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For decades, inputs of nutrients and organic matter into the Mar Menor coastal lagoon have favored the change from an original oligotrophic to a eutrophic state. The lagoon reached a stage of severe eutrophication and “environmental collapse” during the spring of 2016. This paper describes the massive growth of Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) forming large aggregations and reef structures after the environmental collapse caused by the eutrophic crisis. Four species belonging to the genera Hydroides and Serpula were identified; the identified species are Hydroides elegans, Hydroides dianthus, Serpula concharum, and Serpula vermicularis. The presence of bi-operculate and tri-operculate specimens is also documented in this study.

In 2018 an excavation of 20 × 20 m large and up to 5 m thick calcareous clays of the Langhian age was found. Rich and diversified assemblages of foraminifers with species Orbulina suturalis Brön. and Martinotiella karreri (Cush.) indicate early Badenian (in sense of the Central Paratethys regional stratigraphy) age of the sediments, zone M5b sensu Berggren et al. (1995). Variously deformed lenses and layers of fine-grained sand with several blocks of white calcareous silts and with two layers of clayey sediments with pebbles were found. The identified outcrop is part of a large landslide situated at the western margin of the Carpathian Foredeep. Samples determining the age of the landslide movements were taken from Badenian clays and from slope sediments with pebbles for study of palynomorphs. Very rich and diversified fauna was described mainly from the fine-grained sand creating layers in calcareous clays. The assemblage contained tests of foraminifers, spines of the echinoids, fragments of sponge spicules, rich fragments of molluscs and zoarias of bryozoas, worms – Ditrupa cornea (Linnaeus, 1758), Serpula sp., ?Serpulidae indet., fragments of brachiopods, arthropods, coral, ostracods, teleostei etc.The findings from the Badenian and Quaternary periods were mixed by slope movements. Large landslide in the Middle Pleistocene was the terminal gravity proces in the area of Viničné Šumice.

The rich Cenomanian assemblage of tube-dwelling polychaete worms of the families Sabellidae and Serpulidae from Le Mans region (Sarthe) is described in detail for the first time in one place; the systematics and the palaeoecology of the species are discussed. The 19 species described belong to 12 genera: Glomerula Brunnich Nielsen, 1931; Filograna Berkeley, 1835; Protula Risso, 1826; Filogranula Langerhans, 1884; Serpula Linnaeus, 1758; Cementula Brunnich Nielsen, 1931; Neovermilia Day, 1961; Dorsoserpula Parsch, 1956; Mucroserpula Regenhardt, 1961; Placostegus Philippi, 1844; Cycloplacostegus Jager, 2005; Pyrgopolon de Montfort, 1808. Two new species are described: Serpula? pseudoserpentina sp. nov. and Pyrgopolon (Septenaria) cenomanensis sp. nov.

Fungi are often inconspicuous in nature and this means it is all too easy to overlook their importance. Often referred to as the “Forgotten Kingdom”, fungi are key components of life on this planet. The phylum Basidiomycota, considered to contain the most complex and evolutionarily advanced members of this Kingdom, includes some of the most iconic fungal species such as the gilled mushrooms, puffballs and bracket fungi. Basidiomycetes inhabit a wide range of ecological niches, carrying out vital ecosystem roles, particularly in carbon cycling and as symbiotic partners with a range of other organisms. Specifically in the context of human use, the basidiomycetes are a highly valuable food source and are increasingly medicinally important. In this review, seven main categories, or ‘roles’, for basidiomycetes have been suggested by the authors: as model species, edible species, toxic species, medicinal basidiomycetes, symbionts, decomposers and pathogens, and two species have been chosen as representatives of each category. Although this is in no way an exhaustive discussion of the importance of basidiomycetes, this review aims to give a broad overview of the importance of these organisms, exploring the various ways they can be exploited to the benefit of human society.

Serpula columbiana Johnson, 1901 Figs 9 A���B, 10 Serpula columbiana Johnson, 1901: 432���433, pl. 19, figs 199���204 (type locality: Alki Point, Puget Sound, Washington, United States). Serpula splendens Bush, 1905: 230���232, pl. 26, fig. 3, pl. 29, fig. 2, pl. 30, figs 2���3, pl. 33, fig. 31, pl. 35, fig. 18, pl. 37, fig. 31, pl. 39, fig. 33 (type locality: Orca and Virgin Bay, Prince William Sound, southern Alaska). Serpula nannoides Chamberlin, 1919b: 270, pl. 2, fig. 8 (type locality: off Crescent City, California). Serpula vermicularis (non Linnaeus 1767) ��� Chamberlin 1919b: 269 (Mendocino, northern California and Gulf of Georgia (Strait of Georgia), Washington). ��� Berkeley 1930: 73 (Nanaimo Region). ��� Berkeley & Berkeley 1941: 55 (Santa Cruz Island, southern California). ��� Hartman 1948: 47 (Seldovia, Alaska). ��� Kupriyanova 1999: 24 (synonymy). Serpula columbiana ��� Pixell 1912: 784���786 (Departure Bay, Canada and Puget Sound, Washington; undersides of stones on rocky shores and in rock pools). ��� Treadwell 1914: 225 (Puget Sound, Washington, to San Diego, southern California). ��� Kupriyanova 1999: 24���27, figs 1, 3, 4B, D (Alaska, Washington and California). ��� Bastida-Zavala 2008: 45���46, figs 11A���E (Washington and California; 30���60 m; on bottoms with coralline sand and kelp, on shells, cobble and boulders). Serpula splendens ��� Kupriyanova 1999: 24 (synonymy). Serpula nannoides ��� Bastida-Zavala 2008: 45 (synonymy). Material examined One specimen: KT (1) Sep. 2003. Diagnosis Tube missing.Opercular peduncle smooth, white, with marked constriction.Operculum funnel symmetric, with 46 radii with blunt tips, and concave inner surface, with numerous tiny conical tubercles (Fig. 9A). Collar with bayonet chaetae, with two blunt, short teeth, smooth distal blade. In adult forms, Serpula columbiana has an operculum with 55���160 radii (Fig. 9B) and a symmetric funnel (Kupriyanova 1999). Taxonomic remarks The status of Serpula columbiana was resolved by Kupriyanova (1999). It is mainly a sublittoral species that is extremely unlikely to belong to the fouling fauna. Ecology Intertidal to 60 m. Under stones on the shore-line, in rock-pools (Pixell 1912), and on bottoms with coralline sand and kelp, on shells, cobble and boulders (Bastida-Zavala 2008). Distribution Northeastern Pacific, from Alaska to southern California (San Diego) (Kupriyanova 1999; Bastida-Zavala 2008). In this work, only one specimen of Serpula columbiana was found on a fouling plate from Ketchikan Bay, Alaska (Fig. 10)., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica & Ruiz, Gregory M., 2017, The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview, pp. 1-76 in European Journal of Taxonomy 344 on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.344, http://zenodo.org/record/3834679, {"references":["Johnson H. P. 1901. The Polychaeta of the Puget Sound Region. Proceedings of the Boston Society for Natural History 29: 381 - 437.","Bush K. J. 1905. Tubicolous annelids of the tribes Sabellides and Serpulides from the Pacific Ocean. In: Merriam C. H. (ed.) Harriman Alaska Expedition with Cooperation of Washington Academy of Sciences 12: 169 - 346. Doubleday, Page and Company, New York.","Chamberlin R. V. 1919 b. Pacific coast Polychaeta collected by Alexander Agassiz. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 63 (6): 250 - 270.","Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema Naturae. 12 th ed., 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae [Stockholm], 533 - 1327. Linero-Arana I. & Diaz-Diaz O. 2012. Presencia del poliqueto exotico Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en Venezuela: descripcion y comentarios sobre su distribucion. Interciencia 37: 234 - 237.","Berkeley E. 1930. Polychaetous annelids from the Nanaimo district. Part. 5. Ammocharidae to Myzostomidae. With an appendix on some pelagic forms from the Straits of Georgia and the west coast of Vancouver Island. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries 6 (5): 67 - 77.","Berkeley E. & Berkeley C. 1941. On a collection of Polychaeta from Southern California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 40 (1): 16 - 60.","Hartman O. 1948. The polychaetous annelids of Alaska. Pacific Science 2 (1): 3 - 58.","Kupriyanova E. K. 1999. The taxonomic status of Serpula cf. columbiana Johnson, 1901 from the American and Asian coasts of the North Pacific Ocean (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). Ophelia 50 (1): 21 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1999.10409386","Pixell H. L. M. 1912. Polychaeta from the Pacific coast of North America. - Part I. Serpulidae, with a revised table of classification of the genus Spirorbis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1912: 784 - 805.","Treadwell A. L. 1914. Polychaetous annelids of the Pacific coast in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the University of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 13 (8): 175 - 234.","Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61."]}

