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1. Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C., Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Eylem Yediay, Fulya, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Vang Petersen, Peter, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2024
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2. Publisher Correction: Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise Schjellerup, Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Jensen, Theis Zetner Trolle, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Henning Nielsen, Bjarne, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C., Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Brinch Petersen, Erik, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Eylem Yediay, Fulya, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Buck Pedersen, Kristoffer, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Vang Petersen, Peter, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2024
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3. Experimental Modeling of Large Diameter Holes Based on Materials of Bronze Age Stone Axes

Author

Serikov Yuri B. and Grekhov Sergey V.

Subjects
archaeology, brace, copper tube, soapstone, marble, serpentine, jade, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

In the Urals, there are more than a hundred products with large-diameter holes, some of which are made using a copper tube. Experiments on hollow drilling in the expedition of S. A. Semenov have shown great complexity of this method. In experiments on drilling it was planned to identify labor costs for the manufacture of copper tube, and also reveal various aspects of drilling techniques. The article presents the results of experiments on drilling different types of stone (soapstone, marble, serpentine and jade) with a copper tube. Experiments have shown that drilling with a brace is 1.5 times more effective than drilling with a borer. And using a copper tube as a drill increased the speed of making holes by 4–7 times. It also turned out that the abrasive used is very important for drilling efficiency. The most effective abrasive was emery, whose deposits are known in the southern Urals. The results obtained allow the authors to establish with great accuracy what drills and with application of what equipment stone axes of Bronze Age were drilled. A comparison of the experimental drills with bronze age drills shows that drilling with a copper tube was often, but not always, performed using a special machine tool. Labor-intensive making stone axes with large diameter holes especially made of strong row materials attest about high social status of their owners.

Published
2021
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4. Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Author

Lundbeck Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Carlsberg Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, University of Copenhagen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences, Villum Fonden, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh Fund, Wellcome, Swiss National Science Foundation, European Research Council, Aarhus University Research Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat Valenciana, Nomis Foundation, European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of the Republic of Armenia, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US), Sikora, Martin [0000-0003-2818-8319], Lalueza-Fox, Carles [0000-0002-1730-5914], Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Bárbara Sousa da, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise S., Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana María, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martínez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar García, Domingo Carlos, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Barros Damgaard, Peter de, Petersen, Peter Vang, Prieto Martínez, Pilar, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Lundbeck Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Carlsberg Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, University of Copenhagen, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences, Villum Fonden, Independent Research Fund Denmark, Hanne and Torkel Weis-Fogh Fund, Wellcome, Swiss National Science Foundation, European Research Council, Aarhus University Research Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat Valenciana, Nomis Foundation, European Commission, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports of the Republic of Armenia, National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US), Sikora, Martin [0000-0003-2818-8319], Lalueza-Fox, Carles [0000-0002-1730-5914], Allentoft, Morten, Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Bárbara Sousa da, Schulz Paulsson, Bettina, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Jørkov, Marie Louise S., Demeter, Fabrice, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Fischer Mortensen, Morten, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Ulfeldt Hede, Mikkel, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana María, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martínez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar García, Domingo Carlos, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Merts, Ilya, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Gábor, Olivér, Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Barros Damgaard, Peter de, Petersen, Peter Vang, Prieto Martínez, Pilar, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merts, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1,2,3,4,5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

Published
2024

5. Geometrical Trapezes with Side Notches on the Territory of the Middle Trans-Urals

Author

Serikov Yuri B.

Subjects
archaeology, Middle trans-Urals, Mesolithic, trapezes with side notches, ways of penetration, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

Geometrical microliths are the most significant categories of stone implements during all periods of the Stone Age. Finds of trapezes with side notches are considered in the paper. 31 trapezes were found on 9 sites concentrated in the mounting part of Middle trans-Urals. Among them 23 trapezes were found on four Mesolithic sites in the upper reaches of Tura River. Trapezes have symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical form and two side notches. Often these implements were produced on the wide blades and therefore have been characterized with “high form”. The retouch which forms side notches practically always was applied from the back side. The trapezes were made of different local types of stone – flint, chert flint, alevrotuff, chalcedony, red-green and sealing jasper. According to the author, trapezes with side notches penetrated to the territory of Middle trans-Urals from the West along the Chusovaya River and its right tributaries. On these rivers the Mesolithic population from the Western slope of the Urals passed to the upper reaches of the river Tura. There alien population mixed with the native people and left after itself the material culture which was characterized as a new variant of this culture.

