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1. Aerosol complex refractive index retrieval in the Paris urban area and its forested surroundings during the ACROSS field campaign: variability and constraint for direct radiative effect estimation in regional models

Author

Ludovico Di Antonio, Claudia Di Biagio, Matthias Beekmann, Aline Gratien, Paola Formenti, Astrid Bauville, Antonin Bérge, Joel Ferreira de Brito, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Barbara D’Anna, David Owen De Haan, Olivier Favez, Cecile Gaimoz, Olivier Garret, Leila N. Hawkins, Julien Kammer, Brigitte Language, Franck Maisonneuve, Griša Močnik, Anne Monod, Gael Noyalet, Diana Pereira, Sebastien Perrier, Jean-Eudes Petit, Drew Pronovost, Véronique Riffault, Sydney Riley, Matthieu Riva, Marwa Shahin, Guillaume Siour, Brice Temime-Roussel, Chenjie Yu, Pascal Zapf, Gilles Foret, Jean-François Doussin, Christopher Cantrell, and Vincent Michoud

Abstract

The complex refractive index (CRI) is one of the key parameter driving aerosol spectral optical properties and direct radiative effects (DRE). Its value and spectral variation under different conditions, such as anthropogenic− and biogenic−dominated environments and anthropogenic−biogenic mixing situations, remains not fully understood. As a consequence, oversimplified representations of aerosol optical properties are generally used in climate models. Therefore, measurements of aerosol CRI in different environments and their inclusion in models are needed. The field observations from the ACROSS campaign, performed in June-July 2022 in the Ile de France region, are used in this study to deepen the knowledge of aerosol optical properties, aiming to improve the aerosol representation in the CHIMERE model and provide the best constraint for DRE simulations. Measurements obtained both at the Paris city center and the Rambouilllet rural forest sites during ACROSS are considered, in order to explore the CRI variability from anthropogenic−dominated to biogenic−dominated environments, including anthropogenic−biogenic mixing situations. The CRI retrievals at seven different wavelengths, performed by combining the Mie theory with optical and size distribution measurements, are representative of different atmospheric conditions, aerosol loadings as well as type and chemical compositions. In fact, the June-July 2022 period was characterized by highly diversified weather conditions: 1) two strong heatwaves, promoting SOA build-up and favoring the export of the Paris pollution plume towards the forest site; 2) Saharan dust events transported from the upper atmosphere to the ground; 3) biomass burning episode; 4) periods with reduced anthropogenic influence. The CRI retrievals under these different conditions and their link to particulate chemical composition is investigated. Hence, the CRI dataset presented here constitutes a unique dataset from which models can benefit to validate and constrain simulations and DRE estimations, under both urban and biogenic emissions influence. These data, in conjunction with those from the aircraft observations during ACROSS, are used to initialize and perform sensitivity studies on the aerosol DRE, using the CHIMERE−WRF coupled model, the OPTSIM model for the aerosol optical properties and the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs (RRTMG).Keywords: Complex refractive index, direct radiative effect, aerosol mixing, urban, forest

Published
2023
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2. New observations of climate-relevant properties of atmospheric aerosols in Namibia, southern Africa

Author

François Hemeret, Paola Formenti, Claudia Di-Biagio, Brigitte Language, Servanne Chevaillier, Anaïs Féron, Mathieu Cazaunau, Raquel Torres-Sánchez, Stuart Piketh, François Engelbrecht, Raeesa Moolla, Ulrich Bezuidenhoudt, Brendan Luyanda, Eugene Marais, and Gillian Maggs-Kölling

Abstract

Southern Africa, and in particular its western part, Namibia, is considered a climate change hotspot by the IPCC and is at risk of severe temperature-related changes. As examples, models projections suggest by the end of the century: 1) Increase of surface temperature of +4 to +7°C; 2) destruction of the stratocumulus cloud deck along the western coast; and 3) decrease of the fog inland. The role of aerosols in this context is still not completely quantified, due to their high spatial and temporal variability, the many sources responsible for the complex mixture and the lack of continuous observations. Most of the past regional climate modelling (RCM) and intensive field campaigns focussed primarily on constraining the radiative effects of the seasonal biomass burning aerosols generally occurring in the end of the austral winter (August to October). However, the aerosol spectral optical properties, aerosol optical depth and the organic fractions are not studied enough to provide a firm understanding of regional aerosol load, interaction with radiation and interplays in relation to particle chemistry.In this work, we present the first analysis of new long-term ground-based aerosol observations conducted since april 2022 at Gobabeb Namib Research Institue (23°33’40‘’S, 15°02’24’’E) in Namibia. Gobabeb is located in the hyperarid Namib desert and it is under the influence of different air masses, transporting maritime and biomass burning aerosols, amongst others. The measurements of optical and physical properties of the aerosol mixtures are analysed to provide with the aerosol single scattering albedo and mass absorption, scattering and extinction efficiencies which are needed to evaluate the first Africa-based Earth system model by the Global Change Institute at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa. The in situ surface data are complemented by the analysis of pre-existing observations such as those from the AERONET sunphotometers.

Published
2023
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3. Climate relevant processing of mineral dust by volatile organic compounds: first results on composition of complex dust/organic systems from the uptake of glyoxal

Author

Francesco Battaglia, Paola Formenti, Mathieu Cazaunau, Vincent Michoud, Antonin Berge, Edouard Pangui, Gael Noyalet, Servanne Chevaillier, Chiara Giorio, Sara D'Aronco, Philippe Decorse, and Jean-Francois Doussin

Abstract

Mineral dust aerosols, which account for about 40% of global annual aerosol emissions, contribute to the persistent and large uncertainties on the global radiative budget and the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere.Indeed, the uptake of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on mineral dust particles can contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), with consequent modification of the chemical and optical properties of the dust.Glyoxal, one of the most important VOC in the atmosphere, is a precursor of SOA, capable of interacting with mineral dust and forming SOA as a consequence of the interaction.In this experimental study we investigate the formation of SOA by the uptake of glyoxal on mineral dust particles. We present the results of the heterogeneous interaction obtained in the CESAM atmospheric simulation chamber (Chambre Expérimentale de Simulation Atmosphérique Multiphasique), used to conduct aging experiments in various controlled conditions in terms of relative humidity, irradiation, and gas phase composition. Prior entering the chamber, particles from a real soil sample (Gobi Desert) are size-selected using an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) in order to obtain a monodispersed size distribution centered at 300 nm in mobility diameter, narrow enough to be able to appreciate a dimensional variation from glyoxal condensation.In experiments conducted in humid conditions (RH=80%), a rapid uptake of glyoxal was observed on sub micrometric dust particles. 15 minutes after the injection of 1 ppm of glyoxal into the chamber, the mass of the particles increased by about 10%, with a variation of the modal diameter of the size distribution. As a consequence of glyoxal uptake in humid conditions, an increase of the aerosol organic mass concentration occurred immediately after the interaction, which was not observed in dry conditions. At the same time, the aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) mass spectra of the organic fraction show the increase in intensity of the glyoxal marker signals at m/z 58 and m/z 29. It is interesting to note also the drop of O/C ratio of the dust organic fraction after the injection of the glyoxal from 1.5 (the one of the dust itself) to a value close to 1, that is the one of the glyoxal.Hence, the first results of the study suggest the presence of a fast glyoxal uptake on submicronic mineral dust particles in high relative humidity conditions. This process modifies the mass and the size distribution of the aerosol, as well as the chemical composition of its organic fraction.

Published
2023
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4. Simulation chamber study of the spectral mass absorption, scattering, and extinction cross-sections (MAC, MSC, MEC) of fresh and aged combustion aerosols

Author

Johannes Heuser, Claudia Di Biagio, Laura Renzi, Angela Marinoni, Jermone Yon, Marco Zanatta, Chenjie Yu, Antonin Bergé, Mathieu Cazaunau, Servanne Chevaillier, Paolo Laj, Dario Massabo, Gael Noyalet, Eduoard Pangui, Paolo Prati, Brice Temime-Roussell, Roberta Vecchi, Vera Bernardoni, Virginia Vernocchi, and Jean-Francois Doussin

Abstract

Carbonaceous soot particles are formed during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels or biomass and are considered to be a significant proportion of aerosol emission, especially in polluted areas, and to contain light-absorbing carbon fractions. The light-absorbing carbon components make these particles exhibit positive radiative forcing and thus they contribute to atmospheric warming processes. The exact contribution to this process however still has significant uncertainties. One of the sources of uncertainty is related to the capacity to accurately describe soot spectral optical properties (MAC/MSC/MEC - mass absorption/scattering/extinction cross-sections in m2g-1; CRI - complex refractive index), due to significant uncertainties for key measurements like the absorption coefficient or absorbing mass fraction. A second source is considered to be the change of the optical properties with the variable physico-chemical state of soot (e.g. chemical composition, morphology, primary particle size, aggregate size distribution, coating and mixing state) which depends on (i) the combustion conditions/sources and is (ii) known to change during atmospheric lifetime due to ageing and mixing processes.The present work aims at providing new measurements of soot spectral optical properties and investigating their dependence on particles’ physico-chemical state and the role of measurement uncertainties. For this, a set of original experiments was performed in the 4.3m3 CESAM atmospheric simulation chamber (https://cesam.cnrs.fr/) on soot aerosols generated by a commercial propane diffusion flame soot generator (miniCAST model 6204 TYPE C, JING). In these experiments, the variability of soot properties due to (i) generation and (ii) atmospheric ageing was explored. Different combustion conditions going from fuel–leaner to fuel-richer were set to produce soot aerosol with different effective densities, EC/TC-ratios ranging from 0.8 ± 0.1 to 0.0 ± 0.1 and size distributions with median diameters between 30 and 120 nm. Selected aerosols were subjected to ageing in a N2/O2 atmosphere under simulated atmospheric conditions (humid, with/without illumination, up to 26 hours lifetime). In these conditions, physical and chemical ageing, under the presence of different gaseous phases (O3, SO2) and addition of a second aerosol phase produced by photo-oxidation of SO2 or the ozonolysis of α-pinene, led to changes in the physico-chemical properties of the soot.State-of-the-art techniques were used to generate an extensive dataset of physico-chemical parameters (mass concentration, morphology, effective density, composition, size distribution) and spectral optical properties (absorption, scattering, extinction coefficients) for different soot aerosols and different ageing states of these. The absorption coefficient in particular was measured by both filter-based (AE - Aethalometer, MAAP - Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer, MWAA – Multi-Wavelength Absorbance Analyzer, PP_UniMI - Polar Photometer by University of Milano) and extinction minus scattering techniques. The MAC, MSC and MEC datasets, retrieved by combining these measurements, will be presented for the ensemble of chamber experiments and the variability of these parameters in link with variations in the particles’ physico-chemical properties will be discussed together with key relevant uncertainties.