Nine specimens of sabellid and serpulid worms which had been figured by Dr. Antonin Fric in his series of publications on the strata of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin and which are kept in the collection of the National Museum in Prague are re-described, re-figured, re-determined and discussed in detail. The specimens belong to seven species: Glomerula serpentina (GOLDFUSS), Glomerula plexus (J. DE C. SOWERBY), Filograna socialis (GOLDFUSS), Neovermilia cf. ampullacea (J. DE C. SOWERBY), Dorsoserpula wegneri (JAGER), Dorsoserpula conjuncta (GEINITZ)?, and Serpulidae gen. et sp. indet. In addition, those species and specimens mentioned but not figured by Dr. Antonin Fric are listed and partially discussed although these specimens had not been found in the collection and are presumably lost. Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Glomerula, Filograna, Dorsoserpula, Neovermilia, Serpula, Dr. Antonin Fric, Bohemian Cretaceous Basin Received October 6, 2013 Issued December, 2013

Se han identificado las colecciones de poliquetos de la familia Serpulidae (Annelida) recolectados en las campañas oceanográficas de Fauna Ibérica, las cuales se encuentran depositadas en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (MNCN), en el marco del Proyecto Fauna Ibérica. Se estudiaron algo más de 100 muestras, que fueron recolectadas en el ámbito íbero-balear desde profundidades someras hasta más de 700 m de profundidad. Se han identificado un total de 24 especies pertenecientes a 15 géneros; se han observado algunas anomalías morfológicas, como por ejemplo características intermedias entre dos especies de Serpula o quimeras bioperculadas en Hydroides. También se ha profundizado en el estudio de los complejos de géneros Apomatus-Protula y Filograna-Salmacina.

A redescription of the poorly known species Serpula israelitica Amoureux, 1977 from the central Mediterranean is given, using both traditional and new systematic characters. Morphological traits are compared and contrasted with other Mediterranean Serpula species to understand their interrelationships. The distribution, ecology and life history of S. israelitica are also discussed. The species belongs to a unique group of serpulids that settle not on hard substrates but on sandy to muddy bottoms from shelf to upper slope, where they exhibit a free-living habit. Mainly empty tubes are found, most of which are detached anterior/distal parts, occasionally closed off at their posterior/proximal damaged end by a mineralized tabula, a transverse internal tube structure ensuring protection to the animal inside its broken tube. Hypotheses on different functional adaptations to counteract sinking in other soft-bottom serpulids are given.

Animal-sediment relationships of two benthic communities (Crustaceans and Polychaetes) were studied around Mandvi coast in the Gulf of Kachchh, Western India. This coast consists of many micro-geomorphic landforms in which benthic communities are inhabited and select their niches and produce endemic biogenic structures. Five intertidal subfacies have been described and four types of grounds are identified, based on substrate consistency. 18 species of crustaceans, 15 species of polychaetes and unsegmented worm nemertea have been identified. Crustacean behavioural activities were observed in dunes, beaches and ridge-runnel in the form of burrowing, pellet making, feeding and crawling traces. Pelleted wall lining burrows of the suspension feeder stomatopodean species of Oratosquilla striata are also abundant in runnels. Motile, deposit feeder polychaetes are abundant on the ridges and are occasionally found on the lower reaches of the beaches, while suspension and filter feeders are found in the runnels. Lagoons consist of mainly grouped funnel branched burrows of Oniphus eremita which is identical to ichnogenus Balanoglossites. Nemertea, which are opportunistic algal grazers, have exploited restricted niches for dwelling-feeding purposes and constructed vertical burrow with pentamerous conical mound. The shore platform consists of cemented, calcareous tubes of filter feeder Serpula along with symbiotic encrusters like Ostrea and barnacles. Ichnocoenoses are discussed and three-dimensional ichno-sedimentologic models are reconstructed for Beach, Ridge, Runnel and Lagoon of the Mandvi intertidal zone.

Tube structure, ultrastructure and mineralogy support serpulid affinities of the problematic worm fossil ‘Serpula’etalensis from the Lower Jurassic of Germany. The original tube mineralogy of ‘Serpula’etalensis is purely aragonitic and is preserved in Upper Pliensbachian specimens from eastern Germany. ‘Serpula’etalensis represent the earliest record of aragonitic mineralogy for serpulids. The tube is formed of irregularly oriented prismatic crystals that are 3–6 µm in length and 0.5–1.0 µm in diameter. Calcitic specimens of ‘Serpula’etalensis from Upper Sinemurian of southwestern Germany were recrystallized during the diagenesis and lack the original tube ultrastructure.

Representatives of the families Serpulidae and Sabellidae from the Upper Callovian of the locality Peski (Moscow Region) are described in accordance with the current state of supraspecific systematics. Species of the genera Cycloserpula, Filogranula, Tetraserpula, and Metavermilia are revised. One of the genera, Cycloserpula, which was previously assigned to the family Serpulidae, is transferred to the family Sabellidae. A new replacement name, Metavermilia goldfussi nom. nov., is proposed for the species that was previously described as Serpula tricarinata Goldfuss, 1831.

Serpula spp. (Fig. 24 C, D) Material examined. AM W. 42065, stn.G 246, off Granite Bluff, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 3 Nov 2005; AM W. 42089, stn.G 240, Osprey Island, intertidal rubble zone, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 31 Oct 2005; AM W. 42373, south of Mermaid Cove, 14 �� 38 ' 53 "S, 145 �� 27 '00"E, coll. E. Kupriyanova, P. Hutchings, M. Capa, 1 Sep 2010; AM W. 44045, MI QLD 2351; AM W. 44049, MI QLD 2350 (2); AM W. 44058, MI QLD 2355; AM W. 44531, MI OLD 2359; AM W. 44539, MI QLD 2388; AM W. 45047, MI QLD 2406; AM W. 45048, MI QLD 2406; AM W. 45413, MI QLD 2444; AM W. 45426, MI QLD 2447; AM W. 47343, inter-reef sand, 14 �� 23 ' 24 "S, 145 �� 16 ' 24 "E, artificial substrate, 10 m, coll. M. Timmers, 13 Feb 2009; AM W. 47353, same, 10 Feb 2009; AM W. 47356, Yonge Reef, Deep Reef slope, 14 �� 36 ' 24 "S, 145 �� 27 '00"E, coral rubble, 22 Feb 2009; AM W. 47457, G 246, off Granite Bluff, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 3 Nov 2005; AM W. 47459, G 240, Osprey Island, intertidal rubble zone, 31 Oct 2005, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 31 Oct 2005. Diagnosis. Tube white, opaque; (semi)circular to trapezoidal in cross-section; longitudinal keels, peristomes, may be present. Operculum funnel shaped with crenulated edge (fused radii). Peduncle smooth, cylindrical, without wings; inserted just below and between first and second dorsal radiole. Radioles arranged in semi-circles. Pseudoperculum and inter-radiolar membrane present. Branchial eyes may be present. Seven thoracic segments. Collar trilobed. Thoracic membranes long, forming ventral apron across anterior abdominal segments. Collar chaetae bayonet-shaped and limbate. Apomatus chaetae absent. Uncini saw-shaped, with approximately 5 teeth, anterior fang simple pointed. Thoracic triangular depression present. Abdominal chaetae flat trumpet-shaped with denticulate edge; uncini similar to thoracic ones, smaller, anteriorly saw-shaped but becoming rasp-shaped towards the pygidium. Remarks. The diagnosis above is essentially the shortened generic diagnosis that fits a general ��� Serpula ���. A generic revision is badly needed. Distribution. Currently unknown., Published as part of Kupriyanova, Elena K., Sun, Yanan, Ten Hove, Harry A., Wong, Eunice & Rouse, Greg W., 2015, Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, pp. 275-353 in Zootaxa 4019 (1) on pages 323-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/289495

