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La presente investigación se desarrolla en el ámbito de la Arquitectura Sostenible en contextos de Cooperación Internacional al Desarrollo dando respuesta a la necesidad de vivienda en el mundo con soluciones sostenibles que no sólo atiendan a criterios sociales o económicos, sino que además contribuyan a reducir los impactos negativos sobre el medioambiente. La investigación aborda la problemática global recogida en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y la Agenda 2030 de la ONU, alineándose con los objetivos 9, 6 y 11, y orientando sus resultados a la mejora de las condiciones de habitabilidad y confort de los grupos vulnerables. La investigación supone un impulso a la vivienda social sostenible en comunidades de bajos recursos del planeta, mediante el diseño de una estrategia de intervención que combina metodologías propias del ámbito de la cooperación internacional al desarrollo con los procedimientos habituales en el ámbito de la investigación científica. Esta estrategia de intervención es la principal contribución de la investigación y se plantea con un carácter abierto y flexible, de tal modo que la secuencia de fases y bloques pueda ser estandarizada y replicable en otras localizaciones y contextos objeto de la cooperación internacional al desarrollo. La estrategia de intervención se materializa en un caso práctico que se implementa en El Salvador con la contraparte la ONGD Hábitat para la Humanidad El Salvador. En esta intervención se construyen dos prototipos de vivienda de muy bajo coste en Jocoaitique y La Palma (El Salvador), diseñados siguiendo criterios de sostenibilidad y cumpliendo las exigencias de la certificación ambiental Edge del Banco Mundial. Estos prototipos responden a las necesidades detectadas durante la etapa documental y de identificación en terreno, y dan respuesta a las demandas de las familias, comunidades, entidad contraparte, instituciones locales y de Universidades e instituciones educativas. La estrategia de formación es un pil, This research is developed in the field of Sustainable Architecture in contexts of International Development Cooperation. It responds to the need for housing around the world with sustainable solutions that not only meet social or economic criteria, but also contribute to reduce negative impacts to the environment. The work addresses the global problems included in the Sustainable Development Goals and the UN Agenda 2030, aligning with objectives 9, 6 and 11, and directing its results to improve the habitability and comfort conditions of vulnerable groups. It represents a boost to sustainable social housing in low-income communities on the planet, through the design of an intervention strategy that combines methodologies typical of the field of international development cooperation with the usual procedures in the field of scientific research. This intervention strategy is the main contribution of the research and it proposes an open and flexible approach. In this way, the sequence of phases and blocks can be standardized and replicated in other locations and contexts in the field of international development cooperation. The intervention strategy is materialized in a case study implemented in El Salvador with the counterpart of the ONGD Habitat for Humanity El Salvador. In this intervention, two very lowcost housing prototypes are built in Jocoaitique and La Palma (El Salvador), designed following sustainability criteria and meeting the requirements of the World Bank's Edge environmental certification. These prototypes respond to the needs detected during the documentary and field identification stages. They satisfy the demands of families, communities, counterpart entity, local authorities and universities and educational institutions. The training strategy is a key pillar in the intervention. It includes training, qualification and awareness programs on sustainable social housing and environment conservation. These programs are aimed at each of the agents involve

Bloque 2. JIDA'23-Granada: Jornadas sobre Innovación Docente en Arquitectura

The global challenges regarding sustainability and the guarantee of minimum habitability requirements have led to the transformation of construction practices, where research has failed to achieve sufficient dissemination and findings. The purpose of this research is to promote sustainable and resilient patterns in construction in vulnerable neighbourhoods in emerging countries by disseminating techniques and mechanisms through in situ transfer workshops and by raising awareness of the environmental importance of construction. Regarding materials and methods, this paper contributes innovative insights by combining training workshops and awareness-raising sessions to promote both environmental education and sustainable and optimised habits in construction. These methods are applied and tested in a real case study in El Salvador. Subsequent to carrying out a multi-disciplinary assessment analysis, the outcomes and results have led to the design of prototypes that have obtained a global EDGE certificate on sustainable construction and efficient use of resources once the users’ testimonies, weaknesses, and strengths have been addressed. The conclusions indicate that families, volunteers, and technical workers need to be trained by promoting environmental awareness in social housing and establishing a plan for dissemination to communicate across universities and public and private institutions in order to replicate guidelines across American dry-corridor countries.

