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Bu çalışmanın amacı; spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinde 4 hafta yüz yüze uygulama eğitiminin biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametrelere etkisini incelemektir. Bu çalışmada 2020-2021 öğretim yılında Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencisi olan 14 çalışma ve 14 kontrol grubu olmak üzere 28 erkek katılımcı yer almıştır. Çalışma grubunun yaş ortalaması 19,50±1,31 yıl ve kontrol grubunun yaş ortalaması 21,28±1,60 yıl olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma grubu 4 hafta boyunca haftada 5 gün spor bilimlerinde her ders için 60 dakika olmak üzere zorunlu ders olarak uygulanan basketbol, atletizm ve jimnastik derslerine katılmıştır. Kontrol grubu ise herhangi bir uygulamalı derse katılmamıştır. Her iki grupta çalışma öncesi ve sonrası vücut analizi yapılmış ayrıca tüm gönüllülerin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler için 8 saat açlıktan sonra bazal kan numuneleri alınarak ölçülmüştür. Veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği için iki grup arasında ön ve son test karşılaştırması için bağımlı t testi ve bağımsız t testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubuna uygulanan 4 haftalık eğitim sonucunda parametreleri ön test ile karşılaştırdığında albümin, Alkalen Fosfataz, Aspartat Aminotransferaz, Kreatin Kinaz, insülin, sedimantasyon ve sodyum ortalamalarında anlamlı fark saptanmıştır (p0,05). Çalışma sonucunda 4 haftalık uygulama eğitiminin katılımcıların Albumin, Alkalen Fosfataz, Aspartat Aminotransferaz, Kreatin Kinaz, insülin, sedimantasyon ve sodyum parametrelerine etki ettiği söylenebilir. Kan lipit değerlerinde anlamlı farklılık olmasa da uygulama eğitiminin katılımcıların parametrelerine olumlu yönde etkisinin olduğu ifade edilebilir. Elde edilen bu bulgular 4 haftalık uygulama eğitiminin sağlıklı yaşam için önemli bir etken olduğuna işaret edebilir., The aim of this study is to examine the effect of face-to-face training for 4 weeks on biochemical and hematological parameters in sports sciences students. In this study, 28 male participants, 14 study and 14 control group, who were students of Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Sport Sciences in the 2020-2021 academic year, were included. The mean age of the study group was 19.50±1.31 years and the mean age of the control group was 21.28±1.60. The study group participated in basketball, athletics and gymnastics courses, which are compulsory courses for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, 60 minutes for each course in sports sciences. The control group, on the other hand, did not attend any practical lessons. In both groups, body analysis was performed before and after the study, and basal blood samples were taken after 8 hours of fasting for hematological and biochemical parameters of all volunteers. Since the data showed normal distribution, the Independent T Test was used for pre-test and post-test comparison between the two groups. When the parameters of the study group as a result of the 4-week training were compared with the pre-test, a significant difference was found in the mean values of albumin, ALP, AST, CK, insulin, sedimentation and sodium (p0,05). As a result of the study, it can be said that the 4-week practice training affected the participants' albumin, ALP, AST, CK, insulin, sedimentation and sodium parameters. Although there is no significant difference in blood lipid values, it can be said that the application training has a positive effect on the parameters of the participants. As a result of these results, it can be said that the short-term 4-week practical training is effective for the participants in terms of health.

