney Peter Nunez first issued zero-tolerance policies for federal and state agencies to seize boats and vehicles transporting illegal drugs. By 1988, zero-tolerance policies were applied to a broad range of issues and conduct. Zero-tolerance is generally intended to express the unacceptance of targeted behaviors that, if committed, will be severely punished; this is no matter how major or minor. In this article, I explore the persistence of zero-tolerance policies as a remedial measure for hazing (Part I), why it is a failed approach (Part II), and how institutions and organizations could shift to a more effective approach (Part III).

International audience; The long-term efficiency of transport operator profit and the benefits for passengers conduce to opposite results. Actually, intervention by previous decision-makers to pursue one of the two goals generate opposite results on the other, forcing decision-makers to a difficult trade-off. The aim of this work is to provide a model that analyses, in an integrated perspective, operation and Service Policies (SPs), making an appropriate synthesis on both policies. This work proposes a cost-model formulation to optimize the merged operation and SPs to improve the current exploitation strategies according the service and maintenance activities. The proposed work is based on the following approaches : (i) a numerical model for the operation policy to determine the profit value of different working periods ; (ii) a stochastic process for the passenger flow that considers the uncertainty of passenger travel to compute the benefits according to their travel time ; and (iii) a cost-based optimization to bring together the operation and SPs. Finally, the proposed optimization model is applied to a massive urban ropeway operation of a public transportation system, in which the current SPs has been evaluated, considering the established transportation operation.

Mobility services facilitate various tasks related to transportation and passenger movements. Because of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the importance of mobility services has been recognized by many countries. Thus, research is ongoing to provide more convenience to passengers and to obtain more efficient transportation systems. In the Republic of Korea, the officials of Gyeonggi Province are interested in providing an advanced mobility service to its residents, however, they still do not have any specific or detailed policies. This study aimed at deriving the key issues facing mobility services, especially in the case of Gyeonggi Province, by using a text mining technique and a clustering algorithm. First, a survey was taken by traffic and urban experts to collect reasonable plans for Gyeonggi-Province-type mobility service, and a morpheme analysis was then used for text mining. Second, the results reveal that the term frequency&ndash, inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm has better performance than frequency analysis. Third, the K-means application results in six clusters and six mobility service policy issues were determined by combining the words in each cluster. Finally, the methodology confirmed the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method by showing that the results reflect the current situation in the province.

UK national guidelines in 2016 recommended that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) should be offered to patients with early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We review the establishment of an OSCC SLNB service with specific consideration to resources, service implications and patient outcomes. A review of processes was performed to identify key stages in establishing the service, and subsequently a retrospective cohort study consisting of 46 consecutive patients with T1/T2 N0 OSCC was undertaken. The key stages identified were: coordinating a nuclear medicine pathway and reliable cost-appropriate pathology service, constructing a Trust business case, and gaining approval of a new interventional service policy. A median (range) of 3.3 (1-8) sentinel nodes (SLN) were removed, with 17 patients having a positive SLN. The negative predictive value of SLNB was 100%, with 12 having a SLN outside the field if elective neck dissection (END) was planned. There was a significantly increased risk of a positive SLN with increasing depth of invasion (DOI) (p=0.007) and increased diameter (p=0.036). We also identified a longer-than-ideal time to completion neck dissection and inadequate ultrasound follow up of negative SLNB patients. Establishment of a service requires careful planning. Our results were in keeping with those reported in the literature, and showed that SLNB for OSCC has a high negative predictive value and can identify at-risk SLN outside the traditional END levels, even in well-lateralised tumours. Our findings show that DOI and size of SLN were significantly associated with a positive SLN, and also identified areas requiring improvement.

Objectives. The study aimed to determine the perception of program administrators and students on the implementation of return service agreement (RSA) in the Philippines. It examined the different components of, and opportunities, and challenges in the implementation of RSA of selected institutions. Methods. Key informant interviews using a topic guide were conducted with ten program administrators and student representatives from selected institutions implementing a return service policy. Interviews were transcribed and responses in Filipino were translated to English. Open coding and focused coding were performed to identify categories and themes from the interview transcripts. Results. Addressing human resource for health (HRH) needs of the country is a common rationale behind RSA implementation among the institutions sampled for the study. A notable difference in implementation arrangements is the manner of rendering service. Majority of RSA programs require promisors to be employed in any part of the Philippines in need of health workers, while other RSA programs recruit students from rural areas in order to deploy them later on in their hometowns. There is also an apparent lack of institutionalized mechanisms for job placement for students to fulfill their return service obligations. One challenge in most institutions is the need for a formal monitoring and evaluation scheme for the policy. Conclusion. Integration of the voice of stakeholders is critical in the conceptualization, development, and implementation of RSA policies. This will ensure that issues attendant to operationalization are mitigated if not outrightly avoided.