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Background: Menstrual problems and infertility are best understood and treated with knowledge of gynecological endocrinology. Serum prolactin levels in infertile individuals with menstrual disorder are the focus of this study. Materials and Methods: Patients between the ages of 20 and 40 (the reproductive age range) were split into two groups for a year-long prospective case-control research. Fifty fertile women with normal periods served as the control group, while 150 infertile women with menstrual dysfunctions made up the research group. Serum prolactin levels were checked in addition to other relevant laboratory and radiographic tests to get a full picture of the obstetric history. Results: In this analysis, hyperprolactinemia was shown to occur in 24.6% of participants. Hyperprolactinemia was more common in those with polycystic ovary syndrome (33.3%), oligomenorrhea (27.27%), secondary amenorrhea (30.2%), primary amenorrhea (5.5%), irregular menstruation (9.09%), and 25% of those with regular ovulatory cycles and 40% of those with regular anovulatory cycles. Oligomenorrhea was the most common presenting symptom among hyperprolactinemic patients (48.7%), followed by secondary amenorrhea (35.1%). Patients with secondary amenorrhea had a substantially higher mean blood prolactin level (111.42 ng/mL) compared to those with oligomenorrhea (69.3 ng/mL). Seventy-five point six percent of hyperprolactinemic individuals experienced primary infertility, but only twenty-seven point zero seven percent experienced secondary infertility. (p0.01). Blood prolactin levels were significantly different (p 0.01) between cases with and without galactorrhea, and 66.6% of patients with galactorrhea had hyperprolactinemia. Although 13.5 percent of hyperprolactinemic individuals experienced galactorrhea, this symptom was not consistently present. Conclusion: Regular blood prolactin testing is required for the diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia, a major cause of infertility and menstrual disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the growing incidence of liver cirrhosis among Asians, the use of a biomarker such as prolactin indicates the severity of the disease, its complications, and serves as a tool for the early intervention. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the correlation of serum prolactin level to the Child-Pugh Scoring System in liver cirrhosis patients and to find out its prognostic importance in liver cirrhosis. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including 60 patients of liver cirrhosis. Complete history taking, physical examination, and relevant investigations were done. Frequency and percentage were calculated and Chi-square test was applied for significance. Correlation was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results: Mean age was 44±12.8 years. Cirrhosis was alcohol induced in 55%, hepatitis B related in 18.3%, and other causes related in 7.8%. Mean prolactin levels were 18.1±11.3 μg/l. Strong positive correlation was found between prolactin level and bilirubin level (rs=0.372, P=0.003) and prolactin level and prothrombin time (rs=0.490, P=0.003). Statistically significant association was found between Child-Pugh score and prolactin level (x2=12.2, P=0.003). We found no significant association of prolactin level with age, albumin, creatinine, ascites, esophageal varices, etiology of cirrhosis, and hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusion: We observed that there was a strong correlation between Child-Pugh score and serum prolactin level. Although, Child-Pugh scoring system is a predictor of morbidity in liver cirrhosis patients, serum prolactin level can also be used as an indicator for predicting patients at high risk of developing complications and mortality due to liver cirrhosis.

Objective: To determine the association between elevated serum prolactin and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Quetta Pakistan, from Apr 2021 to Mar 2022. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-one patients had a measurement of serum prolactin in the first trimester, along with an oral glucose tolerance test in the second and third trimester, at the Pathology Department Combined Military Hospital Quetta Pakistan. Results: In the study group, serum prolactin levels were raised in 51(42.1%) patients in the first trimester. A total of 44(36.3%) patients with raised serum prolactin had impaired oral glucose tolerance tests. A significant association was found between raised serum prolactin and subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant females. Conclusion: Serum prolactin can be an important biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of gestational diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The goals of this study were to evaluate the mean blood prolactin levels between healthy and psoriatic patients and to ascertain the prevalence of psoriasis in patients presenting to a teaching hospital in Punjab. Methods This study involved 153 patients of both genders aged between 18-70 years who presented at outpatient department of Dermatology, Mayo Hospital Lahore. 