Araştırmanın amacı Türk Biathlon Milli Takımında aktif spor hayatı devam eden biathletlerin maksimum oksijen tüketim kapasiteleri, atıştan önceki nabız değerleri ve atış sırasındaki soluk frekans değerlerinin atıştaki isabetlerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya, 15 milli biathlet katılmıştır. Biathletlerin maksimum oksijen kullanma kapasitelerinin (MaxVO2) tespiti için Bruce Treadmill Test Protokolü uygulanmıştır. Üç değişik tempo ile poligona gelen biathletlerin solunum ritimleri, toparlanma kalp atım değerleri ve isabetli atış sayıları tespit edilmiştir. Kayaklı koşu yüklenme yoğunluğu, dinlenik kalp atım sayısı (İKAS) metodu ile hesaplanmıştır. Yüklenme tempoları % 40-60 ve 80 lik kalp atım sayısı hedeflenerek hesaplanmış, RC3 GPS kalp atım hızını gösteren saat ile kontrolü sağlanmıştır. Soluk frekansları sporcular mat üzerine yerleştikleri andan, ayrılıncaya kaydedilmiştir. Atışlardaki isabetleri biathlon atış poligonundaki elektronik hedeflerle kaydedilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada elde edilen bulgular neticesinde çalışmaya katılan biathletlerin maksimum oksijen tüketim kapasitelerinin atış öncesindeki nabız değerlerinin düşmesini etkilediği, sporcuların farklı yüklenme yüzdeleri ile atış alanına girdiklerinde atış sırasında kalp atım değerlerinin istirahat esnasındaki kalp atım değerlerine kıyasla değişimi arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak bu durumun atış isabet yüzdesini anlamlı etkilemediği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan ilişki analizinde MaxVO2 ile atış isabet yüzdesi arasında %80 lik yüklenmedeki atış yüzdesi ile pozitif korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı kas ağrısına göre modifiye edilen kuvvet antrenmanının kas gelişimi üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya 8 hafta süreyle 18-23 yaşları arasında sedanter 20 kişi (10 Standart kuvvet grubu (SK), 10 Ağrı grubu (AG)) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Standart kuvvet grubuna klasik kuvvet antrenman metotlarından olan Artan Yüklenme Protokolüne göre kuvvet antrenmanı uygulanmıştır. Ağrı grubuna ise Wong-Baker Faces Kas Ağrı Skalasına göre modifiye edilmiş kuvvet antrenmanı uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın başında ve sekiz haftalık antrenmanlar sonunda uygulanan her hareketin maksimal kuvvetleri ve çap-çevre ölçümleri tespit edilmiştir. Grup içi farklılıklar Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar testi ile gruplar arasındaki fark ise Mann Whitney U testi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak kas ağrısı şiddetine göre modifiye edilen kuvvet antrenmanlarının kas kuvveti gelişimine etkisinin klasik artan yüklenme prensibine göre anlamlı şekilde yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kas kuvveti gelişimi için antrenman öncesi sporcunun antrene edilen kas guruplarındaki ağrı şiddetinin takip eden antrenmandaki yüklenme yoğunluğu ve şiddetinin belirlenmesinde kullanılabilecek önemli bir kriter olduğu düşünülmektedir.

The aim of this study is to examine the aggressiveness of the students who are studying at the Faculty of Education and the School of Physical Education and Sports. In this research, which adopted the quantitative research model, the relational search pattern was used. In this context, a total of 213 people, 104 female and 109 male, participated in the survey. The "Buss Perry Aggression Scale" was adapted by Can (5) to determine the level of aggression of participants in the study. SPSS 20 program was used in the analysis of the data. In the analysis of the data, T test was used to examine the difference between two independent variables and aggression attitudes. Pearson corelation was used to test the relationship between variables. According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between the aggressiveness levels of the individuals and gender and type of sport that they made. It was seen that there was no meaningful relationship between age, the part of education, whether or not doing sports, the frequency of doing sports and the duration of sports. It has been determined that male individuals are higher in physical aggression subscale than female individuals. When the relationship between the department where they are educated and the aggressiveness is examined, it is determined that the students who are studying at the Physical Education and Sports are higher than the students who are educated at the 492 Faculty of Education in the physical aggression sub-dimension. It is determined that the students who play sports are higher than the students who play sports in all sub dimensions of sports students. As a result; the fact that aggression behaviors differ according to various variables, but the fact that there is not a statistically significant difference between participants who do sports and those who do not, is quite striking in contradiction with various theories in the field.