Serpula watsoni Willey, 1905 (Fig. 24 B) Serpula watsoni Willey, 1905: 317, pl. 7, fig. 187, pl. 8, fig. 6 [Trincomalee, Sri Lanka]. Serpula watsoni.��� Straughan 1967 a: 207 ���208, fig. 3 b [Havannah Island, Qld]; Imajima 1977: 91 ���92, fig. 2 a���j [Ogasawara Islands, Japan; redescription]; 1987: 78 [Okinawa, Japan]; Mak 1982: 609 [Hong Kong]; Morton & Morton 1983: 348 [Hong Kong]; Imajima & ten Hove 1984: 39, fig. 2 [Truk, Ponape, Majuro; Lizard Island; opercular variation]; 1986: 2 [Solomon Islands]; Parab & Gaikwad 1989: 224 ���225 [India]; Nishi 1992 c: 79 ���80 [occurrence on living coral; Okinawa, Japan]; Wang & Huang 1993: 7 [Hong Kong; fouling]; Sun & Yang 2001 a: 194 ���195, fig. 6 G���M [South China Sea]; Bastida-Zavala 2008: 46���47, fig. 11 L���M [Hawaii]; Kupriyanova et al. 2008: 429 [Lizard Island, Qld; DNA data]. Serpula cf. watsoni.���Nishi 1996: 314 [Okinawa, Japan]. Material examined. AM W. 42062, stn.G 235, Coconut Beach, 14 ��0'S, 145 ��0'E, coral rubble, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 28 Oct 2005; AM W. 44048, MI QLD 2341; AM W. 45098, MI QLD 2435; AM W. 47574, stn.G 240, Osprey Island, intertidal rubble zone, 31 October 2005, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 31 Oct 2005; SAM E 3595, stn.G 241, granite boulders, Bird Islet, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 31 Oct 2005. Diagnosis. Opercular funnel with 33 to 55 radii, very elongated, about as long as peduncle, with deep hollow, and inter-radiolar grooves almost reaching towards the constriction between funnel and peduncle. Remarks. A taxon with a very similar operculum, but probably a different species, has been found at Long Reef (Sydney) and in the Abrolhos Archipelago (ten Hove unpubl.). Distribution. Sri Lanka; Indo-West Pacific., Published as part of Kupriyanova, Elena K., Sun, Yanan, Ten Hove, Harry A., Wong, Eunice & Rouse, Greg W., 2015, Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, pp. 275-353 in Zootaxa 4019 (1) on page 323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/289495, {"references":["Willey, A. (1905) Report on the Polychaeta collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (Ed.), Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. London, Royal Society, 4, Supplementary Report, 30, 243 - 342.","Straughan, D. (1967 a) Some Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Heron Island, Queensland. University of Queensland Papers, 1, 27 - 45.","Imajima, M. (1977) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 10, 89 - 111.","Mak, P. M. S. (1982) The coral associated polychaetes of Hong Kong, with special reference to the serpulids. Proceeding of International Marine Biology Workshop, 1, 595 - 617.","Morton, B. & Morton, J. E. (1983) The Sea Shore Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, 350 pp.","Parab, P. P. & Gaikwad, U. D. (1989) Occurrence and ecology of Serpula indica sp. nov. (Serpulidae - Polychaeta) from Ratnagiri coast. Journal of Ecobiology, 1, 223 - 232.","Nishi, E. (1992 c) Occurrence of the serpulid polychaete Serpula watsoni Willey on the living coral at Okinawa. Nanki-seibutsu, the Nanki Biological Society, 34, 79 - 80. [In Japanese with English summary]","Wang, J. & Huang, Z. (1993) Fouling polychaetes of Hong Kong and adjacent waters. Asian Marine Biology, 10, 1 - 12.","Sun, R. & Yang, D. (2001 a) Study on Serpulidae (Polychaeta: Sabellida) from waters off China II. Studia Marina Sinica, 43, 184 - 208. [in Chinese with English summary]","Kupriyanova, E. K., Bastida-Zavala, R., Halt, M. N., Lee, M. & Rouse, G. W. (2008) Phylogeny of the Serpula - Crucigera - Hydroides clade (Serpulidae; Annelida) using molecular and morphological data: implications for operculum evolution. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 425 - 437. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 08011"]}

Serpula vittata Augener, 1914 (Fig. 24 A) Serpula vittata Augener, 1914: 137 ���139, fig. 17, pl. 1, figs 18���19 [WA, Shark Bay; original desciption]. Serpula vittata. ���Imajima & ten Hove 1984: 41���42 [WA, Palau Islands; type material studied and synonymy]; Imajima 1987: 79 [Okinawa, Japan]; Parab & Gaikwad 1989: 224 [India]; Nishi 1993 b: 18 ���19, fig. 1 e, table 1 [Okinawa, Japan; in living coral]; Kupriyanova et al. 2008: 95, fig. 1 E [Lizard Island, Qld; DNA data, colour photo]; ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009: 8, fig. 1 C [colour photo]. Not Serpula vittata.��� Straughan 1967 a: 30 [Heron Island, Qld; see Imajima & ten Hove 1984: 41]; Nishi & Asakura 1996: 56 [description; Marianas]. Serpula palauense Imajima, 1982: 40 ���42, fig. 2 a���m [fide Imajima & ten Hove 1984: 41]. Material examined. AM W. 47832, between Bird and South Islands, 15 m, coll. P. Hutchings, 12 Mar 1986; AM W. 42060, stn.G 242, east lagoon near Bird Islet, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 1 Nov 2005; AM W. 42056, stn.G 244, off South Island, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 2 Nov 2005; AM W. 45063, MI QLD 2413 (tube); SAM E 3594, stn.G 236, east lagoon near Bird Islet, 9 m, coll. G. Rouse & E. Kupriyanova, 29 Oct 2005; ZMA V.Pol. 5532, stn. 16, North Point, sloping reef, mainly dead, slightly silted corals, 3���17 m, coll. H. ten Hove, P. Hutchings & M. Reid, 1 Mar 1986. Diagnosis. Tube white with (3 ���) 5 longitudinal ridges, dotted with small deep-brown speckles (to almost orange in fresh material) between those ridges (Imajima 1982: 41, fig. 2m; as S. palauense) to complete transverse bands of brown. Remarks. Serpula vittata differs from all other known Serpula spp. in its very characteristic tube. Though the operculum has been decribed with 18���23 radii (Augener 1914: 138, fig. 18 respectively Imajima 1982: 40, fig. 2 a), in our material the operculum occasionally is globular only, with 6 longitudinal grooves (probably still developing from the pseudoperculum; Fig. 24 A). From the diagnosis of the tube by Straughan (1967 a: 30), round and white, her material evidently belongs to a different species. Similarly, Nishi & Asakura (1996) describe the tube as ���white, thick walled, with a granular surface, irregularly coiled and lacking longitudinal ridges���. Distribution. WA, Qld Australia; Palau Islands. First record from Lizard Island., Published as part of Kupriyanova, Elena K., Sun, Yanan, Ten Hove, Harry A., Wong, Eunice & Rouse, Greg W., 2015, Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, pp. 275-353 in Zootaxa 4019 (1) on pages 321-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/289495, {"references":["Augener, H. (1914) Polychaeta II. Sedentaria. In: Michaelsen, W. & Hartmeyer, R. (Eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest - Australiens Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905. Vol. IV. Lieferung 5. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp. 1 - 72.","Imajima, M. (1987) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Sesoko Island and Bise, Okinawa. Galaxea, 6, 75 - 82.","Parab, P. P. & Gaikwad, U. D. (1989) Occurrence and ecology of Serpula indica sp. nov. (Serpulidae - Polychaeta) from Ratnagiri coast. Journal of Ecobiology, 1, 223 - 232.","Nishi, E. (1993 b) On the internal structure of calcified tube walls in Serpulidae and Spirorbidae (Annelida, Polychaeta). Marine Fouling, 10, 17 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4282 / sosj 1979.10.17","Kupriyanova, E. K., Bastida-Zavala, R., Halt, M. N., Lee, M. & Rouse, G. W. (2008) Phylogeny of the Serpula - Crucigera - Hydroides clade (Serpulidae; Annelida) using molecular and morphological data: implications for operculum evolution. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 425 - 437. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 08011","Kupriyanova, E. K., Hove, H. A. ten, Sket, B., Zaksek, V., Trontelj, P. & Rouse, G. W. (2009) Evolution of the unique freshwater cave-dwelling tube worm Marifugia cavatica (Annelida: Serpulidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 7, 389 - 401. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200009990168","Straughan, D. (1967 a) Some Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Heron Island, Queensland. University of Queensland Papers, 1, 27 - 45.","Nishi, E. & Asakura, A. (1996) Serpulid polychaetes (Annelida) from the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Journal of Natural History Museum and Institute, 4, 51 - 58.","Imajima, M. (1982) Serpulinae (Polychaetous Annelids) from the Palau and Yap Islands. Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology, 23, 37 - 55.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1986) Die Polychaeten der antiborealen Sudkuste Australiens (zwischen Wallaroo im Westen und Port MacDonnell im Osten). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 83, 31 - 70."]}