153 patients of both genders aged between 18-70 years were evaluated for psoriasis which was diagnosed clinically by the presence of red inflamed, sharply demarcated, indurated plaques, with silvery white scales over extensor surfaces and scalp for =6 months. 5ml of venous blood was sampled through venipuncture and was sent for serum prolactin level estimation. Mean serum prolactin level was compared between patients with and without psoriasis. A written informed consent was taken from each patient. Results The patients were 40.11±4.9 years old on average. The majority of the patients (n=103, 67.3%) were in the 18-44 age range. Male to female ratio was 2:1, with 102 (66.7%) men and 51 (33.3%) women among the patients. These individuals serum prolactin levels ranged from 5.6ng/ml to 15.9ng/ml, with an average of 8.9±2.3ng/ml. Six individuals (3.9%) had psoriasis, which was identified. The prevalence of psoriasis did not differ statistically significantly by gender (pvalue= 1.000) or by age (p-value=0.972). Patients with psoriasis had considerably higher mean serum prolactin levels than those without psoriasis (14.80±1.05 vs. 8.68±1.97 ng/ml; p-value 0.001). Patients with and without psoriasis were divided into several subgroups based on patient's age, with similar substantial differences in mean serum prolactin level being identified. Conclusion In the present study, 3.9% of patients presenting in dermatology outpatient department had psoriasis and these patients had significantly higher mean serum prolactin level compared to those without psoriasis which might be a potential therapeutic target and necessitates further studies in this regard to establish cause-effect relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the association between elevated serum prolactin and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus in the first trimester. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Quetta Pakistan, from Apr 2021 to Mar 2022. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-one patients had a measurement of serum prolactin in the first trimester, along with an oral glucose tolerance test in the second and third trimester, at the Pathology Department Combined Military Hospital Quetta Pakistan. Results: In the study group, serum prolactin levels were raised in 51(42.1%) patients in the first trimester. A total of 44(36.3%) patients with raised serum prolactin had impaired oral glucose tolerance tests. A significant association was found between raised serum prolactin and subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant females. Conclusion: Serum prolactin can be an important biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: With the growing incidence of liver cirrhosis among Asians, the use of a biomarker such as prolactin indicates the severity of the disease, its complications, and serves as a tool for the early intervention. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the correlation of serum prolactin level to the Child-Pugh Scoring System in liver cirrhosis patients and to find out its prognostic importance in liver cirrhosis. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study including 60 patients of liver cirrhosis. Complete history taking, physical examination, and relevant investigations were done. Frequency and percentage were calculated and Chi-square test was applied for significance. Correlation was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results: Mean age was 44±12.8 years. Cirrhosis was alcohol induced in 55%, hepatitis B related in 18.3%, and other causes related in 7.8%. Mean prolactin levels were 18.1±11.3 μg/l. Strong positive correlation was found between prolactin level and bilirubin level (rs=0.372, P=0.003) and prolactin level and prothrombin time (rs=0.490, P=0.003). Statistically significant association was found between Child-Pugh score and prolactin level (x2=12.2, P=0.003). We found no significant association of prolactin level with age, albumin, creatinine, ascites, esophageal varices, etiology of cirrhosis, and hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusion: We observed that there was a strong correlation between Child- Pugh score and serum prolactin level. Although, Child-Pugh scoring system is a predictor of morbidity in liver cirrhosis patients, serum prolactin level can also be used as an indicator for predicting patients at high risk of developing complications and mortality due to liver cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galactorrhea is defined as the spontaneous flow of a milky or colorless fluid-like discharge from the nipple. The condition occurs most often in women but can also develop in men and children. Galactorrhea is more common with antipsychotics when compared to antidepressants. Limited literature is available regarding escitalopram-induced galactorrhea on which the current case report focuses. The current study advances the earlier studies in presenting galactorrhea with normal prolactin levels. The following case report depicts the development of galactorrhea by the use of escitalopram at a low dose when compared to other studies.