Published
2019
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6. On the Technique of Making Apretures with Large Diameters in Stone Articles of the Neolithic and Bronze Age of the Urals

Author

Serikov Yuri B.

Subjects
archaeology, the Urals, Neolithic, Bronze Age, figured hammers, maces, ornamented disks, axes, drilling, large diameter apertures, Archaeology, CC1-960
Abstract

The paper considers the technique of making apertures with a large diameter of not less than 1.5 cm at the example of stone articles of the Neolithic and Bronze Age discovered in the Urals. It is a group of non-practical implements: figured hammers, maces, ornamented disks, as well as battle and working axes-hammers, a drill hammer and a pickaxe. The apertures were made using various techniques. The length of apertures in figured hammers was up to 10 cm. Hollow drills were used for their manufacture. Almost all the figured hammers and axes-hammers were drilled from two sides. Drilling started from the underside of the article. Maces were generally drilled with the use of hollow bone drills. Drilling was more frequently carried out from two sides, whereas the apertures were not adjusted to cylindrical shape. Most of the discs are drilled using the counter-drilling method. Both bone and stone drills were applied. This was facilitated by the small thickness of the discs and the soft mineral raw materials. In certain discs, the apertures were made with the use of the picketage technique. Precise alignment of the apertures during counter-drilling suggests the availability of simple measuring instruments at the disposal of the ancient masters. Experimental studies revealed details allowing to determine the drilling method and drill material (stone or bone). This was facilitated by the conducted trace evidence analysis of stone drills with a large diameter. The complexity of the manufacture of articles featuring apertures with a large diameter clearly indicates the high social status of their owners.

Published
2018
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7. Population Genomics of Stone Age Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Barbara, Paulsson, Bettina Schulz, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Novosolov, Maria, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul-Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus H. A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Tortosa, Joan Emili Aura, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yeppiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per Åke, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyiev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merz, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, Willerslev, Eske, Allentoft, Morten E., Sikora, Martin, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, Irving-Pease, Evan K., Fischer, Anders, Barrie, William, Ingason, Andrés, Stenderup, Jesper, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pearson, Alice, Mota, Barbara, Paulsson, Bettina Schulz, Halgren, Alma, Macleod, Ruairidh, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, Demeter, Fabrice, Novosolov, Maria, Sørensen, Lasse, Nielsen, Poul-Otto, Henriksen, Rasmus H. A., Vimala, Tharsika, McColl, Hugh, Margaryan, Ashot, Ilardo, Melissa, Vaughn, Andrew, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, Rasmussen, Peter, Vinner, Lasse, Renaud, Gabriel, Stern, Aaron, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, Scorrano, Gabriele, Schroeder, Hannes, Lysdahl, Per, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, Skorobogatov, Andrei, Schork, Andrew Joseph, Rosengren, Anders, Ruter, Anthony, Outram, Alan, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Coppa, Alfredo, Zubova, Alisa, Silva, Ana Maria, Hansen, Anders J., Gromov, Andrey, Logvin, Andrey, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, González-Rabanal, Borja, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, McKenzie, Catriona J., Gaunitz, Charleen, Blasco, Concepción, Liesau, Corina, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., Cuenca-Solana, David, Lordkipanidze, David O., En’shin, Dmitri, Salazar-García, Domingo C, Price, T. Douglas, Borić, Dušan, Kostyleva, Elena, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., Usmanova, Emma R., Cappellini, Enrico, Petersen, Erik Brinch, Kannegaard, Esben, Radina, Francesca, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, Duday, Henri, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, Potekhina, Inna, Shevnina, Irina, Altinkaya, Isin, Guilaine, Jean, Hansen, Jesper, Tortosa, Joan Emili Aura, Zilhão, João, Vega, Jorge, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, Tunia, Krzysztof, Zhao, Lei, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., Larsson, Lars, Metz, Laure, Yeppiskoposyan, Levon, Pedersen, Lisbeth, Sarti, Lucia, Orlando, Ludovic, Slimak, Ludovic, Klassen, Lutz, Blank, Malou, González-Morales, Manuel, Silvestrini, Mara, Vretemark, Maria, Nesterova, Marina S., Rykun, Marina, Rolfo, Mario Federico, Szmyt, Marzena, Przybyła, Marcin, Calattini, Mauro, Sablin, Mikhail, Dobisíková, Miluše, Meldgaard, Morten, Johansen, Morten, Berezina, Natalia, Card, Nick, Saveliev, Nikolai A., Poshekhonova, Olga, Rickards, Olga, Lozovskaya, Olga V., Uldum, Otto Christian, Aurino, Paola, Kosintsev, Pavel, Courtaud, Patrice, Ríos, Patricia, Mortensen, Peder, Lotz, Per, Persson, Per Åke, Bangsgaard, Pernille, Damgaard, Peter de Barros, Petersen, Peter Vang, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, Włodarczak, Piotr, Smolyaninov, Roman V., Maring, Rikke, Menduiña, Roberto, Badalyan, Ruben, Iversen, Rune, Turin, Ruslan, Vasilyiev, Sergey, Wåhlin, Sidsel, Borutskaya, Svetlana, Skochina, Svetlana, Sørensen, Søren Anker, Andersen, Søren H., Jørgensen, Thomas, Serikov, Yuri B., Molodin, Vyacheslav I., Smrcka, Vaclav, Merz, Victor, Appadurai, Vivek, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Magnusson, Yvonne, Kjær, Kurt H., Lynnerup, Niels, Lawson, Daniel J., Sudmant, Peter H., Rasmussen, Simon, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, Durbin, Richard, Nielsen, Rasmus, Delaneau, Olivier, Werge, Thomas, Racimo, Fernando, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