Yapılan çalışmada kadınlara uygulanan iki farklı ısınma protokolünün kuvvet, esneklik ve anarobik güç değerlerine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya sağlıklı ve gönüllü 10 kadın beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrencisi alınmıştır. Katılımcılardan dinlenik, pasif ve aktif ısınma sonrası vücut sıcaklığı, el kavrama kuvveti, sırt kuvveti, bacak kuvveti, esneklik ve dikey sıçrama değerleri alınmıştır. Katılımcılara uygulanan testler farklı günlerde; ısınma olmaksızın, vücut sıcaklığı 38 °C üstüne yükselinceye kadar saunada bekletilerek pasif ısınma ve vücut sıcaklığı 38 °C üstüne yükselinceye kadar koşu bandında koşturularak aktif ısınma yaptırıldı. Uygulamaların ardından ölçümler alınmıştır. İstatistiksel analizde SPSS 20.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerden, aktif ve pasif ısınma sonrasında el kavrama kuvveti, sırt kuvveti, bacak kuvveti ve anaerobik güç değerlerinde her iki ısınma yöntemi arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark olmadığı tespit edilirken esneklik değerlerinde aktif ısınmadaki değerlerin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan kuvvet ve esneklik değerlerinde aktif ısınmada elde edilen ölçümlerin pasif ısınma değerlerinden daha yüksek olmasına karşın ölçümler arasında anlamlı farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the intended ambient sound level has an effect on the postural stability. For this purpose 15 man and 12 women totally 27 healthy, voluntary students voluntarily participated in the study. The DT-8820 Multi-Function Environment Meter was used for Sound Level Measurement. Quiet environment, while the volume was maintained at between 15-30 decibel noise level of 90-100 dB in noisy environments. The Biodex balance system (Biodex, Inc., Shirley, New York) was used for postural stability measurement. SPSS 21.0 package program was used in the analysis of the data. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks and Mann Whitney U test was used to compare measurement Significance level was set at 0.05 and 0.01 levels. When the balance performances at different sound levels are compared by gender, It was found that there was a significantly meaningful result in favor of men in quite environment oscillation balance scores both open eye and closed eye. However there was no significant difference among man and women other scores. On the other hand it was determined significant differences in the women closed eye oscillation score. In the man excepting open eye oscillation score the noisy environment was negatively affected all parameter. Postural stability was negatively affected noisy environment. As a result; In the study conducted that the high level of sound impaired the balance performance by affecting the vestibular system in both women and men and the effect was higher when closed eyes. ÖzetYapılan çalışmanın amacı ortam ses seviyesinin denge performansına etkisinin olup olmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla çalışmaya 15’i erkek, 12’si bayan toplam 27 öğrenci alınmıştır. Ortam Ses Seviyesi Ölçümü DT-8820 Multi-Function Environment Meter cihazı ile yapıldı. Sessiz ortam ses seviyesi 15-30 desibel arasında iken gürültülü ortam ses seviyesi 90-100 desibel arasında tutulmuştur.Denge ölçümü için BİODEX denge sistemi (Biodex, Inc, Shirley New York) kullanılmıştır.Verilerin analizinde SPSS 21.0 paket programı kullanıldı. Verilerinin kıyaslanmasında Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test ve Mann Whitney U test kullanıldı. Anlamlılık düzeyi 0.05 ve 0.01 seviyesinde kurgulandı. Sessiz ortam salınım değerlerinde hem gözler açıkken hem de gözler kapalıyken ölçülen değerlerde erkekler lehine anlamlı bir sonuç olduğu tespit edilirken diğer değerlerde cinsiyetler arası farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan kadınlarda ortam ses seviyesinin gözler kapalı iken ölçülen salınım denge değerlerinde anlamlı farklılık olduğu, gürültünün denge performansını olumsuz etkilediği, erkeklerde ise gözler açık salınım denge değeri hariç hem statik hem dinamik hemde gözler kapalı salınım denge değerlerinde anlamlı farklılık olduğu, dengenin gürültüden olumsuz etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; yapılan çalışmada yüksek ses seviyesinin hem bayanlarda hem de erkeklerde vestibüler sistemi etkileyerek denge performansını bozduğu, bu etkinin gözler kapalıyken daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The intensive acute exercises results in too much oxygen consumption and hence produce excessive free radicals and damage of tissues. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thyme tea on free radical formation and antioxidant system. Eighteen elite volunteer wrestlers joined the study. The wrestlers were randomly divided into two groups to from experiment and control groups. The subjects wrested five times during the study period according to F.I.L.A rules. The measurement are performed before and after the thyme tea loading. Study groups drunk thyme tea three times a day in 35 day period before loading after first measurement. The subjects participated in the study pre-contest (Comp. Before), immediately after the competition (Comp. After), 24 hours after the competition (Comp. after 24 h), 48 hours after the competition (Comp. After 48 h), blood samples were collected from forearm vein by 5cc total of 2 tubes. Tubes, centrifuge immediately after serums and transferred to tubes Eppendorf Total of Antioxidant o Capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydryl group (RSH) stored at the 75 C until determination of analysis. The results showed that no difference was noted between the values of the groups before the thyme loading process, a meaningful increase (p0.05). Whereas significant differences were found in the levels of MDA and TAC, after thyme loading, for the experimental group when compared to the control group (p

The aim of the study is to compare the sport motives of individuals participating sport in two different groups. 300 volunteers are the participants of the study. Along with the personal information form, Sport Participation Motivation Scale which was developed by Gill et al., (1983) validity and reliability of which was checked for Turkish population by Oyar et al., (2001) and were used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that sport participation motives do not vary according to gender. In addition it was revealed that students of sport high school are more motivated than members of sport centers. Among students of sport high school, certificated sportspeople are more motivated compared to non-certificated sportspeople, individuals doing team and individual sports are more motivated than non-competitive sportspeople and younger students are more motivated than older ones. Among the members of sport center no difference and relation were found between the ages of the sportspeople and their status of owning certificate or not. Furthermore, sport center members doing team and individual sports were seen to be more motivated than non-competitive sportspeople in terms of the dimensions, namely friends, achievement/ status and physical fitness/energy consumption. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file . Ozet Farkli iki grupta spora katilim gosteren bireylerin spor yapma gudulerinin karsilastirilmasi bu arastirmanin amacini olusturmaktadir. Arastirma grubu 300 gonullu katilimcidan olusmustur. Veri toplama araci olarak kisisel bilgi formu ile birlikte, Gill ve ark., (1983) tarafindan gelistirilen Turk populâsyonu icin Oyar ve ark., (2001) tarafindan gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi yapilan Spora Katilim Gudusu Olcegi kullanilmistir. Yapilan analizler sonucunda cinsiyete gore spora katilim gudulerinin farklilasmadigi belirlenmistir. Genel olarak spor lisesi ogrencilerinin spor merkezi uyelerinden daha fazla gudulendigi belirlenmistir. Spor lisesi ogrencilerinden; lisansli sporcularin lisansli olmayan sporculara gore, takim ve bireysel sporlarla ugrasanlarin aktif sporcu olmayanlara gore ve daha genc yasta olan ogrencilerin digerlerine gore daha fazla gudulendikleri belirlenmistir. Spor merkezi uyeleri arasinda ise; farkli yas gruplari ve lisansli sporcular ile lisansli olmayan sporcular arasinda iliski ve farkliliklar bulunmamistir. Bununla birlikte spor merkezi uyeleri arasinda, takim ve bireysel sporlarla ugrasanlarin aktif spor yapmayanlara gore ozellikle arkadas, basari/statu ve fiziksel uygunluk/enerji harcama boyutlarinda daha fazla gudulendikleri ortaya konulmustur.