Breast cancer is a common malignancy among women. There are a number of established risk factors for breast cancer in younger population. Hyperprolactinemia is observed to be higher in breast cancer patients. However its presentation in younger (

Background Psoriasis is a dermatological disease of T lymphocyte origin and has multiple etiological backgrounds. Recent lines of researches suggest that prolactin as a neurohormone may have a role in the disease activity of psoriasis. Objective To identify the correlations of serum prolactin concentration with disease activity of psoriatic patients. Methods In the department of Dermatology & Venereology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, this cross sectional study was conducted. Time period was from September 2016 to December 2017. Fifty individuals diagnosed as psoriasis were included. Subjects were enrolled according to some specific criteria. Consecutive sampling method was applied to choose the samples. For measurement of disease activity of each subject, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) was implemented. Results In this study, 39.64±15.51 years was got as mean age of the subjects and mean BMI was 22.43±1.16 kg/m2 within the range of 19.9-25.39. Study showed that serum prolactin gradually increased according to the increment of PASI score and serum prolactin had positive correlation with PASI score (r=0.821; p≤0.001) which was accepted as significant statistically. Patients with joint involvement had significantly higher serum prolactin level. Conclusion A positive correlation between psoriatic disease activity with concentration of patient's serum prolactin was observed in this study. So, serum prolactin may be esteemed as a marker of psoriatic disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prolactin is a hormone secreted from anterior pituitary gland which has different functions throughout the body of the fertile females. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may exhibit a mild elevation of serum prolactin level. High prolactin level can affect the fertility potential causing ovulatory dysfunction. Even those with normal ovulation, failure of producing a sufficient amount of progesterone after ovulation may occur which resulted in a deficient endometrium; less liable for embryo implantation( luteal phase defect). Thus, this research is aimed to study the frequency of elevated prolactin in women with PCOS and to evaluate its' effect on pregnancy rate. Methods: Fifty-three infertile females were included. They divided in to two major groups: Group I: females with PCOS and Group II: females with no PCOS. Both groups sub-divided in to two subgroups: Group A with serum prolactin more than 20 ng/dl and Group B with normal serum prolactin 2-20 ng/dl. All females were included in ICSI program followed by assessment of pregnancy rate in both groups. Results: The study was showed that 69.44% of women who suffered from PCOS had an elevated serum prolactin level with a mean of 31.17±10.24. Pregnancy rate was lower in the females with high serum prolactin level in both PCOS and non-PCOS women. Conclusion: Hyperprolactinemia is more frequent in the females with PCOS than normal ovulatory females. Elevated serum prolactin level negatively affects implantation and decreases the chance of getting a pregnancy following ICSI.

Background and objective Prolactin (PRL) has a high specificity toward breast cancer (BC), making it a valuable marker in both diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, we aimed to compare serum PRL levels between pre- and post-menopausal women with BC, as well as normal reference values. We also investigated the association of various risk factors with PRL levels in women with BC. Methods The study involved adult women diagnosed with BC based on clinical features and tissue histopathology receiving treatment at a tertiary care center in Pune, India. General and demographic information, anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and BMI), menstrual status (age at menarche and menopausal state), clinical presentation (signs and symptoms), duration of symptoms, and parity were recorded by using a pre-tested proforma based on hospital records or in-person interviews. Serum PRL was measured by the RIA method (sandwich assay). Results A total of 67 women (average age: 47.5 ± 11.8 years; 33 of them post-menopausal) with BC were included in the study. The participants had an average BMI of 24.9 ± 3.5 kg/m 2 ,   and 26 (39%) of them were overweight. The majority of women had BC stage IIA disease, involvement of the right side or upper outer quadrant, and had attained menarche after 14 years of age; 47 women had a BC duration of >3 months. Seven women were nulliparous, and the remaining had given birth to their first child before the age of 26 years. The average serum PRL level among the participants was 9.27 ± 7.62 ng/mL, with higher levels found in post-menopausal women compared to pre-menopausal women (11.08 vs. 7.51 ng/mL, respectively; p=0.08). Women with a higher stage and greater duration of disease had significantly higher serum PRL levels (p<0.001 for both). When compared with reference values, pre-menopausal women showed significantly lower (6.25 vs. 10.9, respectively; p=0.001) and post-menopausal women showed significantly higher (8.55 vs. 5.95; p=0.004) serum PRL levels. A positive correlation was found between serum PRL and age at the time of birth of the first child (p=0.068). Conclusions Based on our findings, PRL is an important hormone in the development of BC in women. Therapeutic modulation of PRL may be a realistic and novel approach to curing human BC, either administered alone or in combination with conventional treatments., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Singh et al.)