The transitions from foraging to farming and later to pastoralism in Stone Age Eurasia (c. 11-3 thousand years before present, BP) represent some of the most dramatic lifestyle changes in human evolution. We sequenced 317 genomes of primarily Mesolithic and Neolithic individuals from across Eurasia combined with radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and pollen records. Genome imputation and co-analysis with previously published shotgun sequencing data resulted in >1600 complete ancient genome sequences offering fine-grained resolution into the Stone Age populations. We observe that: 1) Hunter-gatherer groups were more genetically diverse than previously known, and deeply divergent between western and eastern Eurasia. 2) We identify hitherto genetically undescribed hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region that contributed ancestry to the later Yamnaya steppe pastoralists; 3) The genetic impact of the Neolithic transition was highly distinct, east and west of a boundary zone extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Large-scale shifts in genetic ancestry occurred to the west of this “Great Divide”, including an almost complete replacement of hunter-gatherers in Denmark, while no substantial ancestry shifts took place during the same period to the east. This difference is also reflected in genetic relatedness within the populations, decreasing substantially in the west but not in the east where it remained high until c. 4,000 BP; 4) The second major genetic transformation around 5,000 BP happened at a much faster pace with Steppe-related ancestry reaching most parts of Europe within 1,000-years. Local Neolithic farmers admixed with incoming pastoralists in eastern, western, and southern Europe whereas Scandinavia experienced another near-complete population replacement. Similar dramatic turnover-patterns are evident in western Siberia; 5) Extensive regional differences in the ancestry components involved in these early events remain visible to this day, e