Genus Serpula Linnaeus, 1767 Type-species. Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767, designated by Heppell 1963. Diagnosis. (from ten Hove & Kupriyanova 2009). Tube white, pink, orange, or yellowish, opaque; (semi)circular to trapezoidal in cross-section, rarely polygonal; longitudinal keels, peristomes, a hyaline outer layer or granular overlay may be present. Operculum soft to cartilaginous, funnel shaped with crenulated edge (fused radii). Peduncle smooth, cylindrical, without wings; inserted just below and between first and second dorsal radiole on one side. In large specimens the insertion outside the normal radioles, seemingly the first radiole. Radioles arranged in semi-circles, up to 50 per lobe in larger species. Pseudoperculum and inter-radiolar membrane present. Branchial eyes may be present. Mouth palps present. Stylodes absent. Seven (rarely 9) thoracic segments. Collar trilobed. Tonguelets absent, though wart-like protuberances may be present at base of cleft between ventral and latero-dorsal collar lobes. Thoracic membranes long, forming ventral apron across anterior abdominal segments. Collar chaetae bayonet-shaped and limbate. Apomatus chaetae absent. Uncini saw-shaped, with approximately 5 teeth, anterior fang simple pointed. Thoracic triangular depression present. Abdominal chaetae flat trumpet-shaped with denticulate edge; uncini similar to thoracic ones, smaller, anteriorly saw-shaped but becoming rasp-shaped towards the pygidium, with up to 12 teeth in profile, up to 8 teeth in a row. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Posterior capillary chaetae present. Posterior glandular pad absent. Remarks. A recent study by Kupriyanova et al. (2008) demonstrates that the traditional genus Serpula is most probably paraphyletic., Published as part of Kupriyanova, Elena K., Sun, Yanan, Ten Hove, Harry A., Wong, Eunice & Rouse, Greg W., 2015, Serpulidae (Annelida) of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, pp. 275-353 in Zootaxa 4019 (1) on page 321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4019.1.13, http://zenodo.org/record/289495, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 2. 12 th Edition. Laurentii Salvius, Holmiae, pp. 533 - 1327.","Heppell, D. (1963) Serpula Linnaeus, 1758 (Annelida, Polychaeta): proposed designation of a type-species under the plenary powers and relevant proposals. Z. N. (S.) 1606. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 20 (6), 443 - 446.","Kupriyanova, E. K., Hove, H. A. ten, Sket, B., Zaksek, V., Trontelj, P. & Rouse, G. W. (2009) Evolution of the unique freshwater cave-dwelling tube worm Marifugia cavatica (Annelida: Serpulidae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 7, 389 - 401. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200009990168","Kupriyanova, E. K., Bastida-Zavala, R., Halt, M. N., Lee, M. & Rouse, G. W. (2008) Phylogeny of the Serpula - Crucigera - Hydroides clade (Serpulidae; Annelida) using molecular and morphological data: implications for operculum evolution. Invertebrate Systematics, 22, 425 - 437. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 08011"]}

Generalist parasites may disproportionately use certain hosts because of different benefits associated with each host species. I measured the growth rate of the marine snail Trichotropis cancellata, a facultative kleptoparasite that can suspension feed and steal food, on different hosts to determine the relative nutritional benefits of each host. The variation in tentacle (feeding structure) area among the hosts studied had the potential to provide parasitic snails with different amounts of nutrition for growth. In field experiments, suspension-feeding snails isolated from potential hosts grew at a similar rate to snails on brachiopods and significantly more slowly than snails on the following polychaete worms: Serpula columbiana (Serpulidae), Pseudopotamilla ocellata (Sabellidae), Schizobranchia insignis (Sabellidae), and Eudistylia vancouveri (Sabellidae). However, choice among worm hosts affected snail growth rates only in the fall, when phytoplankton levels are low. At this time, snails parasitizing the sabellids Schizobranchia and Eudistylia grew more quickly than snails on Serpula. In the spring and summer, with high levels of phytoplankton, Trichotropis grew at similar rates on all worm species tested. Trichotropis spent approximately the same time stealing food from each worm host species, >50% of the time the worms had their tentacles extended (the difference among hosts was not significant). This finding demonstrates that the similarity of snail growth rates on different worm species is not due to the snails compensating for poor hosts (worms that provide food at a slower rate) by spending more time stealing food. Snails in choice experiments preferred live Serpula to empty Serpula tubes, indicating that at least some of the cue(s) snails use to identify hosts are derived from living host tissues. In choice racks containing live Serpula and live Schizobranchia, snails did not choose one host worm significantly more often than the other. Because Trichotropis grows faster on sabellids than serpulids in the fall, I predicted that snails in nature would infect sabellids more often than other species. However, snails were usually distributed randomly among host species. In the few cases where the snails showed a significant preference among host species, proportionally more snails were found on serpulids than on sabellids or sabellarids. This study is the first to quantify under natural conditions the growth benefits of a kleptoparasite across the range of possible hosts, and implies that factors other than growth rate influence host choice specificity in the marine kleptoparasite T. cancellata.