Objective: To compare serum Prolactin levels in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) with and without type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Materials and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over 100 Diabetics and 100 non-Diabetics patients with ED and their serum Prolactin levels were measured in all and compared in 2 groups. A convenience sampling technique was used to select patients from two Hospitals, i.e, Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar and Government Naseerullah Babar hospital, Peshawar. Independent sample t-test was performed for comparison between two groups. Results: Serum Prolactin levels were high in diabetic patients with ED. Majority of patients were 40-49 years old. Duration of ED was higher in Diabetics patients as compared to Non-Diabetics. Conclusion: ED is common in age group 40-49 years and in diabetics than in non-diabetics and is associated with high levels of serum Prolactin levels respectively. The duration of ED was also found to be more in diabetics than non-diabetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galactorrhea is defined as the spontaneous flow of a milky or colorless fluid-like discharge from the nipple. The condition occurs most often in women but can also develop in men and children. Galactorrhea is more common with antipsychotics when compared to antidepressants. Limited literature is available regarding escitalopram-induced galactorrhea on which the current case report focuses. The current study advances the earlier studies in presenting galactorrhea with normal prolactin levels. The following case report depicts the development of galactorrhea by the use of escitalopram at a low dose when compared to other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate whether peripheral modulators of serotoninergic function and neurohumoral factors’ changes in athletic horses during an official jumping competition, and to evaluate their relationship with the physical performance of competing horses. From 7 Italian Saddle mares (6–9 years; mean body weight 440 ± 15 kg), performing the same standardized warm-up and jumping course during an official class, heart rate (HR) was monitored throughout the competition. Rectal temperature (RT) measurement, blood lactate and glucose concentration, serum tryptophan, leucine, valine, the tryptophan/branched-chain amino-acids ratio (Try/BCAAs), dopamine, prolactin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were assessed before the exercise event (T0), at the end of the competition stage (5 min ± 10 s following the cessation of the exercise, TPOST5), and 30 min after the end of competition (TPOST30). Highest HR values were recorded during the course and at the outbound (p < 0.0001); blood lactate concentration and RT increased after exercise with respect to the rest condition (p < 0.0001). Lower leucine and valine levels (p < 0.01), and higher tryptophan, Try/BCAAs ratio, and NEFAs values were found at TPOST5 and TPOST30 with respect to T0 (p < 0.0001). A higher prolactin concentration was found at TPOST5 and TPOST30 compared to T0 (p < 0.0001), whereas dopamine showed decreased values after exercise compared to rest (p < 0.0001). Statistically significant correlations among the peripheral indices of serotoninergic function, neurohumoral factors, and athletic performance parameters were found throughout the monitoring period. The findings provide indirect evidence that the serotoninergic system may be involved in fatigue during jumper exercise under a stressful situation, such as competition, in which, in addition to physical effort, athletic horses exhibit more passive behavior.

This study is intention to inducted condition of a hyperprolactinemia and its correlation with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the kidney patients. The Study goal was to evaluated serum prolactin level in chronic kidney Patients in Diyala Province. In this study, 70 cases were chosen between 20 to73 years. They are two gropes of cases; 55 cases have chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 15 cases are control group. The patients were admitted by Baquba Hospital, the research was done, from January 2018, to April, 2018. They have been evaluated for prolactin serum levels in Baquba Hospital. The serum prolactin determination were mustered by EILSA. Among the 70 CKD patients, (n = 25, 92.6% percent) of men patients have hyperprolactinemia and (n= 22, 78.6% percent) of women patients have hyperprolactinemia. In consonance with Statistical analysis of data using t-test, there is a significant association between increased serum prolactin levels and presence of CKD. Especially in male CKD is connected with increased serum levels of hormone prolactin (Hyperprolactinemia). Hyperprolactinemia could be detected in 92.6% of male and 78.6% female patients with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Human infertility is a global health concern partly due to its complexity in etiology as well as difficulty in preventing, diagnosing and treating it. Clinical and experimental studies have suggested a close relationship between the Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Therefore this study was designed to determine the association of serum Prolactin and thyroid profile in infertile females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study consisted of 40 diagnosed female infertile patients who availed health care facility at Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Gauhati Medical College and Hospital and 40 female fertile patients. Estimations of serum levels of Prolactin, TSH, TT3 and TT4 were done by BIO-RAD MICROPLATE READER VERSION 1.7. Statistical significance and correlation were done using unpaired student's "t" test and Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: A statistically significant increase was found in serum Prolactin and TSH of infertile female patients as compared with control groups (p <0.0001 and p <0.01 respectively). The serum Prolactin level showed significant positive correlation with serum TSH (p <0.01) while serum prolactin level showed significant negative correlation with serum TT3 and TT4 (p <0.01 and p <0.01 respectively). CONCLUSION: From the present study, it shows that thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism, may be an important hormonal factor along with hyperprolactinemia in the development