Published
2023
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5. Addressing the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol in the rural/ urban Paris area

Author

Diana L Pereira, Aline Gratien, Chiara Giorio, Gael Noyalet, Servanne Chevaillier, Thomas Bertin, Emmanuelle Mebold, Christopher Cantrell, Vincent Michoud, Claudia Di Biagio, Bénédicte Picquet-Varrault, Lelia Hawkins, Olivier Favez, Olivier Garret, Drew Pronovost, Ludovico Di Antonio, Joel F. de Brito, Véronique Riffault, Chenjie Yu, Paola Formenti, and Riffault, Véronique

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

Organic aerosol (OA) from natural or anthropogenic origin can be directly emitted into the atmosphere (primary organic aerosols, POA) or formed by secondary processes via the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC). However, the formation pathways and their chemical composition of these secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which may contribute up to 90% of the OA mass, are not well understood to date, which is problematic due to the relevance of SOA on climate. To address this issue, this study uses a tracer-based approach to identify and quantify the contribution of different anthropogenic/biogenic VOCs precursors to the SOA formation. To do so, we combine experiments in a large scale atmospheric simulations chamber, CESAM (which means Multiphase Atmospheric Experimental Simulation Chamber), and field measurements during the ACROSS (Atmospheric ChemistRy Of the Suburban foreSt) campaign conducted in the Paris area in summer 2022. This approach provides both a mechanistic study of the oxidation of targeted VOCs in simulated and controlled rural/urban atmospheres and the identification of targeted tracers in the real atmosphere, to quantify their concentrations in ambient air.The ACROSS dataset consists in atmospheric samples of submicron aerosols collected twice a day (day and night) in the urban area of Paris and the Rambouillet forest on the south-west of Paris, as well as samples collected onboard the Safire ATR-42 research aircraft on low-level flights targeting the evolution and dilution of the Paris urban plume. The CESAM chamber dataset consists in samples of SOA generated by the OH oxidation of toluene/ m-xylene in various conditions.Filters are analyzed to provide with the chemical composition at the molecular scale by SFE-GC-MS (Supercritical Fluid Extraction Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry) and UPLC-QTOF-MS (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry). The organic mass and chemical speciation are obtained by aerosol mass spectrometry and the organic carbon (OC) concentrations by thermal-optical analysis.The first results of the ambient samples of Paris revealed that the OC concentration varied between 0.69 ± 0.07 and 9.48 ± 0.51 µgC/m3, which correspond to the 28% and 53% of the total mass of the submicron aerosols, for background and polluted (fire) conditions, respectively. These diverse conditions are favorable to trace the compounds identified during the simulation chamber experiments, such as benzoic acid, succinic acid, and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol. These attempts will be presented and discussed in order to determine the contribution of specific precursors to SOA formation.

Published
2023
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6. Chemical composition and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols on the Namibian coast

Author

Zirui Zeng, Fadi Lahmidi, Paola Formenti, Cécile Gaimoz, Patrick Hease, Cécile Mirande-Bret, Sylvain Triquet, Danitza Klopper, Servanne Chevaillier, Andreas Namwoonde, Mathieu Cazaunau, Stuart Piketh, Anaïs Féron, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, food.ingredient, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sea salt, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Trace gas, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, food, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Mass concentration (chemistry), Environmental science, Upwelling, 14. Life underwater, Sea salt aerosol, lcsh:Physics, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The chemical composition of aerosols is of particular importance to assess their interactions with radiation, clouds and trace gases in the atmosphere and consequently their effects on air quality and the regional climate. In this study, we present the results of the first long-term dataset of the aerosol chemical composition at an observatory on the coast of Namibia, facing the south-eastern Atlantic Ocean. Aerosol samples in the mass fraction of particles smaller than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were collected during 26 weeks between 2016 and 2017 at the ground-based Henties Bay Aerosol Observatory (HBAO; 22∘6′ S, 14∘30′ E; 30 m above mean sea level). The resulting 385 filter samples were analysed by X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography for 24 inorganic elements and 15 water-soluble ions. Statistical analysis by positive matrix factorisation (PMF) identified five major components, sea salt (mass concentration: 74.7±1.9 %), mineral dust (15.7±1.4 %,), ammonium neutralised (6.1±0.7 %), fugitive dust (2.6±0.2 %) and industry (0.9±0.7 %). While the contribution of sea salt aerosol was persistent, as the dominant wind direction was south-westerly and westerly from the open ocean, the occurrence of mineral dust was episodic and coincided with high wind speeds from the south-south-east and the north-north-west, along the coastline. Concentrations of heavy metals measured at HBAO were higher than reported in the literature from measurements over the open ocean. V, Cd, Pb and Nd were attributed to fugitive dust emitted from bare surfaces or mining activities. As, Zn, Cu, Ni and Sr were attributed to the combustion of heavy oils in commercial ship traffic across the Cape of Good Hope sea route, power generation, smelting and other industrial activities in the greater region. Fluoride concentrations up to 25 µg m−3 were measured, as in heavily polluted areas in China. This is surprising and a worrisome result that has profound health implications and deserves further investigation. Although no clear signature for biomass burning could be determined, the PMF ammonium-neutralised component was described by a mixture of aerosols typically emitted by biomass burning, but also by other biogenic activities. Episodic contributions with moderate correlations between NO3-, nss-SO42- (higher than 2 µg m−3) and nss-K+ were observed, further indicative of the potential for an episodic source of biomass burning. Sea salt accounted for up to 57 % of the measured mass concentrations of SO42-, and the non-sea salt fraction was contributed mainly by the ammonium-neutralised component and small contributions from the mineral dust component. The marine biogenic contribution to the ammonium-neutralised component is attributed to efficient oxidation in the moist marine atmosphere of sulfur-containing gas phase emitted by marine phytoplankton in the fertile waters offshore in the Benguela Upwelling System. The data presented in this paper provide the first ever information on the temporal variability of aerosol concentrations in the Namibian marine boundary layer. This data also provide context for intensive observations in the area.

Published
2020
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7. Distinct chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust compared to northern African and Asian dust

Author

Sophie Nowak, Edouard Pangui, Mathieu Cazaunau, Paola Formenti, Olafur Arnalds, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, Jean-François Doussin, Zongbo Shi, Konstantin Ignatyev, Claudia Di Biagio, Clarissa Baldo, A. Robert MacKenzie, Servanne Chevaillier, University of Birmingham [Birmingham], SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM GBR, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, Goethite, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Asian Dust, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Sediment, Weathering, Mineral dust, Hematite, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental science, Chemical composition, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Iceland is a highly active source of natural dust. Icelandic dust has the potential to directly affect the climate via dust–radiation interaction and indirectly via dust–cloud interaction, the snow/ice albedo effect and impacts on biogeochemical cycles. The impacts of Icelandic dust depend on its mineralogical and chemical composition. However, a lack of data has prevented an accurate assessment of the role of Icelandic dust in the Earth system. Here, we collected surface sediment samples from five major Icelandic dust hotspots. Dust aerosols were generated and suspended in atmospheric chambers, and PM10 and PM20 fractions were collected for further analysis. We found that the dust samples primarily consist of amorphous basaltic materials ranging from 8 wt % (from the Hagavatn hotspot) to 60 wt %–90 wt % (other hotspots). Samples had relatively high total Fe content (10 wt %–13 wt %). Sequential extraction of Fe to determine its chemical form shows that dithionite Fe (Fe oxides such as hematite and goethite) and ascorbate Fe (amorphous Fe) contribute respectively 1 %–6 % and 0.3 %–1.4 % to the total Fe in Icelandic dust. The magnetite fraction is 7 %–15 % of total Fe and 1 %–2 wt % of PM10, which is orders of magnitude higher than in mineral dust from northern Africa. Nevertheless, about 80 %–90% of the Fe is contained in pyroxene and amorphous glass. The initial Fe solubility (ammonium acetate extraction at pH 4.7) is from 0.08 % to 0.6 %, which is comparable to low-latitude dust such as that from northern Africa. The Fe solubility at low pH (i.e. pH 2) is significantly higher than typical low-latitude dust (up to 30 % at pH 2 after 72 h). Our results revealed the fundamental differences in composition and mineralogy of Icelandic dust from low-latitude dust. We attribute these differences to the low degree of chemical weathering, the basaltic composition of the parent sediments and glacial processes. Icelandic dust contributes to the atmospheric deposition of soluble Fe and can impact primary productivity in the North Atlantic Ocean. The distinct chemical and mineralogical composition, particularly the high magnetite content (1 wt %–2 wt %), indicates a potentially significant impact of Icelandic dust on the radiation balance in the subpolar and polar regions.

Published
2020
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8. Nutrient inputs to sahelian soil by atmospheric dust deposition

Author

Rizewana Marecar, Beatrice Marticorena, Gilles Bergametti, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Rémi Losno, Jean Louis Rajot, Servanne Chevaillier, Anais Feron, Sylvain Triquet, and Maria Dias-Alves

Abstract

Dust emission affects soil fertility through nutrient loss in source regions while dust deposition can represent a significant nutrient input for remote ecosystems. If the Sahel is a well-known dust source region, it is also a region where large amounts of dust from the Sahara desert are deposited. To quantify the input of nutrients that mineral dust deposition represents for Sahelian soils and to identify the sources responsible for these deposits, a dedicated instrumental setup was deployed during two years in two Sahelian sites of the INDAAF Network : Bambey (Senegal) and Banizoumbou (Niger). The insoluble and the soluble fraction of the atmospheric deposits have been collected separately and analysed. In parallel, the elemental composition and carbon content of PM10 were determined. A special attention was given to the most important nutrients for the soil fertility in this region (P and N) and on the organic C. Other elements (Fe, Al, K, Ca, ...) were also analysed in order to identify the sources of the deposited particles. For most of the analysed elements, the elemental compositions of PM10 and dust deposit are consistent and the dust samples composition reveals a seasonal change. During the dry season, the dust composition is similar in Niger and Senegal. During the wet season, mineral dust in Niger exhibits a typical signature of sahelian soils (i.e., enriched in Fe and depleted in Ca) while in Senegal dust composition suggests a regional source enriched in Ca. The analysis of the soluble and insoluble fraction of dust deposition allows to estimate the total annual amount of P, N and C deposited on Sahelian soil.