The reproductive cycles of the serpulid polychaetes Pomatoceros lamarckii (Quatrefages, 1865, as Vermilia) and P. triqueter (Linnaeus, 1767, as Serpula triquetra) were studied by histological examination during 1999 and 2000 at Bantry Bay, south-west Ireland. Gametogenesis, sex ratios and hermaphroditism were also investigated. The male/female ratio in P. lamarckii was approximately equal, but in P. triqueter it deviated significantly in favour of females. There was no significant variation in the sex ratios throughout the year in either species. Results confirm that the species are protandric hermaphrodites. In P. lamarckii, but not in P. triqueter, sexual dimorphism was exhibited in body size, the females being larger than the males of the same species. In both species, the proportion of females increased with increasing body size. Simultaneous hermaphroditism was recorded in P. lamarckii, but not in P. triqueter. There was no clearly defined annual gametogenic cycle in either species. Both species appear to have an extended reproductive season, with numerous small-scale peaks in reproductive maturity that can vary annually. Spawning was broadly synchronous between sexes. Visual observation alone (i.e. without histology) was insufficient to accurately assess reproductive condition in individuals not in, or close to, a ripe state.

Hydrothermal vents and methane seeps sustain unique ecosystems with a highly adapted fauna that largely thrives on chemotrophic endosymbionts. This large biomass attracts not only predators but also parasitic taxa like the recently reported oophagous bivalve Acesta bullisis Vokes, 1963 that lives permanently attached to a vestimentiferan tube worm (Jarnegren et al., 2005). Here I report large brachiopods of the Early Cretaceous seep-restricted genus Peregrinella Oehlert, in Fischer, 1887 that were infested by polychaete tubes inside their shells during their lifetime. Many Paleozoic and Mesozoic vent and seep communities were dominated by brachiopods, yet their ecologic role in these ecosystems remains elusive (Campbell and Bottjer, 1995b; Campbell and Bottjer, 1995a; Sandy, 1995; Peckmann et al., 2007). Several of these brachiopod taxa appear to be endemic to vents and seeps, and their mass occurrence combined with their often large size makes the analogue to chemosymbiotic bivalves like modern Calyptogena Dall, 1891 or Bathymodiolus Kenk and Wilson, 1985 an attractive hypothesis. However, chemosymbiosis has never been demonstrated for brachiopods found at Recent vents or seeps (Campbell and Bottjer, 1995a; Barry et al., 1996; Zezina, 2000), thus from a uniformitarian point of view, chemosymbiosis in extinct brachiopods is doubtful. The dimerelloid rhynchonellid Peregrinella is the largest Mesozoic brachiopod, with a diameter exceeding 10 cm, and it has been found exclusively in Early Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep deposits ranging from North America to Europe and Tibet (Campbell and Bottjer, 1995b; Gaspard, 1999; Campbell, 2006). Peregrinella often co-occurs with serpulid tubes (‘ Serpula recta ’; see Campbell and Bottjer [1995b] for a compilation), but such tubes have never been described from the interior of the shell. Several authors made serial grindings or thin sections of Peregrinella (i.e., Biernat, 1957; Sun, 1986; Posenato and Morsilli, 1999) in which …

We examined the epibionts on 98 legal male Tanner crabs (Chionoecetes bairdi) of varying, known shell ages, which were tagged in the region of Kodiak Island, Alaska, and recovered in the commercial fishery. We found 39 species or collective taxa of organisms on C. bairdi, a conservative estimate of the number of species involved. Seven species or collective taxa occurred on the exposed outer surface of ≥50% of all crabs examined: Alcyonidium sp., Balanus spp., a tube-dwelling amphipod, Spirorbis spp., Serpula spp., a lichenoporid bryozoan, and the fungus Trichomaris invadens.At least 12 species occurred in the branchial chamber. Of these, Triticella sp., Alcyonidiumsp., and mucoid-tube polychaetes were found in ≥50% of 25 branchial cavities examined. Three species (Triticella sp.; a small, white flatworm; and Hiatella arctica) were found only in the branchial chamber. Our data showed trends of increasing frequency of occurrence and increasing mean number of epibionts with increasing shell age. Crab-shell age was a significant factor in determining the number of epibiotic species on crabs; the area of origin was not a significant factor. Epibionts are likely to be of limited use as a management tool, because of difficulties in accurately assessing the age composition of commercial samples and the likelihood of temporal and geographic variation in recruitment of epibiont organisms. However, epibionts are probably a significant factor in the population dynamics of C. bairdi and, hence, worthy of further investigation.

We document a remarkable abundance of the tubeworm Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767, in bathyal coral habitats from the Bari Canyon System in the southern Adriatic Sea. Here, the specimens of S. vermicularis grow from muddy substrate either as isolated individuals or as localized clusters of multiple individuals. Peculiar tube aggregations are also associated with Madrepora oculata build-ups and other stony corals including Desmophyllum dianthus. Three types of coral-serpulid (C-S) frameworks have been recognized based upon size and shape. The abundance of S. vermicularis increases with the size of C-S frameworks, which results from superimposition, overgrowth, and/or intergrowth of scleractinians and serpulids. Several generations of S. vermicularis contribute to the C-S frameworks, each most probably accounting for more than 8 years and presumably existing in the area for the last hundreds of years. At a meso-scale, the distribution pattern of serpulids seems to be mainly governed by currents and siltation. A further constraint is the co-occurring solitary coral D. dianthus within frameworks. The successful sea-bottom colonization by S. vermicularis and associated C-S frameworks is possibly related to a high oxygen content and food supply derived from the North Adriatic Dense Water (NAdDW). The flourishing populations of S. vermicularis as well as the peculiarity of C-S frameworks suggest that deep-sea canyons provide important benthic habitats in bathyal environments. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 Remarks. Being an Atlantic/Mediterranean species only (e.g. Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 85���87), it is not present in Hong Kong, but see Serpula cf. granulosa Marenzeller, 1885, above., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Ten, Harry A. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2012, Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3424 on page 28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213363, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae, 12 ed. Vol. 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae 1767, 533 - 1327, appendices excl.","Ten Hove, H. A., Fauchald, K. Fiege, D. & Bellan, G. (2011). Hydroides ezoensis Okuda, 1934. In: Read, G. & Fauchald, K. (eds) (2011). World Polychaeta database. Accessed through: Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (ed.) (2011). World Polychaeta database at http: // www. marinespecies. org / polychaeta / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 131003 on 2012 - 01 - 11","Marenzeller, E. von (1885) Sudjapanische Anneliden. II. Ampharetea, Terebellacea, Sabellacea, Serpulacea. Denkschrift der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien (mathematisch-naturwissenschafiliche Klasse), 49, 197 - 224."]}

Genus Serpula Linnaeus, 1758 Type-species: Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767, designated by Heppell 1963 Number of species: 28 Diagnosis. Tube white, pink, yellowish; (semi-)circular to trapezoidal in cross-section. Keels and hyaline granular layer may be present. Operculum soft funnel-shaped, with numerous fused radii. Peduncle smooth, without wings, inserted between first and second dorsal radiole on one side. Pseudo-operculum present. Radioles arranged in semi-circles, interradiolar membrane and branchial eyes may be present. Stylodes absent. Seven thoracic segments (exceptionally up to 12). Collar trilobed, tonguelets absent. Thoracic membranes long, usually forming ventral apron. Collar chaetae bayonet type and capillaries. Subsequent.chaetae of two sizes, limbate and capillary. Apomatus chaetae absent. Uncini saw-shaped, with approximately 5 curved teeth, including anterior fang. Thoracic triangular depression present. Abdominal chaetae flat trumpet-shaped; uncini similar to thoracic ones but smaller. Achaetous anterior abdominal zone absent. Capillary chaetae present posteriorly. Glandular pad absent., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Ten, Harry A. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2012, Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3424 on page 25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213363, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, 10 ed. Vol. 1. L. Salvius, Holmiae 1758, 823 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae, 12 ed. Vol. 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae 1767, 533 - 1327, appendices excl.","Heppell, D. (1963) Serpula Linnaeus, 1758 (Annelida, Polychaeta): proposed designation of a type-species under the plenary powers and relevant proposals. Z. N. (S.) 1606. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 20, 6, 443 - 446."]}