This study aims to investigate the effects of using thyme on iron and iron related hematological parameters elite athletes. The subject group of the research was composed of 12 male wrestlers who have competed in various age categories of Turkish National Team and who were still competent for the medal in Turkey Championships. The subjects, all of whom have been carrying out actively, for at least 2 months, their applicable exercises were subjected to the thyme loading session without any interference in their training sessions. Each person was offered after meals, three times a day for duration of 35 days total, thyme tea which had been brewed 1 gram dried thyme in boiled water of 150 cm3 for ten minutes. Before and after the thyme loading period, blood samples were collected and analyzed the levels of Hemoglobin (HGB), Erythrocyte (RBC), Ferritin (F), Transferrin (T) Serum Iron (SI) and Iron Binding Capacity (IBC) was accomplished by means of the brand OLYPUS AU640 hemacytometer. The amount of Transferrin Saturation TS) was calculated using the formula, SI X 100/1BC. In this study it was observed that the applicable levels were within, before and after thyme loading, the normal clinical values. However, a significant decrease, after 4-week thyme loading, for the concentration levels of HGB, RBC and SI (p

WOS: 000377152400003, This study aims at accomplishing some applicable investigations into the issue of whether any voluntary extra ventilation applies during active recovery process, and also, if an exhausting exercise has any effect on recovery. Seven males participated in the study as volunteers. The volunteers were made to carry out exhausting exercises with incremental running test on treadmill, twice on different days. The active recovery process was traced on the treadmill for a period of 13 minutes, following the application of both exercises. Extra voluntary ventilation for a minute long was applied during the second exercise in addition to the first exercise, at the beginning of the recovery process, and at 4th, 8th, and 12th minutes. The amounts of mean VO2, VCO2, respiratory frequencies, oxygen saturation, lactic acid of the volunteers were determined during recovery process. The increase in VCO2 levels was determined to be significant. The increase at 4-5th, 8-9th, and 12-13th minutes on recovery respiratory frequency after the final testing was also determined to be significant. The decrease reported for the LA levels at 9th minute of recovery which was determined after extra ventilation application was found to be significantly different. There was a significant negative correlation between the LA levels at the 5th minute of the final testing, and respiratory frequency taken immediately after relevant exercises and 4th, 8th, and 12th minutes. It has been considered that the extra ventilation of 4 phases, each one minute, has put some positive influence on the recovery process, affecting VCO2 egression and LA removal.

Egzersiz ve kas doku hasarı birçok bilim dalının ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu alanda özellikle uluslar arası literatürde oldukça fazla çalışma yapılmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili çalışmaların derlenip genel yargıların ortaya konması önem taşımaktadır. Egzersizle oluşan doku hasarı literatürde yaygın olarak kas hasarı (muscle damage) terimiyle ifade edilmektedir. Bu hasar genel olarak iki yolla tespit edilmektedir. Birincisi görüntüleme teknikleri, ikincisi ise kasa özel enzim aktivitelerinin plazmadaki oranlarının takip edilmesidir. Egzersizle oluşan kas hasarı temel olarak iki yolla açıklanmaktadır. Birincisi alışık olunmayan egzersiz, ikincisi ise doku zedelenmesiyle ortaya çıkan bazı metabolik ve kimyasal olaylardır. Kas hasarı özellikle miyofibrillerin Z bandındaki kopmalardan kaynaklanan yapısal bozulma sonucu meydana gelmektedir. Kas lif tiplerinin Z bandı kalınlıklarının farklı olması, aynı egzersizin farklı lif tiplerinde farklı miktarlarda hasar meydana getirmesinin bir açıklaması olabilir. Maraton, ultra maraton gibi uzun süre efor gerektiren spor disiplinlerinde iskelet kası hasarının yanında kalp kasında da infarktüse benzer hasar meydana gelmektedir. Bunun yanında hasarın miktarı yaş, cinsiyet, ırk, kasılma çeşidi ve özellikle antrenman durumuna göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. Egzersizle oluşan kas hasarını azaltmak için çeşitli farmakolojik ajanlar kullanılabileceği gibi egzersiz öncesi ısınma ve germe hareketleri, egzersiz sonrası ise aktif soğuma ve masaj uygulamaları hasarı azaltabilmekte ve