Published
2022
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10. Chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust

Author

Claudia Di Biagio, Olafur Arnalds, Paola Formenti, Edouard Pangui, Servanne Chevaillier, Konstantin Ignatyev, Jean-François Doussin, Zongbo Shi, Pavla Dagsson-Waldhauserova, A. Robert MacKenzie, Clarissa Baldo, Sophie Nowak, and Mathieu Cazaunau

Subjects
language, Geochemistry, Icelandic, Mineralogical composition, language.human_language, Geology
Published
2021
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12. Experimental evidence of the potential bioavailability for marine heterotrophic bacteria of aerosols organic matter

Author

Mohammed Labiadh, Sandra Helias Nunige, Thierry Henry des Tureaux, Kahina Djaoudi, Karine Desboeufs, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Dominique Lefèvre, Amel Nouara, Christos Panagiotopoulos, Najib Bhairy, Aude Barani, Marc Tedetti, and Servanne Chevaillier

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Total organic carbon, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Heterotroph, Artificial seawater, Bacterial growth, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Dissolved organic carbon, Organic matter, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The surface ocean receives important amounts of organic carbon from atmospheric deposition. The degree of bioavailability of this source of organic carbon will determine its impact on the marine carbon cycle. In this study, the potential availability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from both desert dust and anthropogenic aerosols to marine heterotrophic bacteria was investigated. The experimental design was based on 16-days incubation, in the dark, of a marine bacterial inoculum into artificial seawater amended with water-soluble Saharan dust (D-treatment) and anthropogenic (A-treatment) aerosols, so that the initial DOC concentration leachate from aerosols is 36 µM C. Glucose-amended (G) and non-amended (control) treatments were run in parallel. Over the incubation period, an increase in bacterial abundance (BA) and bacterial production (BP) was observed first in the G-treatment, followed then by D and finally A treatments, with bacterial growth rates significantly higher in the G and D treatments than the A treatment. Following this growth, maxima of BP reached were similar in D (879 ± 64 ng C L−1 h−1; n = 3) and G (648 ± 156 ng C L−1 h−1; n = 3) treatments and were significantly higher than in A-treatment (124 ± 39 ng C L−1 h−1; n = 2). The DOC consumed over the incubation period was similar in A (9 ± 4 µM; n = 2) and D (9 ± 2 µM; n = 3) treatments and was significantly lower than that consumed in the G-treatment (22 ± 3 µM). Nevertheless, the bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) in the D treatment (14.2 ± 5.5 %; n = 3) compared well with the G treatment (7.6 ± 2 %; n = 3), suggesting that the metabolic use of the labile DOC fraction in both conditions was energetically equivalent. In contrast, the BGE in the A-treatment was lower (1.7 ± 0.1 %; n = 2), suggesting that the most part of used labile DOC was catabolized. The results obtained in this study highlight the potential of aerosol organic matter to sustain the metabolism of marine heterotrophs and stress the need to include this external source of organic carbon into biogeochemical models, for a better constraining of the carbon budget.

Published
2020

13. Distinct chemical and mineralogical composition of Icelandic dust compared to North African and Asian dust

Author

Clarissa Baldo, Paola Formenti, Sophie Nowak, Servanne Chevaillier, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Claudia Di Biagio, Jean-Francois Doussin, Konstantin Ignatyev, Pavla Dagsson Waldhauserova, Olafur Arnalds, A. Robert MacKenzie, and Zongbo Shi

Abstract

Iceland is a highly active source of natural dust. Icelandic dust has the potential to affect directly the climate via dust-radiation interaction, and indirectly via dust-cloud interaction, snow/ice albedo effect and impacts on biogeochemical cycles. The impacts of Icelandic dust depend on its mineralogical and chemical composition. However, lack of data has prevented an accurate assessment of the role of Icelandic dust in the Earth system. Here, we collected surface sediment samples from five major Icelandic dust hotspots. Dust aerosols were generated and suspended in atmospheric chambers, and PM10 and PM20 fractions were collected for further analysis. We found that the dust samples primarily consist of amorphous basaltic material ranging from 8 wt% (from the Hagavatn hotspot) to 60–90 wt% (other hotspots). Samples had relatively high total Fe content (10–13 wt%). Sequential extraction of Fe to determine its chemical form shows that dithionite Fe (Fe oxides such as hematite and goethite) and ascorbate Fe (amorphous Fe) contribute respectively 1–6 %, and 0.3–1.4 % of the total Fe in Icelandic dust. The magnetite fraction is 7–15 % of total Fe and 1–2 wt% of PM10, which is orders of magnitude higher than in mineral dust from North Africa. Nevertheless, about 80–90 % of the Fe is contained in pyroxene and amorphous glass. The initial Fe solubility (ammonium acetate extraction at pH 4.7) is from 0.08–0.6 %, which is comparable to low latitude dust such as that from North Africa. The Fe solubility at low pH (i.e., 2) is significantly higher than typical low latitude dust (up to 30 % at pH 2 after 72 hrs). Our results revealed the fundamental differences in composition and mineralogy of Icelandic dust from low latitude dust. We attribute these differences to the low degree of chemical weathering, the basaltic composition of the parent sediments, and glacial processes. Icelandic dust contributes to the atmospheric deposition of soluble Fe and can impact primary productivity in the North Atlantic Ocean. The distinct chemical and mineralogical composition, particularly the high magnetite content (1–2 wt%), indicates a potentially significant impact of Icelandic dust on the radiation balance in the sub-polar and polar regions.

Published
2020
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15. Chemical composition and characterization of aerosols off Namibia: results from the AEROCLO-sA project

Author

Paola Formenti, Danitza Klopper, Servanne Chevaillier, Barbara D’Anna, Karine Desboeufs, Jean-François Doussin, Anaïs Feron, Chiara Giorio, Marc Daniel Mallet, Cécile Mirande-Brét, Anne Monod, Andreas Namwoonde, Sylvain Triquet, and Stuart Piketh

Abstract

The western coast of southern Africa off Namibia is characterized by a semi-permanent and widespread stratocumulus (Sc) cloud deck, very frequent coastal fog, and the oceanic northern Benguela upwelling system (nBUS). It is also the crossroad of large quantities of natural and anthropogenic aerosols of distant and local origins (biogenic, anthropogenic, biomass burning, sea salt and mineral dust) from continental and marine sources, with significant differences in terms of physico-chemical and optical properties, water affinity, scale and height of transport, which are not well represented in climate models.In this presentation we will illustrate the results of the first extensive chemical and microphysical characterisation of aerosol particles in the area that has been conducted since 2016 at the coastal Henties Bay experimental site (22°6’ S, 14°17’ E) in the framework of the AErosol, RadiatiOn and CLOuds in southern Africa (AEROCLO-sA) and the Atmospheric Research in the Southern Africa and Indian Ocean (ARSAIO) projects.Synergetic filter sampling and online measurements provide examples of the numerous new particle formation in link with marine biogenic emissions and the apportionment of maritime sulfate aerosols, including their biogenic component.

Published
2020
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16. Variability of the elemental composition of airborne mineral dust along the coast of Central Tunisia

Author

Sandra Lafon, Stephane C. Alfaro, Mohamed Saad, Servanne Chevaillier, Mohamed Masmoudi, and Benoit Laurent

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, Elemental composition, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Soil water, HYSPLIT, Environmental science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Dust emission
Abstract

The first aim of this study is to document the variability of the elemental composition of the mineral dust collected along the Mediterranean coast in Central Tunisia. The second aim is to correlate this composition with the different source-areas from which the mineral dust (MD) originates. In all, 190 daily aerosol samples are analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and the elemental composition of the mineral dust is obtained by subtracting the non-crustal share from the bulk composition. On the basis of the MD concentration, 149 samples are classified as corresponding to “moderate” (3 25 μg m−3) ones. By using a combination of MODIS satellite observations, HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis, and dust emission simulations with the CHIMERE model, three geographical areas are identified as being at the origin of the intense events. From east to west, Area #1 corresponds to the south-east of Tunisia/west of Lybia region, Area #2 corresponds to the Algerian/Tunisian Border and contains the Chott El Jerid depression. Finally, Area #3 is in Central Algeria. Elemental ratios are commonly used to discuss the nature and origin of airborne particles. In good agreement with previous observations, the Ca/Al ratio is significantly larger in Area #1 than in Area #3 (2.4 ± 0.4 as compared to 1.3 ± 0.3). With values of 4.1 ± 0.8 and 2.8 ± 0.3 for Areas #1 and 3, respectively, a similar contrast is observed for the (Mg + Ca)/Fe ratio. In Area #2 that is at the origin of 5 of the 9 intense events and thus appears as being the most influential source-region for Central Tunisia, the Ca/Al ratio (2.8 ± 0.9) compares to that of Area #1 but (Mg + Ca)/Fe (7.3 ± 0.7) is significantly larger than in Areas #1 and 3. These differences of dust composition for the three source areas are confirmed by laboratory experiments in which mineral aerosols are generated using natural soils collected in the source regions and subsequently analyzed by XRF. These results do not only emphasize the strength of the link existing between the composition of the source soil and that of the aerosol generated from it, they also document the variability of the dust composition in the Central Mediterranean region and confirm the interest of using the Ca/Al and (Mg + Ca)/Fe ratios as tracers of the source areas.

Published
2018
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17. Compositional variability of the aerosols collected in Sfax (Central Tunisia)

Author

Stephane C. Alfaro, Mohamed Masmoudi, Mohamed Saad, Servanne Chevaillier, and Meriam Bibi

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Heavy metals, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Contamination, Phosphate, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Composition (visual arts), Industrial city, Chemical composition, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In order to assess the variability of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in Central Tunisia and determine their origin, 140 aerosols samples were collected from March 2015 to April 2016 in the industrial city of Sfax. The particles collected on membranes were submitted to X-ray Fluorescence analysis and the concentrations of sixteen elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) quantified. According to the values of their enrichment factors (EF) relative to the composition of the Earth crust and of sea-salt, these elements can be classified in three main categories: 1) crustal (Al, Si, Fe, Ca, Ti, Ni, P, and Mn), 2) marine (Na, Cl), and 3) anthropogenic (S, Zn, Cu, and Pb). Then, we apply the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to the dataset in order to assess the profiles and contributions of the main sources of the aerosol. Beside the marine and anthropogenic factors, 3 other factors are necessary to represent the mineral dust component, which emphasizes the diversity of its sources. In usual conditions, the dominating factor (Ca-Dust) is enriched in both Ca and Mg, and is most probably emitted from regional sources. Its contribution to the atmospheric aerosol loading usually lies between 0.75 and 6.37μg/m3(10th and 90th percentiles, respectively) but can peak at 9.28μg/m3. The second factor, simply referred to as the Dust factor, corresponds to dust emitted by, and transported from, more distant desert sources. During the massive advection events, its contribution to the aerosol loading in Sfax can be above 100μg/m3. Finally, the outdoor deposits of the residues of the local phosphate industry are an occasional source of P-enriched mineral dust (P-Dust) and some heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb). However, their contribution to the aerosol concentration is usually low (0.12–0.25μg/m3) and does not seem to constitute an important source of contamination.