Serpula watsoni Willey, 1905 Serpula watsoni Willey, 1905: 317; Imajima 1977: 91 ���92; Mak 1982: 609; Morton and Morton 1983: 278; Wang and Huang 1993: 7; Pillai 2009: 140 ���143. Remarks. Not a new record. As stated by Mak (1982: 609) the species can easily be recognized by its long opercular funnel which has a deep hollow. A further distinguishing character is its radial grooves, extending for almost the entire opercular funnel length (Imajima 1977 fig. 2 a)., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Ten, Harry A. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2012, Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3424 on page 28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213363, {"references":["Willey, A. (1905) Report on the Polychaeta collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (ed.). Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. London, Royal Society, 4, Supplementary Report 30, 243 - 342.","Imajima, M. (1977) Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) collected around Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands). Memoirs of the National Science Museum Tokyo, 10, 89 - 111.","Morton, B. & Morton, J. (1983) The seashore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, xiv + 350 pp.","Wang, J. & Huang, Z. (1993) Fouling polychaetes of Hong Kong and adjacent waters. Asian marine biology, 10, 1 - 12.","Pillai, T. G. (2009) Descriptions of new serpulid polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific species of Spirobranchus and superficially similar taxa. Records of the Australian Museum, 61, 93 - 199."]}

Serpula cf. granulosa Marenzeller, 1885 (Figure 3 P���Q, Figure 12 A���F) Serpula granulosa Marenzeller, 1885: 316 ���317. ? Serpula vermicularis not Linnaeus, 1767, sensu Mak 1982: 609; Morton and Morton 1983: 278; Wang and Huang 1993: 8. Material examined. AM W40554, 2 specimens (22 �� 21 ���N, 114 �� 17 ���E, Sharp Island, on dead coral, 6 m, May 21, 2009). Description. TUBE: thick-walled, rough, with a median longitudinal keel, circular in internal cross-section. Median keel violet, grading into pale pink on both sides; tube white inside. Peristomes absent. Up to 6.5 mm wide with lumen up to 4.5 mm diameter. BRANCHIAE: each lobe with 23 to 25 radioles (n= 2, ��= 24 �� 1.4), arranged in semicircle. Interradiolar membrane of 1 / 8 th of the radiole. Pinnules short and thin; each radiole ending in thin terminal filament, as long as pinnules. PEDUNCLE: smooth, circular in cross-section, inserted just below right branchial lobe. Clear constriction just below operculum. Pseudo-operculum evident in one specimen, with globular inflated tip. OPERCULUM: symmetrical, fleshy funnel with 55���58 radii, with pointed conical tips (Figure 3 P���Q). Funnel distally shallow, not deeply cupped. Lengths of the operculum from 3.0 mm to 3.4 mm (n= 2, ��= 3.2 �� 0.2), widths from 3.3 mm to 3.5 mm (n= 2, ��= 3.4 �� 0.1). External grooves about 1 / 3 rd of opercular length; apical grooves variable in extension, 1 / 3 rd, 2 / 3 rd of width or almost reaching centre. Tubercles on apical radii present. COLLAR AND THORACIC MEMBRANES: collar high, trilobed, lateral lobes large and continuous with well-developed thoracic membranes, merging with ventrum, not forming an (continuous) apron in the sense of ten Hove (1984: 158), but interrupted above anterior abdominal chaetigers. THORAX: with 7 chaetigers, 6 uncinigerous. Collar chaetae of two types: bayonet chaetae with two teeth having blunt tips at base of blade, and smooth capillaries (Figure 12 A���B). Subsequent chaetae of two sizes (limbate and capillary, Figure 12 C). Uncini along entire thorax saw-shaped, with 4���5 teeth, including pointed anterior fang (Figure 12 D). ABDOMEN: total number of abdominal chaetigers varies from 110 to 138 (n= 2, ��= 124 �� 19.8). Achaetous region absent. Uncini saw-shaped, with 3 teeth anteriorly (Figure 12 E), 5 to 6 teeth in middle and posterior abdomen (Figure 12 F). Chaetae flat trumpet-shaped. Capillaries present in posterior chaetigers. SIZE: total worm length: 25.0 mm to 45.0 mm (n= 2, ��= 35 �� 14.1); thoracic width of both specimens 4.0 mm (n= 2, ��=4.0��0). Branchiae and operculum accounting for approximately one fifth of entire length. COLOUR: Living worm brightly reddish, colour in ethanol pale yellow. Habitat. Depth: 6 m, on the surface of dead corals. Remarks. Difficulties in identifying various taxa of Serpula have been discussed by ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009: 93) and Ben-Eliahu and ten Hove (2011: 78). Six taxa have been recorded from Chinese waters (Sun & Yang 2001 a): Serpula cf. hartmanae Reish, 1968, S. sinica Wu and Chen, 1979 (in Wu, Sun & Chen 1979), S. tetratropia Imajima and ten Hove, 1984, S. cf. vasifera Haswell, 1885, S. vermicularis not Linnaeus, sensu auct. (see below), and S. watsoni Willey, 1905. In narrowing down the identity of the present specimens we can exclude Serpula cf. hartmanae, S. sinica, S. tetratropia and S. cf. vasifera on the basis of fewer opercular radii (11 ���16, 32, 18���26, respectively 29 as opposed to 55���58), as well by differences in tubes, which have all at least two longitudinal ridges instead of one medial keel. Serpula watsoni is easily recognized by its operculum, a deep funnel with very long radial grooves, almost extending to the peduncle, as well as tube with 2 longitudinal ridges. Mak (1982) described specimens as S. vermicularis, with a flat operculum bearing 28 to 63 marginal radii, and a thick tube with a medial longitudinal keel. Our material probably is the same, with its high number of opercular radii and triangular tube. However, as amongst others mentioned by ten Hove and Kupriyanova (2009), S. vermicularis has a distribution limited to Western Europe. A number of larger sized taxa, with high numbers of radii have been described for Indo-West Pacific waters (see discussion in Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 83���87). Our present material agrees best, but maybe not fully, with the description of S. granulosa. For instance, colour of the tube is missing in the original description and not recorded either when the holotype (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien Evertebrata varia: 1998) was re-examined by one of us (HAtH) a couple of decades ago and the posterior thoracic membranes were damaged. Also because of the confused state of the Serpula jukesi / granulosa -complex (Ben- Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 84���87), we have given the tentative identification of cf. granulosa to our material. Serpula granulosa Marenzeller is a homonym of the fossil S. granulosa von Hagenow, 1840., Published as part of Sun, Yanan, Ten, Harry A. & Qiu, Jian-Wen, 2012, Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Hong Kong, pp. 1-42 in Zootaxa 3424 on page 26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213363, {"references":["Marenzeller, E. von (1885) Sudjapanische Anneliden. II. Ampharetea, Terebellacea, Sabellacea, Serpulacea. Denkschrift der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien (mathematisch-naturwissenschafiliche Klasse), 49, 197 - 224.","Linnaeus, C. (1767) Systema Naturae, 12 ed. Vol. 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae 1767, 533 - 1327, appendices excl.","Morton, B. & Morton, J. (1983) The seashore ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, xiv + 350 pp.","Wang, J. & Huang, Z. (1993) Fouling polychaetes of Hong Kong and adjacent waters. Asian marine biology, 10, 1 - 12.","Ten Hove, H. A. (1984) Towards a phylogeny in serpulids (Annelida; Polychaeta). In: P. A. Hutchings, P. A. (ed.). Proceedings of the First International Polychaete Conference, Sydney, 1984, 181 - 196.","Ten Hove, H. A. & Kupriyanova, E. K. (2009) Taxonomy of. Serpulidae (Annelida, Polychaeta): the state of affairs. Zootaxa, 2036, 1 - 126.","Ten Hove, H. A., Fauchald, K. Fiege, D. & Bellan, G. (2011). Hydroides ezoensis Okuda, 1934. In: Read, G. & Fauchald, K. (eds) (2011). World Polychaeta database. Accessed through: Read, G.; Fauchald, K. (ed.) (2011). World Polychaeta database at http: // www. marinespecies. org / polychaeta / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 131003 on 2012 - 01 - 11","Sun, R. P. & Yang, D. J. (2001 a) Study on Serpulidae (Polychaeta: Sabellida) from waters off China II. Studia Marina Sinica, 43, 184 - 208.","Reish, D. J. (1968) Polychaetous annelids of the Marshall Islands. Pacific Science, 22, 208 - 231.","Wu, B. L., Sun, R. P. & Chen, M. (1979) Two new species of the Polychaeta from the South China Sea. Oceanic Selections, 2, 89 - 94.","Haswell, W. A. (1885) The marine annelids of the order Serpulea. Some observations on their anatomy, with the characteristics of the Australian species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 9, 649 - 675.","Willey, A. (1905) Report on the Polychaeta collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: Herdman, W. A. (ed.). Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. London, Royal Society, 4, Supplementary Report 30, 243 - 342.","Hagenow, F. von (1840) Monographie der Rugen'schen Kreide-Versteinerungen, 2, Radiarien und Annulaten. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, 1840, 631 - 672."]}