The consequences of global warming have led to an acceleration of action strategies towards efficient and passive renovation work in the building stock. Most existing schoolyards are becoming obsolete with respect to current bioclimatic design patterns, for which a lack of methodological studies and diagnosis mechanisms in outdoor spaces has been identified. This research aims to design a multi-criteria assessment model on environmental ergonomics for the identification of feasible and passive measures that improve comfort conditions in schoolyards. The innovation of this system lies in its basis on weighting data that combines 12 qualitative, quantitative, and graphical parameters by using remote-sensing algorithms and GIS resources, leading to major insights regarding remote information acquisition capabilities for the promotion of bioclimatic actions in schools. The model is applied and tested in 6 representative pilot schools to demonstrate its operation and replicability. An innovative graphic output of results provides a significant research outcome, which contributes towards the visualisation of the diagnosis on environmental ergonomics and identifies potentials and weaknesses for decision-making. The conclusions focus on methodological insights and implications from an integral diagnosis for schoolyards, thereby serving as a decision-support system to identify optimal interventions that would ensure a more appropriate environmental performance.

Current urban challenges on promoting an integrated urban regeneration demand new decision support systems to adjust and optimise renovation strategies in the housing stock. This research aims to provide a multidimensional decision support system, specifically focused on high-rise multi-family buildings, which entails an added complexity in the design and decision-making stages of building renovation. The need to promote assessment protocols of key parameters that promote a viable and efficient renovation in high-rise multi-family buildings constitutes a research gap to be fulfilled in this study. This research contributes with an assessment and weighting model based on 12 indicators, both during and after renovation works, under 4 multidisciplinary dimensions: Technical; Social; Economic; and Environmental, in a -5 to 5 drawback-benefit index scale. An application procedure has been tested in two representative neighbourhoods in Argentina and Spain, identified by GIS resources, and demonstrating its operation and usefulness for vulnerable neighbourhoods due to global inflation. The implications of the graphic output of results, weighted for Mild, Moderate, Intense and Deep action strategies, allows us to identify drawbacks and benefits of each strategy independently, for each of the 12 indicators, visualising the trend, performance and variations between dimensions and strategies in large-scale buildings. Conclusions generate key recommendations and insights on decision-making patterns to urban policymakers by ensuring feasible and satisfactory renovation strategies in high-rise multi-family buildings.

This work presents a tool for developing competencies in sustainability, focusing on evaluating the environmental impact and carbon footprint in schools. The tool is based on sustainability indicators and follows a methodology derived from the ClimAct and ECF4CLIM projects. It is conceived as a support for the users and the schools to identify and evaluate the relative impact of different actions and measures, to engage them in a sustainable pathway to low-carbon schools supporting their decision-making at the different levels of users. The areas are transport, waste, green procurement, green spaces, energy, water, and indoor air quality. The tool aims to support users and schools in identifying and evaluating the impact of various actions and measures, facilitating decision-making for a sustainable and low-carbon school environment. To quantify sustainability performance, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been established for each area. The results from schools that tested the tool revealed low scores in green procurement (0.59/5) and water (2.03/5), while achieving higher scores in green spaces (3.46/5) and indoor air quality (3.92/5). These findings highlight the areas where improvement is needed and provide a basis for targeted interventions. Developed on the PowerApps platform, supported by Microsoft, the tool allows access to users of different ages and knowledge levels. It has been successfully tested in six schools in Andalusia, Spain, obtaining relevant results in the seven sustainable areas defined. Based on the results, this tool will be used within co-creation and co-implementation processes for more sustainable schools and competencies acquisition by the participants.