Published
2018
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18. Spectral- and size-resolved mass absorption efficiency of mineral dust aerosols in the shortwave spectrum: a simulation chamber study

Author

Yves Balkanski, Claudia Di Biagio, Thuraya Saeed, Earle Williams, Mathieu Cazaunau, Konrad Kandler, Stuart Piketh, Dario Massabò, Dave Seibert, Servanne Chevaillier, Gautier Landrot, Meinrat O. Andreae, Jean-François Doussin, Paola Formenti, Lorenzo Caponi, Paolo Prati, Edouard Pangui, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, King Saud University [Riyadh] (KSU), Technische Universität Darmstadt - Technical University of Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Public authority for applied education and training, Al-Ardeya, Walden University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Genoa (UNIGE), Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
optical properties, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, atmospheric simulation chamber, Iron oxide, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, radiative forcing, Chemistry, atmospheric dust, atmospheric simulation chamber, optical properties, radiative forcing, lcsh:QC1-999, Wavelength, atmospheric dust, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Soil water, Gravimetric analysis, Mass fraction, Shortwave, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This paper presents new laboratory measurements of the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) between 375 and 850 nm for 12 individual samples of mineral dust from different source areas worldwide and in two size classes: PM10. 6 (mass fraction of particles of aerodynamic diameter lower than 10.6 µm) and PM2. 5 (mass fraction of particles of aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 µm). The experiments were performed in the CESAM simulation chamber using mineral dust generated from natural parent soils and included optical and gravimetric analyses. The results show that the MAE values are lower for the PM10. 6 mass fraction (range 37–135 × 10−3 m2 g−1 at 375 nm) than for the PM2. 5 (range 95–711 × 10−3 m2 g−1 at 375 nm) and decrease with increasing wavelength as λ−AAE, where the Ångström absorption exponent (AAE) averages between 3.3 and 3.5, regardless of size. The size independence of AAE suggests that, for a given size distribution, the dust composition did not vary with size for this set of samples. Because of its high atmospheric concentration, light absorption by mineral dust can be competitive with black and brown carbon even during atmospheric transport over heavy polluted regions, when dust concentrations are significantly lower than at emission. The AAE values of mineral dust are higher than for black carbon (∼ 1) but in the same range as light-absorbing organic (brown) carbon. As a result, depending on the environment, there can be some ambiguity in apportioning the aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) based on spectral dependence, which is relevant to the development of remote sensing of light-absorbing aerosols and their assimilation in climate models. We suggest that the sample-to-sample variability in our dataset of MAE values is related to regional differences in the mineralogical composition of the parent soils. Particularly in the PM2. 5 fraction, we found a strong linear correlation between the dust light-absorption properties and elemental iron rather than the iron oxide fraction, which could ease the application and the validation of climate models that now start to include the representation of the dust composition, as well as for remote sensing of dust absorption in the UV–vis spectral region.

Published
2017
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19. Size distribution and optical properties of African mineral dust after intercontinental transport

Author

Olga L. Mayol-Bracero, Benoit Laurent, Ian E. Gutierrez-Molina, Karine Desboeufs, Servanne Chevaillier, Paola Formenti, Pamela Vallejo, Paolo Prati, Mariana Quiñones, Cyrielle Denjean, Mathieu Cazaunau, Elisabeth Andrews, Federico Cassola, M. Maille, Sylvain Triquet, John A. Ogren, Météo-France, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Microphysical and optical properties of mineral dust independent of origin after transport, Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Visible mass extinction efficiency and single-scattering albedo around 1.1-1.5 m2 g-1 and 0.97-0.98, single-scattering albedo, size distribution, Size distribution of mineral dust after long-range transport may resemble to short range, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, mineral dust, Extinction event, East coast, Single-scattering albedo, Particulates, Albedo, Geophysics, Microphysical and optical properties of mineral dust independent of origin after transport, Size distribution of mineral dust after long-range transport may resemble to short range, Visible mass extinction efficiency and single-scattering albedo around 1.1-1.5 m2 g-1 and 0.97-0.98, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, transport, Environmental science, aerosols
Abstract

International audience; The transatlantic transport of mineral dust from Africa is a persistent atmospheric phenomenon, clue for understanding the impacts of dust at the global scale. As part of the DUST Aging and Transport from Africa to the Caribbean (Dust-ATTACk) intensive field campaign, the size distribution and optical properties of mineral dust were measured in June-July 2012 on the east coast of Puerto Rico, more than 5000 km from the west coast of Africa. During the recorded dust events, the PM10 (particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter) concentrations increased from 20 to 70 µg m-3. Remote sensing observations and modeling analysis were used to identify the main source regions, which were found in the Western Sahara, Mauritania, Algeria, Niger, and Mali. The microphysical and optical properties of the dust plumes were almost independent of origin. The size distribution of mineral dust after long-range transport may have modal diameters similar to those on the eastern side of the Atlantic short time after emission, possibly depending on height of transport. Additional submicron particles of anthropogenic absorbing aerosols (likely from regional marine traffic activities) can be mixed within the dust plumes, without affecting in a significant way the PM10 absorption properties of dust observed in Puerto Rico. The Dust-ATTACk experimental data set may be useful for modeling the direct radiative effect of dust. For accurate representation of dust optical properties over the Atlantic remote marine region, we recommend mass extinction efficiency (MEE) and single-scattering albedo values in the range 1.1-1.5 m2 g-1 and 0.97-0.98, respectively, for visible wavelengths.

Published
2016
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20. Fluxes and sources of nutrients and trace metals atmospheric deposition in the northwestern Mediterranean

Author

Karine Desboeufs, Elisabeth Bon Nguyen, Servanne Chevaillier, Sylvain Triquet, and François Dulac

Abstract

Total atmospheric deposition was collected on a weekly basis over 3.5-yr (March 2008–October 2011) at a remote coastal site on the west coast of Corsica Island. Deposition time series of macro and micro-nutrient (N, P, Si, Fe), and trace metals (As, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, Zn) are investigated in terms of variability and source apportionment (from fluxes of proxies for aerosol sources (Al, Ti, Ca, Na, Mg, S, Sr, K, Pb)). The highest fluxes are recorded for Si, P, then Fe for nutrients, and for Zn and Mn for trace metals. For the majority of elements, data show some weeks with high episodic fluxes, except for N, Cr and V which present the lowest variability. Twelve intense mineral dust deposition events are identified during the sampling period. The contribution of these events to the fluxes of Fe and Si represents 52 % and 57 % of their total fluxes, respectively, confirming the important role of these sporadic dust events on the inputs of these elements. For N and P, the contribution of these intense dust deposition events is lower and reaches 10 and 15 %, respectively. Out of these most intense events, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to our total deposition database in order to identify the main sources of nutrients and trace metals deposited. Results show that P deposition is mainly associated to anthropogenic biomass burning inputs. For N deposition, inputs associated to marine sources (maybe associated to the reaction of anthropogenic N on NaCl particles) and anthropogenic sources are quasi-similar. A good correlation is obtained between N and S fluxes, supporting a common origin associated to the inorganic secondary aerosol, i.e. ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. For trace metals, their origin is very variable: with a large contribution of natural dust sources for Ni or Mn and on the contrary of anthropogenic sources for V and Zn.

Published
2018
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22. Spectral- and size-resolved mass absorption efficiency of mineral dust aerosols in the shortwave: a simulation chamber study

Author

Lorenzo Caponi, Paola Formenti, Dario Massabó, Claudia Di Biagio, Mathieu Cazaunau, Edouard Pangui, Servanne Chevaillier, Gautier Landrot, Meinrat O. Andreae, Konrad Kandler, Stuart Piketh, Touraya Saeed, Dave Seibert, Earl Williams, Yves Balkanski, Paolo Prati, and Jean-François Doussin

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 13. Climate action, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This paper presents new laboratory measurements of the mass absorption efficiency (MAE) between 375 and 850 nm for mineral dust of different origin in two size classes: PM10.6 (mass fraction of particles of aerodynamic diameter lower than 10.6 µm) and PM2.5 (mass fraction of particles of aerodynamic diameter lower than 2.5 µm). Experiments have been performed in the CESAM simulation chamber using generated mineral dust from natural parent soils, and optical and gravimetric analyses. Results show that the MAE values are lower for the PM10.6 mass fraction (range 37–135 × 10−3 m2 g−1 at 375 nm) than for the PM2.5 (range 95–711 × 10−3 m2 g−1 at 375 nm), and decrease with increasing wavelength as λ-AAE, where Angstrom Absorption Exponent (AAE) averages between 3.3–3.5, regardless of size. The size-independence of AAE suggests that, for a given size distribution, the possible variation of dust composition with size would not affect significantly the spectral behavior of shortwave absorption. Because of its high atmospheric concentration, light-absorption by mineral dust can be competitive to black and brown carbon even during atmospheric transport over heavy polluted regions, when dust concentrations are significantly lower than at emission. The AAE values of mineral dust are higher than for black carbon (~ 1), but in the same range as light-absorbing organic (brown) carbon. As a result, depending on the environment, there can be some ambiguity in apportioning the AAOD based on spectral dependence, which is relevant to the development of remote sensing of light-absorption aerosols from space, and their assimilation in climate models. We suggest that the sample-to-sample variability in our dataset of MAE values is related to regional differences of the mineralogical composition of the parent soils. Particularly in the PM2.5 fraction, we found a strong linear correlation between the dust light-absorption properties and elemental iron rather than the iron oxide fraction, which could ease the application and the validation of climate models that now start to include the representation of the dust composition, as well as for remote sensing of dust absorption in the UV-VIS spectral region.