tedavi edici nitelik taşımaktadır, Exercise and muscle tissue damage concerns many science branches.On this subject there have been lots of studies especially in the international literature. İt is important to expose the general assumptions arranging studies on this subject. Exercise induced tissue damage is generally called as muscle damage. This damage is mainly diagnosed in two ways. The first way is the visualization methods, the other one is the observing the rates of enzyme activities exclusive to the muscle in the plasma. Exercise induced muscle damage is expressed in two ways. The first one is unaccustomed exercise, the second one is metabolic and chemical cases based upon tissue damage. Muscle damage is basicly caused by structural deformation resulted from breaking off of myofibrils in Z lines. That the thickness of the Z line of the muscle fibre types is various can be the cause of the different levels of damages in different fiber types when exposed to the same exercise. In endurence exercises such as marathon, ultra marathon, damages like myocardial infarction as well as skeletal muscle damage can be seen. Meanwhile the level of the damage can differ in relation with the age, race, sex, the type of contraction and the training condition. In order to reduce exercise induced muscle damage, various pharmacologic agents can be used. On the other hand preexercise warm up and streching activities, and post-exercise active resting and massage can reduce and cure the damage

Egzersiz ve kas doku hasarı birçok bilim dalının ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu alanda özellikle uluslar arası literatürde oldukça fazla çalışma yapılmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili çalışmaların derlenip genel yargıların ortaya konması önem taşımaktadır. Egzersizle oluşan doku hasarı literatürde yaygın olarak kas hasarı (muscle damage) terimiyle ifade edilmektedir. Bu hasar genel olarak iki yolla tespit edilmektedir. Birincisi görüntüleme teknikleri, ikincisi ise kasa özel enzim aktivitelerinin plazmadaki oranlarının takip edilmesidir. Egzersizle oluşan kas hasarı temel olarak iki yolla açıklanmaktadır. Birincisi alışık olunmayan egzersiz, ikincisi ise doku zedelenmesiyle ortaya çıkan bazı metabolik ve kimyasal olaylardır. Kas hasarı özellikle miyofibrillerin Z bandındaki kopmalardan kaynaklanan yapısal bozulma sonucu meydana gelmektedir. Kas lif tiplerinin Z bandı kalınlıklarının farklı olması, aynı egzersizin farklı lif tiplerinde farklı miktarlarda hasar meydana getirmesinin bir açıklaması olabilir. Maraton, ultra maraton gibi uzun süre efor gerektiren spor disiplinlerinde iskelet kası hasarının yanında kalp kasında da infarktüse benzer hasar meydana gelmektedir. Bunun yanında hasarın miktarı yaş, cinsiyet, ırk, kasılma çeşidi ve özellikle antrenman durumuna göre farklılıklar göstermektedir. Egzersizle oluşan kas hasarını azaltmak için çeşitli farmakolojik ajanlar kullanılabileceği gibi egzersiz öncesi ısınma ve germe hareketleri, egzersiz sonrası ise aktif soğuma ve masaj uygulamaları hasarı azaltabilmekte ve tedavi edici nitelik taşımaktadır., Exercise and muscle tissue damage concerns many science branches.On this subject there have been lots of studies especially in the international literature. İt is important to expose the general assumptions arranging studies on this subject. Exercise induced tissue damage is generally called as muscle damage. This damage is mainly diagnosed in two ways. The first way is the visualization methods, the other one is the observing the rates of enzyme activities exclusive to the muscle in the plasma. Exercise induced muscle damage is expressed in two ways. The first one is unaccustomed exercise, the second one is metabolic and chemical cases based upon tissue damage. Muscle damage is basicly caused by structural deformation resulted from breaking off of myofibrils in Z lines. That the thickness of the Z line of the muscle fibre types is various can be the cause of the different levels of damages in different fiber types when exposed to the same exercise. In endurence exercises such as marathon, ultra marathon, damages like myocardial infarction as well as skeletal muscle damage can be seen. Meanwhile the level of the damage can differ in relation with the age, race, sex, the type of contraction and the training condition. In order to reduce exercise induced muscle damage, various pharmacologic agents can be used. On the other hand pre-exercise warm up and streching activities, and post-exercise active resting and massage can reduce and cure the damage.