The parametric design applied to the built environment is critical to creating sustainable and resilient spaces. However, this research field involves a vast and complex amount of disconnected information. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse research trends in applying parametric design to optimise sustainability and environmental ergonomics parameters in built environments. The following specific objectives are identified to meet this objective: (i) a quantitative analysis based on a systematic literature review; (ii) a qualitative review based on a performance analysis and scientific mapping; and (iii) a comparative analysis of case studies applying parametric language for the optimisation of sustainability and environmental ergonomics parameters. The 1045 research records covering 1974 to 2021 illustrate a field in development that evolves from early digital advances to climate change adaptations, the circular economy and resilience. It highlights the importance of applying bioclimatic techniques in the built environment, identifying the most optimised measures and encouraging the creation of guidelines to serve as a protocol for future studies, contributing to the existing body of knowledge by highlighting trends, establishing research themes, outlining research networks and suggesting areas for further studies.

The construction sector represents an opportunity to promote urban culture change in favour of housing stock regeneration, encouraging urban interventions that extend the life of buildings in a sustainable and resilient way from the project’s design phase. Level(s) is the European Union’s new language for sustainability, circular economy, and resilience indicators. Specifically, Indicator 2.3 proposes a process that assists the design and renovation of housing in a state of obsolescence to explore its maximum resilience to climatic, functional, and socio-economic effects. The indicator is made up of objectives that allow the needs of any occupant to be met throughout the useful life while also proposing a study of the payback time of the investment. The objectives of this indicator focus on the most efficient use of space, greater longevity and operational performance of the building and the longerterm vision of the valuable life by allowing the change of use of the building. Thus, this research aims to identify a resilient housing retrofit methodology based on Level(s). The following specific objectives have been identified: (i) resilience assessment of the current state of the pilot cases using Level(s) to meet this objective; (ii) design of new resilient housing configurations and analysis of project opportunities and constraints using Level(s); and (iii) assessment of cost amortisation. The results of this research allow for the identification of a comprehensive, functional, flexible, accessible, resilient, and dynamic space refurbishment model that allows for the maximum number of configurations for the maximum number of tenants over time, considering cost reduction, time and payback.

The complexity of technical subjects related to the construction field, in Architecture Studies, is elevated in the first years of study due to the lack of fundamental knowledge of terms and properties in construction systems. Students enter their first year without previous fundamental training, in most cases, without having visited a construction site, generating pedagogical challenges. Given the complexity of the subject, traditional teaching causes mechanisation and memorisation, erroneous on many occasions, replacing reasoning and understanding of the usefulness of each system and constructive solution. Taking advantage of the entertaining and dynamic potential of Social Networks in students, this work analyses the design, development, and experimentation of a flipped classroom teaching model that combines explanations of main concepts and construction systems through recorded and explained videos by the students themselves, in search of an active, playful and motivating learning methodology., La complejidad de las asignaturas técnicas, correspondientes al área de Construcción del Grado en Estudios de Arquitectura, es incrementada aún más durante los primeros cursos por el desconocimiento de términos y propiedades fundamentales en los sistemas constructivos. Los alumnos acceden al primer curso sin una formación constructiva básica, en una mayoría de casos sin haber visitado una obra, lo cual genera un reto pedagógico, pues ante la complejidad de la materia, la enseñanza tradicional provoca la mecanización y memorización, en muchas ocasiones errónea, sustituyendo al razonamiento y compresión de la utilidad de cada sistema y solución constructiva. Aprovechando potencial lúdico y dinamizador de las Redes Sociales en los estudiantes, este trabajo analiza el diseño, desarrollo y experimentación desarrollada para integrar explicaciones de conceptos y sistemas constructivos mediante vídeos grabados y explicados por los propios estudiantes en la constitución de una metodología activa, lúdica y motivadora de aula invertida., La realización de esta experiencia de innovación docente se enmarca en el Proyecto de Innovación Docente Avanzado código PAID 22-44 financiado por la Unidad de Calidad, Innovación Docente y Prospectiva de la Universidad de Granada, titulado Virtualización de prácticas docentes mediante Rede Sociales y web – Prácticas_Tokers_UGR”. Los autores quieren agradecer a los demás compañeros del Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas y de la Universidad de Granada, que han formado parte de este proyecto de innovación docente por apoyar la iniciativa y, especialmente, a los alumnos del grupo F de la asignatura Introducción a la Construcción del curso 2022-2023., Peer Reviewed