Published
2017
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23. Composition and Source Apportionment of Organic Aerosol in Beirut, Lebanon, During Winter 2012

Author

Charbel Afif, Paola Formenti, Antoine Waked, Imad El Haddad, Agnès Borbon, Christian Seigneur, Jean-François Doussin, Jerome Brioude, Servanne Chevaillier, Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique (CEREA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), and EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF)

Subjects
Total organic carbon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Chemistry, Secondary organic aerosols, Single component, Levoglucosan, Dicarboxylic acid High-volume sampler Photochemical activity Residential heating Secondary organic aerosols Single components Source apportionment Unsaturated carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids Chromatographic analysis Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Quartz Aerosols carbohydrate carboxylic acid levoglucosan organic carbon polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon aerosol article concentration (parameters) Lebanon mass fragmentography photochemical efficiency priority journal secondary organic aerosol summer winter, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, Aerosol, chemistry.chemical_compound, 13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 11. Sustainability, Environmental Chemistry, Wood burning, General Materials Science, Composition (visual arts), Field campaign, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Fine organic aerosols were collected at a semi-urban site in Beirut, Lebanon, from 28 January to 12 February 2012 as part of the Emission and Chemistry of Organic Carbon in East Mediterranean-Beirut (ECOCEM-Beirut). A total of 20 quartz filter samples were collected on a 12 h basis using a high-volume sampler and were analyzed using a GC/MS technique. Levoglucosan was the major most abundant single component with an average value of 306 ng.m -3, followed by saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids and sugars with average values of 234 and 118 ng.m-3, respectively. Reported values for other carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOA) were 87, 33 and 21 ng.m-3, respectively. Compared to a similar field campaign conducted in summer 2011, levoglucosan concentrations were lower in summer by a factor of 6, due to the use of wood burning for residential heating in winter. Concentrations of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids, other carboxylic acids, and BSOA were higher in summer by a factor of 3, 2, and 7, respectively. Higher concentrations observed for BSOA and other dicarboxylic acids during summer are due to higher biogenic emissions and greater photochemical activity in summer. Copyright © American Association for Aerosol Research.

Published
2013
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24. Emission ratios of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in northern mid-latitude megacities: Observations versus emission inventories in Los Angeles and Paris

Author

Agnès Borbon, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Carsten Warneke, C. Dolgorouky, Servanne Chevaillier, William C. Kuster, Noël Grand, Jochen Stutz, J. A. de Gouw, Valérie Gros, Aurélie Colomb, Stuart A. McKeen, D. D. Parrish, M. Lopez, Hervé Petetin, John S. Holloway, Matthias Beekmann, and Jessica B. Gilman

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Urban area, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 11. Sustainability, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), media_common.cataloged_instance, Volatile organic compound, Gasoline, European union, Air quality index, Isoprene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, chemistry.chemical_classification, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Geophysics, Megacity, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science
Abstract

[1] Ground-based and airborne volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements in Los Angeles, California, and Paris, France, during the Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) and Megacities: Emissions, Urban, Regional and Global Atmospheric Pollution and Climate Effects, and Integrated Tools for Assessment and Mitigation (MEGAPOLI) campaigns, respectively, are used to examine the spatial variability of the composition of anthropogenic VOC urban emissions and to evaluate regional emission inventories. Two independent methods that take into account the effect of chemistry were used to determine the emission ratios of anthropogenic VOCs (including anthropogenic isoprene and oxygenated VOCs) over carbon monoxide (CO) and acetylene. Emission ratios from both methods agree within ±20%, showing the reliability of our approach. Emission ratios for alkenes, alkanes, and benzene are fairly similar between Los Angeles and Paris, whereas the emission ratios for C7–C9 aromatics in Paris are higher than in Los Angeles and other French and European Union urban areas by a factor of 2–3. The results suggest that the emissions of gasoline-powered vehicles still dominate the hydrocarbon distribution in northern mid-latitude urban areas, which disagrees with emission inventories. However, regional characteristics like the gasoline composition could affect the composition of hydrocarbon emissions. The observed emission ratios show large discrepancies by a factor of 2–4 (alkanes and oxygenated VOC) with the ones derived from four reference emission databases. A bias in CO emissions was also evident for both megacities. Nevertheless, the difference between measurements and inventory in terms of the overall OH reactivity is, in general, lower than 40%, and the potential to form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) agrees within 30% when considering volatile organic emissions as the main SOA precursors.

Published
2013
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25. Size distribution and optical properties of mineral dust aerosols transported in the western Mediterranean

Author

G. Momboisse, Paola Formenti, Sylvain Triquet, Andrea Mazzino, Karine Sellegri, Servanne Chevaillier, Noël Grand, A. Schwarzenbock, Marc Mallet, T. Bourrianne, Federico Cassola, Evelyn Freney, C. Denjean, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Lecce] (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique - Clermont Auvergne (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Angstrom exponent, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, complex mixtures, lcsh:Chemistry, Radiative transfer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Single-scattering albedo, turbulence, particle dispersion, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Climatology, Environmental science, Atmospheric Science, particle dispersion, turbulence, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This study presents in situ aircraft measurements of Saharan mineral dust transported over the western Mediterranean basin in June–July 2013 during the ChArMEx/ADRIMED (the Chemistry-Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment/Aerosol Direct Radiative Impact on the regional climate in the MEDiterranean region) airborne campaign. Dust events differing in terms of source region (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco), time of transport (1–5 days) and height of transport were sampled. Mineral dust were transported above the marine boundary layer, which conversely was dominated by pollution and marine aerosols. The dust vertical structure was extremely variable and characterized by either a single layer or a more complex and stratified structure with layers originating from different source regions. Mixing of mineral dust with pollution particles was observed depending on the height of transport of the dust layers. Dust layers carried a higher concentration of pollution particles below 3 km above sea level (a.s.l.) than above 3 km a.s.l., resulting in a scattering Ångström exponent up to 2.2 below 3 km a.s.l. However, the optical properties of the dust plumes remained practically unchanged with respect to values previously measured over source regions, regardless of the altitude. Moderate absorption of light by the dust plumes was observed with values of aerosol single scattering albedo at 530 nm ranging from 0.90 to 1.00. Concurrent calculations from the aerosol chemical composition revealed a negligible contribution of pollution particles to the absorption properties of the dust plumes that was due to a low contribution of refractory black carbon in regards to the fraction of dust and sulfate particles. This suggests that, even in the presence of moderate pollution, likely a persistent feature in the Mediterranean, the optical properties of the dust plumes could be assumed similar to those of native dust in radiative transfer simulations, modelling studies and satellite retrievals over the Mediterranean. Measurements also showed that the coarse mode of mineral dust was conserved even after 5 days of transport in the Mediterranean, which contrasts with the gravitational depletion of large particles observed during the transport of dust plumes over the Atlantic. Simulations with the WRF mesoscale meteorological model highlighted a strong vertical turbulence within the dust layers that could prevent deposition of large particles during their atmospheric transport. This has important implications for the dust radiative effects due to surface dimming, atmospheric heating and cloud formation. The results presented here add to the observational data set necessary for evaluating the role of mineral dust on the regional climate and rainfall patterns in the western Mediterranean basin and understanding their atmospheric transport at global scale.

Published
2016
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26. Physico-chemical and optical properties of Sahelian and Saharan mineral dust: in situ measurements during the GERBILS campaign

Author

Ben Johnson, Giulia Calzolai, Oleg Dubovik, Simon R. Osborne, Anne Klaver, Paola Formenti, Patrick Ausset, Sandrine Caquineau, Mark Harrison, and Servanne Chevaillier

Subjects
Calcite, Atmospheric Science, Single-scattering albedo, Dolomite, Mineralogy, engineering.material, Mineral dust, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Illite, engineering, Environmental science, Kaolinite, Shortwave radiation, Quartz
Abstract

This paper presents new results on the composition, size and shape of mineral dust particles from African sources which were obtained by analysis of bulk filter samples collected in June 2007 onboard the BAe-146 research aircraft of the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM). The aircraft was operated over Mauritania, Mali and Niger during the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Intercomparisons of Longwave and Shortwave radiation (GERBILS) campaign. Dust sampled during the campaign originated from various sources, including locally in the Sahel as a result of large-scale convective activity. Regardless of origin, clays (illite, kaolinite) dominated the total volume (79–90%); the remainder was composed of quartz, calcium-rich minerals (calcite, dolomite, gypsum) and alkali feldspars. Iron oxides, measured using a selective chemical extraction method, accounted for 1–3% of the total dust mass. The dependence of particle number size and shape distribution on the origin of dust seems minor too, although our results might be slightly misleading due to the fact that those kinds of data have been gathered on flights when dust had comparable origins and residence time. Mineral dust is only weakly absorbing in the mid-visible wavelengths (single scattering albedo ω0 > 0.95 at 550 nm), and ω0 measured values can be reproduced by measuring the bulk fractions of the major minerals, i.e. clays, quartz, calcite and iron oxides. At this wavelength, knowledge of the nature of clays and iron oxides, or the state of mixing of the minerals, does not induce significant differences in the results. A more precise description of the nature of clays and iron oxides is necessary at lower wavelengths owing to larger differences in their spectral optical properties. In particular, knowledge of the nature of the dominant clay is important for determining light scattering in the backward hemisphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office

Published
2011
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27. Community Variability of Bacteria in Alpine Snow (Mont Blanc) Containing Saharan Dust Deposition and Their Snow Colonisation Potential

Author

Irina A. Alekhina, J. R. Petit, Sergey A. Bulat, Philippe Normand, Maria Chuvochina, Dominique Marie, Servanne Chevaillier, CLIPS, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratory of Eukaryote Genetics (LEG), Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute RAS-Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute RAS, MArine Phototrophic Prokaryotes (MAPP), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557 (LEM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratory of Eukaryote Genetics (LEG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratory of Eukaryote Genetics (LEG), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (ENVL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Laboratory of Eukaryote Genetics ( LEG ), MArine Phototrophic Prokaryotes ( MAPP ), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin ( ADMM ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphèriques ( LISA ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 ( UPEC UP12 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ecologie microbienne ( EM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon ( ENVL ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -VetAgro Sup ( VAS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Procaryotes Phototrophes Marins = MArine Phototrophic Prokaryotes (MAPP)

Subjects
DNA, Bacterial, Saharan dust, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Molecular Sequence Data, Air Microbiology, [ SDU.STU.GL ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, Soil Science, Plant Science, snow, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, Actinobacteria, bacterial community composition, 03 medical and health sciences, Common species, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Ice Cover, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, Ecosystem, Phylogeny, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0303 health sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bacteria, biology, 030306 microbiology, Ecology, Dust, Glacier, Storm, Biodiversity, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Snow, 16S rRNA genes, 13. Climate action, Mont Blanc glacier, Environmental science, Aeolian processes, Egypt, France, Proteobacteria
Abstract

International audience; Microorganisms uplifted during dust storms survive long-range transport in the atmosphere and could colonize high-altitude snow. Bacterial communities in alpine snow on a Mont Blanc glacier, associated with four depositions of Saharan dust during the period 2006-2009, were studied using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and flow cytometry. Also, sand from the Tunisian Sahara, Saharan dust collected in Grenoble and Mont Blanc snow containing no Saharan dust (one sample of each) were analyzed. The bacterial community composition varied significantly in snow containing four dust depositions over a 3-year period. Out of 61 phylotypes recovered from dusty snow, only three phylotypes were detected in more than one sample. Overall, 15 phylotypes were recognized as potential snow colonizers. For snow samples, these phylotypes belonged to Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, while for Saharan sand/dust samples they belonged to Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus and Proteobacteria. Thus, regardless of the time-scale, Saharan dust events can bring different microbiota with no common species set to alpine glaciers. This seems to be defined more by event peculiarities and aeolian transport conditions than by the bacterial load from the original dust source.