of female infertility and may have therapeutic applications as correction of thyroid disorders may reverse the infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: 1) To analyze serum lipid and prolactin levels in breast cancer patients and normal subjects; 2) to correlate those levels with risk and prognostic factors. Material and methods: The present study was performed in the Department of Surgery, MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala, from 2013 to 2014, at a rural centre. The study group comprised 40 patients with carcinoma of the breast who underwent surgery and the control group included 10 patients who underwent surgery for reasons other than carcinoma of the breast. Apart from routine tests, special investigations like estimation of serum lipids and prolactin levels were carried out in each patient to assess the general health status and detect any potential evidence of distance metastasis. Results: Most patients were in the fourth and fifth decade of life. The mean value of serum total cholesterol in the study group (190.77 mg%) was higher than that of the control group (166.22 mg%), which was statistically significant. The mean value of LDL in the study group was 153.8 mg%, as compared to 118.4 mg% in the control group; therefore, the difference in LDL cholesterol levels between the two groups was statistically significant. The VLDL level was also higher in breast cancer patients, with a mean value of 35.25 mg%, as compared to 22.6 mg% in the control group. Serum triglycerides showed higher trends in the study group than in controls. The correlation coefficient of total lipids and prolactin was 0.428, which was significant (p value 0.002), and pointed to a positive relation between prolactin and total lipids, meaning that an elevation in total lipids would lead to an increase in prolactin levels. Conclusion: It was observed that significantly increased prolactin levels were found among patients with breast cancer. Serum lipids in carcinoma of the breast had higher levels of VLDL and LDL cholesterol and elevated triglyceride concentrations. Serum prolactin showed a statistically significant elevation in premenopausal patients as compared to postmenopausal subjects with breast cancer. Prolactin level may be also one of the risk factors for breast cancer, which points to its diagnostic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The prolactin (PRL) receptor is over-expressed in breast cancer, and pre-clinical data indicate that it contributes to breast oncogenesis. Cabergoline is a potent dopamine receptor agonist of D2 receptors and has a direct inhibitory effect on pituitary PRL secretion. Methods: A phase II study of cabergoline in patients with metastatic breast cancer was conducted. The primary end point of the study was to determine the clinical benefit rate (CBR) at 2 months. Eligible patients had tumors of any receptor status with no limit of prior lines of therapy. Measurable and unmeasurable diseases were allowed. Cabergoline 1 mg orally, twice weekly (1 cycle = 4 weeks) was given until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. PRL receptor immunohistochemical staining was performed on available baseline tumor tissue; serial serum PRL levels were assessed. Results: Twenty women were enrolled; 18 were evaluable for CBR. Tumor receptor status was distributed as follows: HR−any/HER2+ 2(10%), HR+/HER2− 18 (90%). The CBR was 33% (6/18), median progression free survival was 1.8 months, and median overall survival was 10.4 months. Two patients experienced disease control for over 12 months. Most common treatment-related adverse events were nausea (30%), fatigue (25%), and elevation in alkaline phosphatase (15%). Nine patients had baseline tissue for analysis; there was no association between baseline tumor PRL receptor expression and clinical benefit ( p = 0.24). Change in serum PRL level and response were not correlated after 2 months of treatment ( p = 0.64). Conclusion: Cabergoline was well tolerated, and while the ORR was low, a small subset of patients experienced extended disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To classify the imaging growth manner of prolactinoma and explore its relationship between clinical manifestation and the treatment outcome. Methods A total of 168 patients with prolactinoma (60 males and 108 females) who were treated in our department were selected as research target. The relationship between the image characteristics,clinical manifestations and the treatment outcome were compared and evaluated. Results Saddle inside-type growth was more common in younger age and low prolactin level patients(82. 8% ,P< 0.05) ,breakthrough and surrounded type growth was more common in older age( total proportion was 68. 0% ,P <0. 05 ) and high prolactin level patients (total proportion was 66. 2% , P <0. 05). Conclusion The imaging growth manner of prolactinoma will change due to changes in gender, age and prolactin levels, the relationship between them can guide us to explore the etiology and pathogenesis, then choose a reasonable treatment to improve the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of the study was to investigate the lactogenic activity of methanolic extract of Teramnus labialis (L.) fruit (MTLF) on rats. Subjects and Methods: Nursing rats (200-250 g) with their suckling pups were selected and were divided into five groups (n = 6). Group I treated as control (distil water); Group II treated as standard (domperidone), and Group III, IV, and V were orally administered with MTLF at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively and continued for l4th day of parturition. Milk yield, the pups as well as mother's weight were measured daily. On 15th day, the total protein/carbohydrate contents from mammary tissue and serum prolactin/cortisol level from blood sample were measured and compared with control. Results: Oral administration of MTLF increases the milk yield, body weight of pups as well as mother rat, glycogen, and protein content as well as serum prolactin and cortisol level as compared to the control animals. In addition, the lactogenic effect of MTLF was followed dose-dependent manner as compared to control. Conclusions: The present study was revealed that the MTLF possesses significant lactogenic activity by enhancing milk production and prolactin concentration in nursing rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]