The consequences of global warming have led to an acceleration of action strategies towards efficient and passive renovation work in the building stock. Most existing schoolyards are becoming obsolete with respect to current bioclimatic design patterns, for which a lack of methodological studies and diagnosis mechanisms in outdoor spaces has been identified. This research aims to design a multi-criteria assessment model on environmental ergonomics for the identification of feasible and passive measures that improve comfort conditions in school yards. The innovation of this system lies in its basis on weighting data that combines 12 qualitative, quantitative, and graphical parameters by using remote-sensing algorithms and GIS resources, leading to major insights regarding remote information acquisition capabilities for the promotion of bioclimatic actions in schools. The model is applied and tested in 6 representative pilot schools to demonstrate its operation and replicability. An innovative graphic output of results provides a significant research outcome, which contributes towards the visualisation of the diagnosis on environmental ergonomics and identifies potentials and weaknesses for decision-making. The conclusions focus on methodological insights and implications from an integral diagnosis for schoolyards, thereby serving as a decision-support system to identify optimal interventions that would ensure a more appropriate environmental performance.

The research field on passive intervention strategies in schools is broad, complex, and fragmented due to the great diversity of disciplines, climates, and approaches. This article applies the scientific mapping software SciMAT to analyse research trends and developments from 1982 to 2020 of 537 papers and identifies the best available 24 passive intervention strategies in schools in 42 countries. The results show that, in the early years, research focused on natural ventilation, especially in arid climates. From 2010 onwards, and coinciding with the rise of energy efficiency regulations, green roofs increased as an alternative to declining urban forests and as a solution for urban heat island mitigation. In recent years, growing concerns about climate change, sustainable development, and numerical measurement methods have driven work on occupant comfort and IAQ, while research on cost overruns and payback of passive versus active design. The need for passive, climate- resilient design techniques is highlighted, building on the progress already made. It identifies the most optimised measures to promote guidelines to serve for future regulations. This study is a valuable contribution because it provides a detailed understanding of the status quo for re- searchers, practitioners, and policymakers and predicts the dynamic directions of the field

Designing buildings to prevent indoor overheating requires the definition of accurate procedures to measure the passive survivability of buildings and support retrofitting. This research proposes innovative diagnostic methods to audit the heat resilience of buildings using long-term monitoring data of temperature and CO2 concentrations. The aim is to identify optimal passive cooling alternatives to retrofit the built environment through a speedy and less-disruptive assessment of the actual building performance. The approach focuses on three steps: (1) characterisation of the overheating situation of the indoor environment by a novel seasonal building overheating index (SBOI) ranging from 0 to 100%; (2) diagnosis of the indoor environment through a heat balance map that divides building performance into four thermal stages related to the positive or negative influence of total heat flux, and the ventilation and infiltration load; (3) and calculation of air change rates associated with ventilation and infiltration per thermal stage using the CO2-based decay method. The diagnostic analytics were developed in Python and tested on three homes. The results demonstrate how the proposed approach can efficiently characterise the overheating situation of buildings, with Home 2 showing the most vulnerable scenario (SBOI>35%). Moreover, the indicators identified the best available passive cooling opportunities concerning the reduction of solar and heat gains for Home 2, and the increase of ventilative cooling for Home 1. The research highlights the role of diagnostic analytics using real monitoring data to audit seasonal building performance beyond standard tests and simulations. The source code can be found at https://github.com/lizanafj/analytics-to-assess-the-heat-resilience-of-buildings.