Published
2011
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28. Chemistry of rain events in West Africa: evidence of dust and biogenic influence in convective systems

Author

Paola Formenti, Servanne Chevaillier, Sylvain Triquet, Karine Desboeufs, A. Zakou, Jean-Louis Rajot, and Emilie Journet

Subjects
Wet season, Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, Harmattan, Mesoscale meteorology, Monsoon, Atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, lcsh:QD1-999, Nitrate, chemistry, parasitic diseases, Chemical composition, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

This paper documents the chemical composition of 7 rain events associated with mesoscale convective systems sampled at the supersite of Banizoumbou, Niger, during the first special observation periods (June–July 2006) of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) experiment. Time-resolved rain sampling was performed in order to discriminate the local dust scavenged at the beginning of rain event from the aerosol particles incorporated in the cloud at the end of the rain. The total elemental composition is dominated by Al, Si, Fe and Ca, indicating a high influence of dust and limited marine or anthropogenic contribution. After the aerosol wash-out, the elemental concentrations normalized to Al and the microscopic observations of diatoms, a tracer of the Bodélé depression, both indicate that the total elemental composition of rainwater is controlled by dust originating from North-eastern Saharan sources and probably incorporated in the convective cloud from the Harmattan layer. The low variability of the rain composition over the measurement period indicates a regional and temporal homogeneity of dust composition in the Harmattan layer. In the dissolved phase, the dominant anions are nitrate (NO3−), sulphate (SO42−) and chloride (Cl−). However, between June and July we observe an increasing contribution of the organic anions (formate, acetate, oxalate) associated with biogenic emissions to the total ion composition. These results confirm the large influence of biogenic emissions on the rain composition over Sahel during the wet season. The paper concludes on the capacity of mesoscale convective systems to carry simultaneously dust and biogenic compounds originating from different locations and depose them jointly. It also discusses the potential biogeochemical impact of such a phenomenon.

Published
2010
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29. Advances in understanding mineral dust and boundary layer processes over the Sahara from Fennec aircraft observations

Author

Sebastian Engelstaedter, Franco Marenco, John H. Marsham, Servanne Chevaillier, Aurélien Bourdon, James Banks, Harald Sodemann, M. Bart, Martin C. Todd, Cyrille Flamant, Angela Dean, Christopher S. Allen, Ellie Highwood, J. Kent, Paola Formenti, Debbie O'Sullivan, Claire L. Ryder, James B. McQuaid, Richard Washington, Jennifer Brooke, Luis Garcia-Carreras, Allan Woolley, James Dorsey, Kerstin Schepanski, Kate Szpek, Douglas J. Parker, Cécile Kocha, Jonathan Crosier, Helen Brindley, Phil Rosenberg, Eoghan Darbyshire, Carolina Cavazos-Guerra, Victor Estellés, James Trembath, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford] (SoGE), University of Oxford [Oxford], Space and Atmospheric Physics Group [London], Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London-Imperial College London, Department of Geography [Brighton], University of Sussex, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Departamento de Física Fundamental y Experimental, Electrónica y Sistemas, Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP] (ULL), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Manchester] (NCAS), University of Manchester [Manchester], Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements ([Cranfield] (FAAM), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)-Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), University of Oxford, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford], Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Planetary boundary layer, CONVECTIVE SYSTEM, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES, Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, COARSE MODE, lcsh:Chemistry, Haboob, Dust storm, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Satellite imagery, SOUTHERN MOROCCO, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], GB, Science & Technology, HEAT LOW, AIRBORNE OBSERVATIONS, RETRIEVAL PRODUCTS, Ozone depletion, lcsh:QC1-999, PARTICLE-SIZE, AERONET, Boundary layer, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Physical Sciences, WEST-AFRICAN MONSOON, Environmental science, 0401 Atmospheric Sciences, NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, lcsh:Physics, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

The Fennec climate programme aims to improve understanding of the Saharan climate system through a synergy of observations and modelling. We present a description of the Fennec airborne observations during 2011 and 2012 over the remote Sahara (Mauritania and Mali) and the advances in the understanding of mineral dust and boundary layer processes they have provided. Aircraft instrumentation aboard the UK FAAM BAe146 and French SAFIRE (Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement) Falcon 20 is described, with specific focus on instrumentation specially developed for and relevant to Saharan meteorology and dust. Flight locations, aims and associated meteorology are described. Examples and applications of aircraft measurements from the Fennec flights are presented, highlighting new scientific results delivered using a synergy of different instruments and aircraft. These include (1) the first airborne measurement of dust particles sizes of up to 300 microns and associated dust fluxes in the Saharan atmospheric boundary layer (SABL), (2) dust uplift from the breakdown of the nocturnal low-level jet before becoming visible in SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible Infra-Red Imager) satellite imagery, (3) vertical profiles of the unique vertical structure of turbulent fluxes in the SABL, (4) in situ observations of processes in SABL clouds showing dust acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nuclei (IN) at −15 °C, (5) dual-aircraft observations of the SABL dynamics, thermodynamics and composition in the Saharan heat low region (SHL), (6) airborne observations of a dust storm associated with a cold pool (haboob) issued from deep convection over the Atlas Mountains, (7) the first airborne chemical composition measurements of dust in the SHL region with differing composition, sources (determined using Lagrangian backward trajectory calculations) and absorption properties between 2011 and 2012, (8) coincident ozone and dust surface area measurements suggest coarser particles provide a route for ozone depletion, (9) discrepancies between airborne coarse-mode size distributions and AERONET (AERosol Robotic NETwork) sunphotometer retrievals under light dust loadings. These results provide insights into boundary layer and dust processes in the SHL region – a region of substantial global climatic importance.

Published
2015
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30. An automatic collector to monitor insoluble atmospheric deposition: application for mineral dust deposition

Author

Servanne Chevaillier, Rémi Losno, E. Bon Nguyen, Benoit Laurent, P. Roullet, Patrick Raimbault, Sylvain Triquet, J. Vincent, Michel Fornier, Gilles Bergametti, N. Ouboulmane, DAM Île-de-France (DAM/DIF), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Hydrology, Mediterranean climate, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Atmospheric dust, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, Mediterranean Basin, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Aerosol, Key terms, Deposition (aerosol physics), 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ChArMEx, Environmental science, lcsh:TA170-171, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Air mass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Deposition is one of the key terms of the mineral dust cycle. However, dust deposition remains poorly constrained in transport models simulating the atmospheric dust cycle. This is mainly due to the limited number of relevant deposition measurements. This paper aims to present an automatic collector (CARAGA), specially developed to sample the total (dry and wet) atmospheric deposition of insoluble dust in remote areas. The autonomy of the CARAGA can range from 25 days to almost 1 year depending on the programmed sampling frequency (from 1 day to 2 weeks respectively). This collector is used to sample atmospheric deposition of Saharan dust on the Frioul islands in the Gulf of Lions in the Western Mediterranean. To quantify the mineral dust mass in deposition samples, a weighing and ignition protocol is applied. Almost 2 years of continuous deposition measurements performed on a weekly sampling basis on Frioul Island are presented and discussed with air mass trajectories and satellite observations of dust. Insoluble mineral deposition measured on Frioul Island was 2.45 g m−2 for February to December 2011 and 3.16 g m−2 for January to October 2012. Nine major mineral deposition events, measured during periods with significant MODIS aerosol optical depths, were associated with air masses coming from the southern Mediterranean Basin and North Africa.

Published
2015
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31. Interactions aérosols- rayonnement-climat en région méditerranéenne Impact de l'effet radiatif direct sur le cycle de l'eau

Author

Pierre Nabat, Hélène Ferré, Frédéric Auriol, G. Momboisse, Anaïs Féron, Nicolas Verdier, Karine Sellegri, Julien Totems, Jean-François Léon, Gérard Ancellet, Evelyn Freney, Pierre Durand, Luc Blarel, Matthieu Jeannot, I. Jankowiak, Cyrielle Denjean, Aurélie Colomb, Philippe Goloub, Patrick Chazette, Eric Hamonou, Marc Mallet, Sylvain Triquet, Michaël Sicard, Jacques Pelon, Benjamin Torres, Samuel Somot, L. Roblou, Didier Tanré, Véronique Pont, Gérard Brogniez, Laurence Fleury, Servanne Chevaillier, M Claeys, Noël Grand, Jean-Baptiste Renard, Thierry Podvin, T. Bourrianne, Laurent Menut, Jean Sciare, Yevgeny Derimian, Jean-François Doussin, Damien Vignelles, Sylvain Mailler, Dominique Lambert, Frédéric Parol, G. Rea, Paola Formenti, José Nicolas, François Dulac, Gregory Roberts, Alfons Schwarzenboeck, Fabien Solmon, Karine Desboeufs, Christian Verwaerde, Barbara D'Anna, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique - UMR 8518 (LOA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), Cyprus Institute (CyI), Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SEDOO, OMP Data Service, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Interactions Aérosols Rayonnement (IAR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Météo-France, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste] (ICTP), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Météo-France [Paris], Météo France, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)

Subjects
Earth's energy budget, Mediterranean climate, Méditerranée, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], forçage radiatif, Meteorology, télédétection par lidar, mesure aéroportée, Stratification (water), influence des aérosols, campagne de mesure, Atmospheric sciences, simulation climatique, SST, climat régional, Geography, bilan radiatif, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, précipitations
Abstract

International audience; Une grande campagne expérimentale a été réalisée en Méditerranée occidentale pendant l'été 2013 afin d'étudier l'impact des aérosols sur le bilan radiatif et le climat régional. Les observations obtenues dans plusieurs stations de surface, à bord de deux avions de recherche, sous ballons sondes plafonnants et par satellite ont documenté la distribution et les propriétés physicochimiques et optiques des particules. Cette campagne a vu se succéder des transports d'aérosols désertiques d'intensité modérée, absorbant modérément le rayonnement solaire et stratifiés verticalement. Les premières simulations climatiques indiquent un impact significatif des aérosols notamment sur la température de surface de la mer, les flux océan-atmosphère et les précipitations saisonnières.; An experimental campaign, coupled with three-dimensional modeling, was conducted in the western Mediterranean during the summer of 2013 to study the impact of aerosols on the radiative balance and climate of this region. In situ observations were obtained on the ground, aboard two research aircraft and balloons to characterize the physico-chemical and optical properties of particles and their vertical stratification. This campaign was mainly characterized by moderate events of desert aerosols. During these episodes, strong vertical stratification was observed and the measurements of the optical properties reveal moderate absorbing particles in the visible spectrum. Climate simulations indicate a significant impact of aerosols in particular by changing the surface temperature of the sea, the ocean-atmosphere fluxes and consequently seasonal precipitation.