Serpula vermicularis Linnaeus, 1767 Table 4 Type locality. European Seas. Not present in the Suez Canal, but see Hydroides elegans, Hydroides spp., Serpula hartmanae and S. jukesii sections, above. Remarks. As discussed above, the taxon Serpula is difficult to classify. The record of S. vermicularis by Selim (2009: 73) from the Suez Canal is unlikely to belong to this boreal-temperate taxon. Given as a listing in a table only, not even with the number of opercular radii, presumably it should be attributed to an unidentified Hydroides species juvenile stage with a primary operculum, or possibly even to Serpula hartmanae. Without verification from direct examination of the specimen, it is presently only possible to regard this record from the northern canal as questionable. Comparative material examined. Atlantic: North Atlantic: Lervik, Stordoe, Hardanger Fjord, Norway, 183–238 m, VI.1892, det. S.F. Harmer Serpula vermicularis, CUZM, 5 specs. Largest, length 58 mm; opercular diameter, 3 mm; 60 radii (36– 46 –60, s.d. = 9.08, N = 5, radii).—Mediterranean: Much Levant Mediterranean material in the National Natural History Collections of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem presently determined as Serpula vermicularis (see Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 1992; Ben-Eliahu & Fiege 1996)., Published as part of Ben-Eliahu, M. Nechama & Ten Hove, Harry A., 2011, Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal- From a Lessepsian Migration Perspective (a Monograph) 2848, pp. 1-147 in Zootaxa 2848 (1) on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2848.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5287534, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. von (1767) Systema Naturae, 12 th edition. Vol. 1, Part 3. L. Salvius, Holmiae, pp. 533 - 1327.","Selim, S. A. (2009) Polychaete fauna of the north part of the Suez Canal (Pourt-Said - Toussoum). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 35 (1), 69 - 88.","Ben-Eliahu, M. N. & Hove, H. A. ten (1992) Serpulid tubeworms (Annelida: Polychaeta) - a recent expedition along the Mediterranean coast of Israel finds new population buildups of Lessepsian migrant species. Israel Journal of Zoology, 38 (1), 35 - 53.","Ben-Eliahu, M. N. & Fiege, D. (1996) Serpulid tube-worms (Annelida: Polychaeta) of the central and eastern Mediterranean with particular attention to the Levant Basin. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 28 (1 / 3), 1 - 51."]}

Serpula cf. hartmanae Reish, 1968 (Figures 11F–K) Serpula hartmanae Reish, 1968: 228–229, figs. 511–16. Type locality: Marshall Islands. Serpula hartmanae.— Imajima and ten Hove, 1984: 36–38, figs. 1a–d, Bikini, Truk, Ponape and Majuro Islands. Material examined. One specimen: Baja California (Mexico), LACM-AHF s.n. (28º52'55"N, 118º17'34"W, south-western tip of Isla Guadalupe, sta. 1519, H46–201, intertidal reef, Aug. 16, 1946, coll. C.L. Hubbs). Diagnosis. Tube white, rough, with two longitudinal ridges and one peristome (Figs 11H–I), lacks alveoli. Specimen missing left branchial lobe. Opercular peduncle smooth, white, with marked constriction. Operculum as a symmetrical funnel, deeper (operculum diameter equal to half its length); funnel with 18 radii with rounded tips (Figs 11F–G). Collar bayonet chaetae with two sharp-short teeth and three additional smaller teeth, distal blade smooth (Fig. 11J). Thorax with hooded (limbate) chaetae (Fig. 11K). Measurements. TL=22.5 mm, THL=2.0 mm, THW=0.6 mm, POL=5.3 mm, OL=1.2 mm, OD=0.6 mm, the radioles of right side are 18. Habitat. Depth: intertidal reef. Distribution. The nominal species is distributed in Western Pacific: Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands, Nouvelle Calédonie, Palau Islands, Truk Islands and Ponape Islands (Imajima & ten Hove 1984). Taxonomic remarks. The specimen agrees with the description of Serpula hartmanae, including the diagnostic bulbous end of the peduncle just below the constriction. Holotype and paratype (USNM 38400, 38401) have 21 and 18 radii respectively; while Imajima and ten Hove (1984) recorded opercula with 11–20 radii. The only difference between the specimen from Isla Guadalupe and tropical specimens of S. hartmanae is the shape of the distal section of the operculum that is not completely opened as in S. hartmanae, however, this maybe is an artefact of fixation. Serpula hartmanae live typically in coral reefs, while Isla Guadalupe is located in a temperate system, with strong upwellings and far from commercial routes of navigation., Published as part of Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, 2008, Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids, pp. 1-61 in Zootaxa 1722 on page 46, {"references":["Reish, D. J. (1968) The polychaetous annelids of the Marshall Islands. Pacific Science, 22, 208 - 231.","Imajima, M. & ten Hove, H. A. (1984) Serpulinae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from the Truk Islands, Ponape and Majuro Atoll, with some other new Indo-Pacific records. Proceedings of the Japanese Society Systematic Zoology, 27, 35 - 66."]}

Four different tube ultrastructures were identified in the eight studied Jurassic serpulid species. The simple prismatic structure of single layered Serpula aff. convoluta and Tetraserpula planorbiformis, and the spherulitic prismatic structure of outer tube layer in S. aff. trigona are interpreted as the original tube ultrastructures. The fine homogeneous granular structure in Mucroserpula quinquangularis, Serpula conformis, S. limata, S. aff. subcrispa, S. aff. trigona and coarse angular crystal homogeneous structure in Filogranula tricristata are interpreted as diagenetically altered structures. The diagenetically altered tube ultrastructure is common in the Jurassic serpulids, which can be explained by their original aragonitic or dominantly aragonitic composition. There is no evidence of complex oriented tube ultrastructures in the Jurassic, such as calcitic lamello-fibrillar structure, which may have evolved later in the Cretaceous or early Cenozoic.

Capulus subcompressus Pelseneer, 1903 (Gastropoda: Capulidae) is a small epibiont gastropod living at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) down to 540 m on the calcareous tubes of its unique host, the serpulid Serpula narconensis Baird, 1865. This polychaete forms bush-like aggregates which host a rich microfauna of crustaceans, hydroids and molluscs. In contrast to all other capulids, C. subcompressus shows an evident oval shell aperture, which is due to an allometric growth that can be imputed to the Serpula tube morphology. Since the allometric growth is detectable in all size classes, it could be deduced that the compressed shape of the C. subcompressus shell is the stable result of a significant evolutionary history which binds tightly these two species in Antarctic waters.