The aim of the study was to determine and evaluate the effect of an 8-month step-aerobic and run-walk exercise on bone density and some physical characteristics as weight, total fat mass, total fat percentile and lean mass at sedentary females 14 sedentary females with mean age 37.4 voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects performed an exercise program lasted an hour three days a week for eight months. Exercise program consisted of 45/50- minute step-aerobic one day a week; 30- minute run/walk and 30- minute stretching two days a week. Total bone mineral density (BMD), total bone mineral content (BMC), T score, Z score, Total lean mass, total fat mass and total fat percentile values were diagnosed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Norland XR-46). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for data evaluation and significance level alpha was set at 0.05. After the eight -month exercise program, it was found out that there was significant decrease in weight, BMI, and total fat mass (p

Bu çalışma orta yaş sedanter bayanlarda 8 haftalık step-aerobik egzersiz programının solunum parametrelerine etkisini incelemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Denekler yaş ortalamaları 39,33±4,67 yıl olan 15 gönüllü ve sağlıklı sedanter bayandan oluşturuldu. Deneklerin üçü günde iki paket sigara tüketmekte olup, altısı pasif içici ve diğer altı deneğin herhangi bir kötü alışkanlığı bulunmamaktadır. Araştırma grubuna haftada 3 gün 45–55 dakika süreli, %50–60 yüklenme şiddetinde step-aerobik egzersiz programı uygulandı. Araştırma grubuna egzersiz programı öncesi ve sonrası PEmax ve PImax kuvvetleri ile FVC, FEV1 ve PEF değerleri ölçüldü. Verilerin istatistiksel analizleri paried t-testi ile yapıldı. Çalışma sonunda araştırma grubunun FVC değerlerinde p, This study is conducted to assess the effect of eight-week step-aerobic exercise program on respiration parameters at middle-aged sedentary women. Subjects consist of 15 voluntary-healthy sedentary females mean aged 39,33±4,67 years. Three of the subjects consume two packs of cigarettes a day, and of six the subjects, passive smokers and the other does not have any bad habits. A step-aerobic program of three sessions per week, each of which lasted 45-55 minutes, was performed by the subjects. The intensity of the exercise was determined as a 50-60% of maximum heart rate. PEmax and PImax strengths, FVC, FEV1 and PEF values of the subjects were measured before and after the exercise program. Statistical analysis of the data was done with Paired t-test. At the end of the study, a significant increase at p

Okul takımlarında yer alan 11-13 yaş arası öğrencilerde uygulanan antrenmanların solunum ve dolaşım sistemine olan etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan çalışmaya Niğde ili ODTÜ koleji okul takımında spor yapan yaş ortalaması 12,63±1,13 yıl olan 22 öğrenci ile aynı okulda spor yapmayan yaş ortalaması 13,09±0,91 yıl olan 22 öğrenci gönüllü olarak katılmışlardır. Grupların yaş, boy, ağırlık, istirahat nabız değerleri sistolik, diastolik kan basıncı ölçümleri, solunum sisteminde vital kapasite (VC) zorlu vital kapasite (FVC) zorlu ekspirasyon hacim (FEV1) zorlu ekspirasyon oranı (FEV1%) ve maksimum istemli ventilasyon (MVV) değerleri ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler kişisel bilgisayarda SPSS 10.0 istatistik programında bağımsız guruplarda ortalamalar arasında fark independent t-test yöntemi ile güven aralığı p0,05) istirahat nabız, sistolik ve diastolik kan basıncı, vital kapasite ve zorlu vital kapasite değerlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar saptanmıştır.(p, 22 students doing sports average age 12,63±1,13 in the school team of ODTÜ college of Niğde and 22 students not doing any sports, average age 13,09±0,91 are, voluntary involved in this study which aims to determine the effect of the training done by the students aged 11-13 in school teams on respiration and blood circulation sytems. Groups Measures for age, height, weight, resting pulse measures, sistolic and diastolic blood pressure measures, vital capacity in respiration system, force vital capasity (FVC), Force expiration volume (FEV), force expiration rate (FEV%) and maximum desired ventilation values are measured. The findings obtained were studied with SPSS 10.0 statistics programme on PC while the difference between the averages of groups were examined with independent t- test method in the meaningfull ranges from p0,01 The differences between groups in terms of age, height, weight, force expiration volume, force expiration rate, maximum desired ventilation valves are not significant (P>0,05). Significant improvements have been detected in resting pulse, sitolic and diastolic blood pressure, vital capacity and force vital capacity valves of the group doing sports. (P