One of the main challenges for architects and technicians is the efficient management of the built environment, in response to the growing deterioration and obsolescence in the building stock. This research introduces the design, development and application of a novel decision support system that assesses the multidisciplinary advantages or disadvantages of different intervention strategies, mainly focused on schools and social housing. The concept of the model aims to gather, interrelate and weight different renovation factors and variables, according to technical, social, energy and economic parameters, quantifying results on the impacts, consequences and benefits of each renovation strategy and providing practical outcomes in the design, construction, management and maintenance stages. This study uses schools and multi-family buildings, located in southern Europe, to apply and test the system iteratively in both building typologies, serving to adjust the calculation model and demonstrate its operation and replicability. The results are classified according to different intensity levels with their corresponding design alternatives along with a graphical output of results for decision-making. This model is expected to contribute to policy-making by introducing new theoretical and practical renovation guidelines, with a rational adjustment of proposals and ensuring effective and feasible action strategies in the built environment.

Throughout the 21st century, urban reports demand solutions to the obsolescence and aging process suffered by the existing buildings, due to the growth and expansion of cities that took place in the second half of the 20th century. This context has meant that today, more than 40% of the European building stock is over 50 years old. This factor together with continued global warming has led to world strategies on the adaptation and renovation of the built environment, that allow one to comply with current comfort, energy, and climatic requirements, and to achieve a sustainable urban transition by opting for bioclimatic conditioning techniques in different regions. Additionally, the global crisis due to COVID-19 has supposed an adverse impact on urban regeneration of the built environment, with a recent world GDP drop of around 4.9%, and an estimated 20–30% decrease in economic funds intended for building renovation, with new decision support systems required, in order to carry out feasible and appropriate action strategies.

The current effects of global warming and a growing obsolescence in the built environment are rendering out door areas of existing schools thermally vulnerable and uncomfortable, thereby causing unsuitably hot tem peratures during the academic year. This paper aims to diagnose and reveal the main weaknesses and design shortcomings in outdoor areas of schools. To this end, this research contributes with a normalised characteri sation procedure that provides quantified parameters that not only focuses on design patterns and wooded and shaded spaces (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index), but also on ground materials (Solar Reflectance Index) in order to reduce the impact of solar radiation and adjust future renovation strategies for southern European schools. With the novelty of using remote sensing tools and in situ measurements, an outdoor environmental assessment is made of a representative sample of 100 schools in Andalusia, a Mediterranean region in southern Spain. The results demonstrate that shade percentages are greatly limited, whereby 90% of schools contain between 0 and 10% of wooded area, mostly with a vegetation index in the range of 0–0.3, along with 70% of centres with more than 80% of their ground area covered with hard paving, thereby involving a higher ab sorption of solar energy. Conclusions not only identify weaknesses and design shortcomings and highlight key implications based on the promotion of heat mitigation strategies through bioclimatic renovation actions, but they also provide ranges of recommended values for the established indices, towards achieving more shaded and comfortable areas in schools

This research presents a decision support method for housing managers to identify the most appropriate renovation strategy, which combines a multi-criteria assessment of ten renovation factors together with an economic feasibility analysis. In contrast to the majority of decision support systems, this method not only assesses the impact of the renovation proposals, but also includes and evaluates the management of the renovation process through a procedure of quantifying and weighting multiple social, technical, and economic variables related to the renovation work. The method, based on two representative cases of housing renovation projects in Sweden, has been designed and tested and is also applicable to other locations, multi-family buildings, and ownership models. Via a graphical display, the results show the impact generated during the work, the benefits obtained after the interventions, and the economic feasibility in different timeframes of each design strategy, which supports housing owners’ decision-making and promotes feasible and suitable actions from a multidisciplinary approach. The conclusions highlight the possibility of implementing renovation strategies at various levels and provide policy implications of this method for a cleaner operation in the building sector with responsible management of urban regeneration by generating sustainable renovation rates and satisfactory proposals.