A new “reef ” of the serpulid polychaete Serpula narconensis Baird, 1885 is reported from the South Georgia Island shelf. This particular mass occurrence is the second serpulid “reef” reported in the Antarctic region. Its location, at 91- to 105-m depth, is very different from those serpulid reefs previously reported, usually sited at intertidal zone or at low depth, and this may be one of the largest, if not the largest, serpulid reef in the world., SI

Tubiform fossils conventionally referred to Serpula cf. advena Salter and species of Spirorbis Lamarck from the British Lower Limestone Shales and Border Group (Lower Carboniferous) are re-examined. They occur in peritidal carbonate environments of schizohaline aspect. These fossils superficially resemble calcareous polychaete tubes but have skeletal characters, including molluscan wall structure, numerous internal septa, and protoconch, which indicate that they represent a new group of substrate-attached, disjunctly coiled gastropods. They resemble archaeogastropods in internal morphology of the skeleton but show parallels in external form and occurrence with the extant Vermetidae. There are two principal modes of occurrence: (1) erect tubes forming intertidal biostromes associated with non-skeletal algal laminites, and (2) prostrate discoidal tubes encrusting subtidal skeletal stromatolites or occasionally forming larger irregular bioherms. These biostromes and bioherms are comparable in structure to Recent vermetid reef developments.

Chlorocruorin is a dichroic red-green respiratory protein. It is chemically similar to haemo­globin, and is only found dissolved in the blood of certain marine annelid worms. Chlorocruorin is the characteristic blood pigment of the Serpulimorpha (serpulids and sabellids), but in the genusSerpulaboth chlorocruorin and haemoglobin are present together in the blood. This is the first time that two respiratory pigments have been found in the blood of one animal. Young individuals have relatively more haemoglobin, older ones more chlorocruorin. Within the serpulid genusSpirorbis, one species has chlorocruorin in its blood, an other has haemoglobin, while a third has neither pigment. As their habitats are similar, no functional explanation for these differences suggests itself. The oxygen affinity of all chlorocruorins tested is considerably lower than that of most haemoglobins. But inSerpulathe oxygen affinities of the chlorocruorin and haemoglobin are the same as one an other. The carbon monoxide affinity of chlorocruorin (inBranchiomma) is higher than that of any haemoglobin. Although Serpulimorpha have chlorocruorin in their blood, the haem present in their tissues (muscles, eggs, sperm ) is protohaem, not chlorocruorohaem. One genus,Potamilla, with chlorocruorin in its blood, has haem oglobin in the muscles. Chlorocruorin is known only from blood, and from the mucous tube ofMyxicola; none has been found in cells. Coelomic fluid contains none. Protohaem is secreted in to the protective tubes of both serpulids and sabellids. A proto-haemochromogen is present in the gut fluid of serpulids, recalling that found in crustaceans and molluscs.

1. This paper records various observations supplementing, and in some cases correcting previous accounts of the internal structure of the branchial crown in Pomatoceros triqueter, Serpula vermicularis, Hydroides norvegica, Vermiliopsis infundibulum, Salmacina incrustans, Protula intestinum, Spirorbis corrugatus, and Spirorbis militaris. 2. The muscles in the opercular peduncle of Pomatoceros are longitudinal. 3. A single layer of small longitudinal muscle-fibres, of unknown function, has been found on the abfrontal face of the internal branchial and internal peduncular nerves of most of these serpulids. 4. External branchial muscles are well developed in Pomatoceros, reduced in Serpula, Hydroides, Vermiliopsis, and Spirorbis militaris, and apparently absent in Protula and Spirorbis corrugatus. 5. The pinnules of Pomatoceros and Hydroides, like filaments and opercular peduncles, have a double innervation. 6. The internal skeleton of the serpulid crown consists of sheets and strands of connective tissue-fibres and, in the opercula, of a cartilage-like tissue with a ground substance giving the staining reactions of collagen. The serpulid branchial skeleton is compared with that of sabellids, and the chemical nature of these skeletons is discussed. 7. Extensions of the prostomial and peristomial cavities accompany the branchial blood-vessels into the base of the crown, but have no connexion with the cavities in the branches of the crown. The arrangement of the latter is described. The nature of all these cavities, whether coelomic or blastocoelic, is obscure. 8. The ‘palps’ of Pomatoceros, Serpula, Hydroides, and Vermiliopsis closely resemble pinnules. The blood-vessel and nerve of the ‘palp’ of Pomatoceros are branches of those in the adjacent filament. It is suggested that the serpulid ‘palp’ is a modified pinnule.

Calcium carbonate, in a finely granular form, is secreted into the fold of the peristomial collar by a pair of tubulo-racemose glands in the peristomium. Most of the organic material of the tube is secreted by the ventro-lateral epithelial cells which surround the main ducts of the calcium-secreting glands. These cells are always filled with a basiphil mucigen which contains some free a-glycol groups. This material retains its affinity for basic dyes and for ferric iron at a low pH. The affinity for iron is retained when the pH is low enough to exclude carboxyl and phosphoric acid groups from the reaction and it is probable that the sulphuric acid groups are responsible. The reactions of this mucigen to histochemical tests together with the similarity in behaviour of a precipitated heparin preparation make it likely that the material is a sulphomucopolysaccharide.

A new species of the subgenus Solenopora (Neosolenopora) is described from upper Eocene, yellow-green, sandy-Micaceous clay filling, a pre-Paleogene excavation in a Precambrian surface at Ingulets, Dnepropetrovsk Province, 'USSR. The new species is Solenopora (Neosolenopora) multiformis. Excellent detail of the thalli is preserved and considerable anatomical and morphological detail is presented The discovery of this form constitutes the third report of Solenopora in the Cenozoic of Western Eurojie. The plants are associated with large nurnbetS of right valves from the pelecypod, Ostrea callifera Lam var. sokolovi Klushn. Other invertebrates associated with algal remains are Spondylus, Serpula and Nummulites. Paleoecological interpretation of the occurrence of the algal remains is given as a rocky shoal inhabited by a biocoenosis of sublittoral habit in depths of not more than 10–20 m. — F. M. Hueber.

Knowing how much you are interested in all inquiries about the drift of this country, we take the liberty to forward to you some specimens of shells which we have lately collected from the cliffs of Sancati Head, in the island of Nautucket. Allow us to accompany them with some observations upon this locality. The cliff of Sancati, as you know, constitutes the eastern border of the island of Nantucket, rising to a height of ninety-two feet above the beach. Although covered in a great measure with the loose sand that is carried by the wind from the beach, yet there are several points where the successive layers are to be seen, as for example near the tripod: fig. 1 will give an idea of their superposition. At the base of the cliff is found a stratum of brown, very brittle and partly sandy clay ( l ), nearly twenty feet thick. Over the rests a bed of gravel several feet thick ( k ), which is overlaid by a stratum of homogenous white sand ( j ). On this is found a layer of very tough clay ( i ), very similar in its aspect to the plastic clay near Paris, except that it contains a great many nodules of ferruginous sand. This clay-bed is overlaid by an oyster-bank ( h ) one foot thick, intermixed and covered by large masses of Serpula ( g ), which are, like the oysters, in their natural position. There are besides a great many other shells scattered through this bank, all of them in

SUMMARYThe pigments in the crowns of a number of sabellids and serpulids have been examined. The main pigments of sabellid crowns are ommochromes, but these pigments have not been found in serpulids. Both sabellids and serpulids also possess astaxanthin, and in Serpula, Protula and the sabellid Chone infundibuliformis it is to this pigment or an ester that the colour of the crown is due. The main carotenoids have been identified and the presence of a possible intermediate ketocarotenoid in amounts varying from one species to another suggests that the astaxanthin or astaxanthin ester is synthesized by the worms from carotene derived from the food. Pomatoceros has pink and blue pigments, and Galeolaria a similar grey-blue pigment which could not be identified with any known class of pigment. Neither these nor ommochromes have previously been found in annelids.