Published
2015
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32. Dominance of goethite over hematite in iron oxides of mineral dust from Western Africa: Quantitative partitioning by X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Author

Sandrine Caquineau, V. Briois, Paola Formenti, A. Klaver, Karine Desboeufs, S. Belin, Jean-Louis Rajot, Servanne Chevaillier, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Community's Sixth Framework Research Program, API-AMMA French national funding programs, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Formenti, Paola, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Materials science, Goethite, Photodissociation, Iron oxide, Mineralogy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mineral dust, Hematite, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Oxidation state, Atmospheric chemistry, visual_art, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), visual_art.visual_art_medium, PHYS:PHYS:PHYS_GEO_PH, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

This paper reports on the X-ray absorption analysis of samples of mineral dust emitted from or transported to Western Africa. We found that iron oxides account, by mass, for 38% to 72% of the total elemental iron. They are composed of minerals in the Fe(III) oxidation state: goethite (FeO center dot OH) and hematite (Fe2O3). The apparent fraction of iron oxide attributed to goethite is higher than hematite regardless of the source region from which the dust originated. The goethite percent content of iron oxides is in the range 52-78% (by mass), the highest values being measured for dust originating in the Sahel. The limited number of samples analyzed and the sample-to-sample variability prevent us from concluding firmly on the regional variability of the goethite-to-hematite ratio. Based on the experimental data on mineralogical composition and on concurrent measurements of the number size distribution, the optical properties of mineral dust have been calculated in a Mie approximation for homogeneous spherical particles. At 550 nm, the single-scattering albedo omega(0) ranges between 0.89 and 0.93, the asymmetry factor g ranges between 0.76 and 0.8 and the mass extinction efficiency k(ext) varies between 0.5 and 1.1 m(2) g(-1); these values are all in the range of those from independent direct measurements. Neglecting the partitioning between hematite and goethite and the assimilation of iron oxides by hematite, as it is often done with models, lowers the single-scattering albedo and increases the asymmetry factor in the UV-visible spectral region below 550 nm. The mass extinction efficiency is insensitive to the nature of the iron oxides but rather responds to variations in the number size distribution. The mineralogy of iron oxides should therefore be taken into account when assessing the effect of mineral dust on climate and atmospheric chemistry, in particular via interactions involving photolysis.

Published
2014
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33. Characterization of organic tracer compounds in PM2.5 at a semi-urban site in Beirut, Lebanon

Author

Agnès Borbon, Imad El-Haddad, Charbel Afif, Paola Formenti, Antoine Waked, Jean-François Doussin, Christian Seigneur, Servanne Chevaillier, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique (CEREA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Total organic carbon, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Levoglucosan, 010501 environmental sciences, Mass spectrometry, Combustion, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, TRACER, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Gas chromatography, Derivatization, Isoprene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; A measurement campaign was conducted at a semi-urban site located in the suburbs of the city of Beirut (Lebanon) during summertime (2–18 July 2011). The molecular composition of organic PM2.5 was investigated following a chemical derivatization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. Accordingly, several classes of compounds represented by 18 individual organic tracers were determined. These tracers include levoglucosan, a tracer for biomass combustion, dicarboxylic acids, and several tracers for the photo-oxidation of isoprene, α-pinene and β-caryophyllene. The sum of the mean concentrations of the isoprene oxidation products was 4 ng/m3, that of α-pinene was 124 ng/m3 and that of β-caryophyllene was 11 ng/m3. For other tracers of organic aerosols, the highest concentrations were obtained for carboxylic acids with an average value of 939 ng/m3. An average value of 49 ng/m3 was obtained for levoglucosan. Organic and elemental carbon concentrations were measured by a thermo-optical analyzer. Average values were 5.6 and 1.8 μg/m3, respectively. A reconstruction of organic PM2.5 composition suggests that cooking, fossil-fuel combustion, biomass burning, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and isoprene contribute on average about 27 ± 13, 16 ± 7, 5 ± 3, 26 ± 5, 26 ± 13 and < 1 ± 0.3% of PM2.5 organic carbon, respectively.

Published
2014
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34. A new generator for mineral dust aerosol production from soil samples in the laboratory : GAMEL

Author

Stephane C. Alfaro, Sandra Lafon, Jean-Louis Rajot, Servanne Chevaillier, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest])-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)

Subjects
Hydrology, Elemental composition, Aerosol generation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil test, Dust cycle, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Geology, Soil science, Repeatability, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, 01 natural sciences, Arid, complex mixtures, Aerosol, Emission, Erosion, Soil water, Environmental science, Desert dust, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

International audience; A generator has been developed for producing mineral dust from small samples of desert soils. The objective is to perform a thorough characterization of this new tool and show that it is adapted to the future laboratory studies of the relationship between aerosols and their parent soils. This work describes the principles and operating protocol of the so-called GAMEL generator. A first series of detailed measurements was performed with a Niger soil. During these tests the aerosol size-distribution was monitored in real time with an optical counter and the particles collected on filters submitted to XRF analysis. This allowed characterizing the emission in terms of time evolution of the aerosol production, repeatability of the experiment, and assessing the influence of such generation parameters as the mass of soil and the frequency and duration of the shaking. For this sandy Niger soil, the optimal generation parameters were found to be 1 g of soil agitated 9 min at the frequency of 500 cycles/min, but the effect of modifications of these recommended values have also been quantified. In terms of size-distribution as well as of elemental composition, the generated aerosol is found to compare well to the one collected in natural conditions during local events. For testing the capability of the GAMEL to produce aerosols from different soils, tests were also performed with 3 other soils from arid and semi-arid areas. Results showed that the GAMEL is able to produce aerosols whose characteristics encompass the regional variability of naturally produced mineral aerosols.

Published
2014
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35. Variability of the infrared complex refractive index of African mineral dust: experimental estimation and implications for radiative transfer and satellite remote sensing

Author

Servanne Chevaillier, C. Di Biagio, Hugues Boucher, Juan Cuesta, Paola Formenti, Sandrine Caquineau, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Spectral signature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Single-scattering albedo, Chemistry, Mie scattering, Mineralogy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mineral dust, Infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer, Radiative forcing, 01 natural sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, 0103 physical sciences, Radiative transfer, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Experimental estimations of the infrared refractive index of African mineral dust have been retrieved from laboratory measurements of particle transmission spectra in the wavelength range 2.5–25 μm. Five dust samples collected at Banizoumbou (Niger) and Tamanrasset (Algeria) during dust events originated from different Western Saharan and Sahelian areas have been investigated. The real (n) and imaginary (k) parts of the refractive index obtained for the different dust samples vary in the range 1.1–2.7 and 0.05–1.0, respectively, and are strongly sensitive to the mineralogical composition of the particles, especially in the 8–12 and 17–25 μm spectral intervals. Dust absorption is controlled mainly by clays (kaolinite, illite, smectite) and, to a lesser extent, by quartz and calcium-rich minerals (e.g. calcite, gypsum). Significant differences are obtained when comparing our results with existing experimental estimations available in the literature, and with the values of the OPAC (Optical Properties of Aerosols and Clouds) database. The different data sets appear comparable in magnitude, with our values of n and k falling within the range of variability of past studies. However, literature data fail in accurately reproducing the spectral signatures of the main minerals, in particular clays, and they significantly overestimate the contribution of quartz. Furthermore, the real and the imaginary parts of the refractive index from some literature studies are found not to verify the Kramers–Kronig relations, thus being theoretically incorrect. The comparison between our results, from western Africa, and literature data, from different locations in Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean, nonetheless, confirms the expected large variability of the dust infrared refractive index. This highlights the necessity for an extended systematic investigation of dust properties at infrared wavelengths. For the five analysed dust samples, aerosol intensive optical properties relevant to radiative transfer (mass extinction efficiency, kext, single scattering albedo, ω, and asymmetry factor, g) have been calculated, by using the Mie theory, based on the estimated refractive index and measured particle size distribution. The optical properties show a large sample-to-sample variability, with kext, ω, and g varying in the range 0.05–0.35, 0.25–1.0, and 0.05–0.75. This variability is expected to significantly impact satellite retrievals of atmospheric and surface parameters (e.g. from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, IASI) and estimates of the dust radiative forcing.