The object of the study is to determine the effect of thyme loading during exercise at elite wrestlers on oxidant stress and anti-oxidant capacity. Totally 18 elite wrestlers were involved in the study. The wrestlers were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and placebo. The subjects were loaded 1 g dried thyme tea three times a day after meals during 35-day period. The blood samples were taken before and after loading thyme, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), melondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulphydryl group (RSH) were analysed. To evaluate the dates, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for in-group evaluation and Mann–Whitney U test was used for inter group evaluation and significance level α was set at 0.05. While there were no differences between groups before loading thyme, TAC values were found meaningfully increased after loading in experimental group (p 0.05). In the other hand experimental group decreasing of the MDA values and increasing of the TAC values were found statically significant compared with placebo groups (p

The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate chronic effects of plyometric training on haematological parameters of the Turkish National Alpine Ski Team athletes during 12-week preparation period. In the study, 12 sportsmen volunteers participated whose mean age was 17.50 years. Participants performed 12-week plyometric training protocol. The training programme was applied for 12 weeks and 5 days a week in total 60 training unit. As the programme proceeded, the intensity and content of training increased. Blood samples were taken before and after the training programme. The red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), granulocyte (GR), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) measurement were analysed on blood samples with automatic haematological analyser (Toshiba Accute PPS TBA-40FR). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used in order to compare statistical values of before and after exercise and significance level α was set at 0.05. Before and after training programme, values were compared for RBC, WBC, GR, MCV, MCH, MCHC and no significant changes have been observed for these values. However, there was significant (p>0.05) increase in HCT and HGB values. We concluded that as a result of the study, 12-week plyometric training programme increased the RBCs and HGB levels and as a result improved oxygen carriage capacity of the Turkish National Alpine Ski Team athletes.

WOS: 000304300200025, Objective: 18 university students, who have been kept sedentary and whose ages are 21,6 years averagely, have participated, voluntarily, in this study in order to inspect for the acute responses of the immune system to the aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Method: The Max VO2 values of the volunteers were determined using the Astrand Bicycle Ergometer testing method. The volunteers were subjected to aerobic exercises using 50% of Max VO2 for a time period of 45 minutes, and then to anaerobic exercises using 120% of Max VO2 until they exhausted. In the study, venous blood samples of the volunteers were taken before exercises, immediately after the exercises and 24 hours after exercises respectively; and therefore, the levels of cellular immune, T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte were examined accordingly. The statistical analyses were performed using One-Way ANOVA testing method. Result: Meanwhile, whereas the differences in the levels of T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte and components of the cellular immune measured immediately after exercise and 24 hours after exercise were found meaningless when compared to the levels obtained prior to exercises for the aerobic exercises (p>0,05), increased levels (leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and B-lymphocyte) obtained immediately after the exercises, and especially the decrease in the level of T-lymphocyte were meaningful for the anaerobic type of exercises (p0,05). Conclusions: As a result, it has been assumed that intensive and exhausting type of exercises have been placing much more effect, immediately after exercise, on the elements of the cellular immune system than the moderate type of exercises, and meanwhile it might be resulted from the leukocytes those entering the circulation system from the marginating pool through demargination, and also from the damages occurring in the organism. It has been thought, on the other hand, that the decrease observed 24 hours after the exercises was caused possibly by the intensive and exhausting type of exercises those applying suppression on the components of the immune system.