Published
2022

8. Population genomics of postglacial western eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E., primary, Sikora, Martin, additional, Refoyo-Martínez, Alba, additional, Irving-Pease, Evan K., additional, Fischer, Anders, additional, Barrie, William, additional, Ingason, Andrés, additional, Stenderup, Jesper, additional, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, additional, Pearson, Alice, additional, Sousa da Mota, Bárbara, additional, Paulsson, Bettina Schulz, additional, Halgren, Alma, additional, Macleod, Ruairidh, additional, Schjellerup Jørkov, Marie Louise, additional, Demeter, Fabrice, additional, Sørensen, Lasse, additional, Nielsen, Poul Otto, additional, Henriksen, Rasmus A., additional, Vimala, Tharsika, additional, McColl, Hugh, additional, Margaryan, Ashot, additional, Ilardo, Melissa, additional, Vaughn, Andrew, additional, Mortensen, Morten Fischer, additional, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, additional, Hede, Mikkel Ulfeldt, additional, Johannsen, Niels Nørkjær, additional, Rasmussen, Peter, additional, Vinner, Lasse, additional, Renaud, Gabriel, additional, Stern, Aaron, additional, Trolle Jensen, Theis Zetner, additional, Scorrano, Gabriele, additional, Schroeder, Hannes, additional, Lysdahl, Per, additional, Ramsøe, Abigail Daisy, additional, Skorobogatov, Andrei, additional, Schork, Andrew Joseph, additional, Rosengren, Anders, additional, Ruter, Anthony, additional, Outram, Alan, additional, Timoshenko, Aleksey A., additional, Buzhilova, Alexandra, additional, Coppa, Alfredo, additional, Zubova, Alisa, additional, Silva, Ana Maria, additional, Hansen, Anders J., additional, Gromov, Andrey, additional, Logvin, Andrey, additional, Gotfredsen, Anne Birgitte, additional, Nielsen, Bjarne Henning, additional, González-Rabanal, Borja, additional, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, additional, McKenzie, Catriona J., additional, Gaunitz, Charleen, additional, Blasco, Concepción, additional, Liesau, Corina, additional, Martinez-Labarga, Cristina, additional, Pozdnyakov, Dmitri V., additional, Cuenca-Solana, David, additional, Lordkipanidze, David O., additional, En’shin, Dmitri, additional, Salazar-García, Domingo C., additional, Price, T. Douglas, additional, Borić, Dušan, additional, Kostyleva, Elena, additional, Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V., additional, Usmanova, Emma R., additional, Cappellini, Enrico, additional, Petersen, Erik Brinch, additional, Kannegaard, Esben, additional, Radina, Francesca, additional, Yediay, Fulya Eylem, additional, Duday, Henri, additional, Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Igor, additional, Merts, Ilya, additional, Potekhina, Inna, additional, Shevnina, Irina, additional, Altinkaya, Isin, additional, Guilaine, Jean, additional, Hansen, Jesper, additional, Aura Tortosa, Joan Emili, additional, Zilhão, João, additional, Vega, Jorge, additional, Pedersen, Kristoffer Buck, additional, Tunia, Krzysztof, additional, Zhao, Lei, additional, Mylnikova, Liudmila N., additional, Larsson, Lars, additional, Metz, Laure, additional, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, additional, Pedersen, Lisbeth, additional, Sarti, Lucia, additional, Orlando, Ludovic, additional, Slimak, Ludovic, additional, Klassen, Lutz, additional, Blank, Malou, additional, González-Morales, Manuel, additional, Silvestrini, Mara, additional, Vretemark, Maria, additional, Nesterova, Marina S., additional, Rykun, Marina, additional, Rolfo, Mario Federico, additional, Szmyt, Marzena, additional, Przybyła, Marcin, additional, Calattini, Mauro, additional, Sablin, Mikhail, additional, Dobisíková, Miluše, additional, Meldgaard, Morten, additional, Johansen, Morten, additional, Berezina, Natalia, additional, Card, Nick, additional, Saveliev, Nikolai A., additional, Poshekhonova, Olga, additional, Rickards, Olga, additional, Lozovskaya, Olga V., additional, Gábor, Olivér, additional, Uldum, Otto Christian, additional, Aurino, Paola, additional, Kosintsev, Pavel, additional, Courtaud, Patrice, additional, Ríos, Patricia, additional, Mortensen, Peder, additional, Lotz, Per, additional, Persson, Per, additional, Bangsgaard, Pernille, additional, Barros Damgaard, Peter de, additional, Petersen, Peter Vang, additional, Martinez, Pilar Prieto, additional, Włodarczak, Piotr, additional, Smolyaninov, Roman V., additional, Maring, Rikke, additional, Menduiña, Roberto, additional, Badalyan, Ruben, additional, Iversen, Rune, additional, Turin, Ruslan, additional, Vasilyev, Sergey, additional, Wåhlin, Sidsel, additional, Borutskaya, Svetlana, additional, Skochina, Svetlana, additional, Sørensen, Søren Anker, additional, Andersen, Søren H., additional, Jørgensen, Thomas, additional, Serikov, Yuri B., additional, Molodin, Vyacheslav I., additional, Smrcka, Vaclav, additional, Merz, Victor, additional, Appadurai, Vivek, additional, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, additional, Magnusson, Yvonne, additional, Kjær, Kurt H., additional, Lynnerup, Niels, additional, Lawson, Daniel J., additional, Sudmant, Peter H., additional, Rasmussen, Simon, additional, Korneliussen, Thorfinn, additional, Durbin, Richard, additional, Nielsen, Rasmus, additional, Delaneau, Olivier, additional, Werge, Thomas, additional, Racimo, Fernando, additional, Kristiansen, Kristian, additional, and Willerslev, Eske, additional

Published
2022
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