Published
2014
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36. Mapping the physico-chemical properties of mineral dust in western Africa: mineralogical composition

Author

Karine Desboeufs, Jean-Louis Rajot, Servanne Chevaillier, Sandrine Caquineau, Anne Klaver, Paola Formenti, Emilie Journet, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (IEES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Formenti, Paola, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Community's Sixth Framework Research Programme, API-AMMA French national funding program, LEFE (project BIRD) French national funding program, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, Goethite, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Iron oxide, Mineralogy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Radiative transfer, Quartz, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Calcite, lcsh:QC1-999, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, PHYS:PHYS:PHYS_GEO_PH, Compositional data, Geology, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

In the last few years, several ground-based and airborne field campaigns have allowed the exploration of the properties and impacts of mineral dust in western Africa, one of the major emission and transport areas worldwide. In this paper, we explore the synthesis of these observations to provide a large-scale quantitative view of the mineralogical composition and its variability according to source region and time after transport. This work reveals that mineral dust in western Africa is a mixture of clays, quartz, iron and titanium oxides, representing at least 92% of the dust mass. Calcite ranged between 0.3 and 8.4% of the dust mass, depending on the origin. Our data do not show a systematic dependence of the dust mineralogical composition on origin; this is to be the case as, in most of the instances, the data represent the composition of the atmospheric burden after 1–2 days after emission, when air masses mix and give rise to a more uniform dust load. This has implications for the representation of the mineral dust composition in regional and global circulation models and in satellite retrievals. Iron oxides account for 58 ± 7% of the mass of elemental Fe and for between 2 and 5% of the dust mass. Most of them are composed of goethite, representing between 52 and 78% of the iron oxide mass. We estimate that titanium oxides account for 1–2% of the dust mass, depending on whether the dust is of Saharan or Sahelian origin. The mineralogical composition is a critical parameter for estimating the radiative and biogeochemical impact of mineral dust. The results regarding dust composition have been used to estimate the optical properties as well as the iron fractional solubility of Saharan and Sahelian dust. Data presented in this paper are provided in numerical form upon email request while they are being turned into a public database, the Dust-Mapped Archived Properties (DUST-MAP), which is an open repository for compositional data from other source regions in Africa and worldwide.

Published
2014
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37. Emission ratios of anthropogenic VOC in northern mid-latitude megacities: observations vs. emission inventories in Los Angeles and Paris

Author

Matthias Beekmann, David D. Parrish, Morgan Lopez, Agnès Borbon, Jochen Stutz, Roland Sarda-Esteve, Servanne Chevaillier, William C. Kuster, Aurélie Colomb, Noël Grand, Carsten Warneke, Joost A. de Gouw, Valérie Gros, Hervé Petetin, Jessica B. Gilman, Stuart A. McKeen, John S. Holloway, and Christina Dolgorouky

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ecology, Paleontology, Soil Science, Forestry, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, Geophysics, Megacity, Space and Planetary Science, Geochemistry and Petrology, Middle latitudes, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Environmental science, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology
Published
2012
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38. Airborne observations of mineral dust over western Africa in the summer Monsoon season: spatial and vertical variability of physico-chemical and optical properties

Author

Paola Formenti, Jean-Louis Rajot, Servanne Chevaillier, Catherine Schmechtig, Noël Grand, F. Saïd, Karine Desboeufs, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Single-scattering albedo, Mesoscale meteorology, 010501 environmental sciences, Mineral dust, Atmospheric sciences, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, African easterly jet, complex mixtures, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:Chemistry, Boundary layer, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Erosion, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We performed airborne measurements of aerosol particle concentration, composition, size distribution and optical properties over Western Africa in the corridor 2–17° N and 3–5° E. Data were collected on board the French ATR-42 research aircraft in June–July 2006 as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) intensive field phases in June–July 2006 using the AVIRAD airborne aerosol sampling system. The aerosol vertical distribution was documented on an almost daily basis. In particular, the vertical distribution of mineral dust emitted locally by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MSC) was distinguished from that of mineral dust that was transported from the Saharan by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ). Mineral dust emitted in the Sahel by convection-driven erosion was mostly confined in the boundary layer. One episode of injection of Sahelian mineral dust in the AEJ was observed. The single scattering albedo of Sahelian dust is lower than that of Saharan dust, owing to different mineralogy and size distribution. Nonetheless this difference is within 0.02 (single scattering albedo unit) and does not significantly alter the radiative perturbation at the surface or at the top of the atmosphere. Our investigation provides with further experimental evidence of the limited dynamical evolution of the number size distribution during two days of transport. Whereas the chemical composition is clearly depending on the origin of mineral dust, no indications are of a possible dependence on the number size distribution.

Published
2011
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39. Chemical properties of rain events during the AMMA campaign: an evidence of dust and biogenic influence in the convective systems

Author

A. Zakou, Paola Formenti, Emilie Journet, Servanne Chevaillier, Sylvain Triquet, Jean-Louis Rajot, and Karine Desboeufs

Subjects
Convection, Climatology, parasitic diseases, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences
Abstract

This paper documents the chemical composition of 7 rain events associated with mesoscale convective systems sampled at the supersite of Banizoumbou, Niger, during the first special observation periods (June–July 2006) of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) experiment. Time-resolved rain sampling was performed in order to discriminate the local dust scavenged at the beginning of rain event from the aerosol particles incorporated in the cloud at the end of the rain. The total elemental composition is dominated by Al, Si, Fe and Ca, indicating a high influence of dust and limited marine or anthropogenic contribution. After the aerosol wash-out, the elemental concentrations normalized to Al and the microscopic observations of diatoms, a tracer of the Bodélé depression, both indicate that the total elemental composition of rainwater is controlled by dust originating from North-Eastern Saharan sources and probably incorporated in the convective cloud from the Harmattan layer. The low variability of the rain composition over the measurement period indicates a regional and temporal homogeneity of dust composition in the Harmattan layer. In the dissolved phase, the dominant anions are nitrate (NO3−), sulphate (SO42−) and chloride (Cl−). However, between June and July we observe an increasing contribution of the organic anions (formate, acetate, oxalate) associated with biogenic emissions to the total ion composition. These results confirm the large influence of biogenic emissions on the rain composition over Sahel during the wet season. The paper concludes on the capacity of mesoscale convective systems to carry simultaneously dust and biogenic compounds originating from different locations and depose them jointly. It also discusses the potential biogeochemical impact of such a phenomenon.

Published
2010
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40. AMMA dust experiment: An overview of measurements performed during the dry season special observation period (SOP0) at the Banizoumbou (Niger) supersite

Author

Aliko Maman, A. Gaudichet, Béatrice Marticorena, Bernadette Chatenet, Jean-Louis Rajot, Stephane C. Alfaro, Paola Formenti, A. Zakou, Emilie Journet, Nicolas Mouget, Sylvain Triquet, Servanne Chevaillier, and Karine Desboeufs

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Mineral dust, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Oceanography, Monsoon, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Geochemistry and Petrology, Dry season, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Air mass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Ecology, Advection, Paleontology, Forestry, Aerosol, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Elemental analysis, Climatology, Erosion, Environmental science
Abstract

In the frame of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis-Special Observation Period 0 (AMMA SOP0) field campaign, a sophisticated instrumental setup specially designed for documenting the characteristics of aerosols in the surface boundary layer has been operated for 1 month (13 January to 13 February 2006) at the Banizoumbou supersite in Niger. The analysis of the long-term routine sunphotometer measurements shows that the intensive measurements were performed during a transition phase between a period when biomass burning aerosols are present in the atmospheric column and another when mineral dust is clearly predominant. On the basis of ground-level observations, three types of events can be defined. (1) Type B events are those corresponding to advection of Biomass burning plumes from southern Sahel. They represent only 3% of the measurement period. (2) Type D events are those during which mineral dust concentrations are larger than 200 mu g m(-3). They represent 35% of the measuring time, and coincide with advection of mineral dust from distant sources to the measurement site. The composition of the dust differs significantly from one episode to the other, depending on the trajectory of air mass that transported it. (3) Type L events are those that can be explained by occurrence of local erosion and that are of short duration. During them, the aerosol size distribution is dominated by a coarser mode (9 mu m) than during the events of the D type dominated by a finer mode (4.5 mu m). Elemental analysis also shows that mineral dust is relatively rich in Fe and poor in Ca, which is typical of the Sahelian aerosols.

Published
2008
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41. The Climate relevant processing of mineral dust by volatile organic compounds : (CLIMDO) project

Author

Antonia Zogka, Frederic Thevenet, Mathieu Cazaunau, Jean-François Doussin, Michael R. Giordano, Paola Formenti, Ramiro Checa-Garcia, Aline Gratien, Claudia Di Biagio, Yves Balkanski, Francesco Battaglia, Emmanouil Romanias, Servanne Chevaillier, Vincent Michoud, Antonin Bergé, Didier Hauglustaine, Edouard Pangui, Vincent Gaudion, Cécile Mirande-Bret, Anne Cozic, Centre for Energy and Environment (CERI EE), Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)

Subjects
13. Climate action, Environmental chemistry, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Mineral dust, 7. Clean energy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

As emphasized by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), aerosols contribute the largest uncertainty to global radiative forcing budget estimates. The uncertainty stems largely from the lack of information related to global aerosol distributions, composition, and aging effects in the atmosphere, all of which affect aerosol radiative properties.Of the two major categories of aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, natural aerosols remain the largest source of the uncertainty. This limits our capacity to measure and attribute total climate forcings. Without a firm understanding of total climate forcing, our ability to predict its evolution over time diminishes and limits the development of adaptation strategies for future climate change.Aerosolized mineral dust is the largest single component of the global aerosol mass budget, making up nearly half of annual particle emissions to the atmosphere. Mineral dust aerosols influence the global climate through both direct interactions with radiation (scattering and absorption in the visible and IR regions) as well as indirect interactions with radiation (by serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) or ice nuclei (IN)). One potentially important aspect of dust aerosols is that they are able to uptake and heterogeneously react with gases. Henceforth, mineral dust may also play a significant but mostly unknown role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere.While the combination of the complex reaction pathways and processing mechanisms inherent to the dust/organic system is hampering our understanding of dust and organic aerosols on global climate, and despite a great number of progresses on climate-relevant properties of mineral dust and SOA in these past ten years, studies of the heterogeneous chemistry occurring between dust and organic species are sparse.The CLImate relevant processing of Mineral Dust by volatile Organic compounds (CLIMDO) project tackles this under-explored science question by proposing the first comprehensive process-driven project addressing the reactivity of complex and realistic mineral dust/organic systems to better understand how dust and VOCs influence the global climate system.CLIMDO will investigate the heterogeneous interaction of mineral dust with two of the most common organic SOA precursors: glyoxal and methylglyoxal from ubiquitous anthropogenic and biogenic sources, thought combination of innovative laboratory experiments in a well-controlled and characterized environment (the atmospheric simulation chamber CESAM) and advanced flow reactors and optical cells), the development of novel modelling schemes of both the reaction mechanisms and the resulting optical properties of mineral dust, and new simulations of the global direct radiative effect and SOA distribution using the LMDzOR-INCA.This presentation describes the strategy and workplan of the CLIMDO project, including dissemination of results and open data, to inform the science community and foster and cluster new collaborations.

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