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ABSTRACT The herbicide tembotrione may be seletivity to sorghum, which is of utmost importance in grain production systems. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of tembotrione + atrazine combinations applied post-emergence at different phenological stages of grain sorghum. Four experiments were carried out in Rio Verde and Montividiu (state of Goiás) in succession to soybean cultivation in 2017 and 2018. The experiments were carried out in randomized block design with six replications, both in a (3x2) + 1 factorial arrangement. The first factor referred to three vegetative stages of application (V3, V5 and V7) associated with two doses of tembotrione (90 and 180 g ha-1) combined with atrazine (1,000 g ha-1)and and an additional treatment with no herbicide application. Tembotrione + atrazine applications at the V7 stage caused less damage to grain yield and dry mass accumulation in relation to V3 and V5. The dose of 90 g ha-1 tembotrione + atrazine combined with atrazine resulted in higher grain yields compared to 180 g ha-1, although still at lower levels compared to the treatment with no herbicides. Thus, herbicide tembotrione at doses of 90 and 180 g ha-1 combined with atrazine did not have selectivity for grain sorghum in applications at V3, V5 and V7 stages.

The grain production area in the Brazilian agricultural region known as SEALBA, especially in Alagoas State, has seen significant growth in recent years. This study aims to contribute to sustainable regional development by evaluating the effects of inoculation, co-inoculation, and the application of starter mineral nitrogen (N), either individually or in combination, on soybean growth and yield. Eight field experiments were conducted from 2018 to 2021 in two municipalities within Alagoas, covering soybean cultivation areas ranging from the first to the fourth year. The experiments followed a randomized complete block design with four replications, employing a factorial arrangement of treatments. The first factor encompassed five levels related to inoculation technologies and N management: 1) Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium; 2) Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium combined with N basal fertilization; 3) Co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum; 4) Co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum + N fertilization at the base; and 5) Control treatment without microbiological inputs or nitrogen fertilizers. The second factor involved the evaluation of different soybean cultivars, with two materials assessed in 2018 and three cultivars in 2019, 2020, and 2021. Results demonstrated that seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium led to increased soybean grain yield in first-year cultivation areas. However, N basal fertilization, commonly known as starter fertilization, did not result in yield improvements compared to the use of microbiological inputs alone. Soybean cultivars BRS 9383 IPRO and FTR 3191 IPRO exhibited greater responsiveness to seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium.

Tem sido comum a presença de plantas voluntárias de soja em lavouras de crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis) cultivada em segunda safra, necessitando assim a adoção de estratégias para o seu manejo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia e a seletividade dos herbicidas pyrithiobac-sodium e ethoxysulfuron aplicados isoladamente em pós-emergência da crotalária visando ao controle de soja voluntária. Para tanto, foram instalados dois experimentos a campo, um avaliando a viabilidade de uso do herbicida pyrithiobac-sodium e outro do ethoxysulfuron. Em ambos os experimentos foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, estando os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x4+2, com quatro repetições. No primeiro fator alocou-se à aplicação em pós-emergência dos herbicidas em dois estádios fenológicos distintos V3 e 3 folhas verdadeiras e V7 e 6 folhas verdadeiras, respectivamente para a soja e a crotalária. No segundo fator foi disposto doses crescentes dos herbicidas, sendo utilizadas as doses 14,0; 22,4; 30,8; e 39,2 g ha-1 para pyrithiobac-sodium e 18,0; 30,0; 42,0; e 54,0 g ha-1 para ethoxysulfuron. Os tratamentos adicionais corresponderam a uma testemunha infestada e outra capinada. Foram realizadas avaliações de controle visual da soja voluntária, bem como da fitointoxicação, estande, altura e massa seca de parte aérea das plantas de crotalária. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o pyrithiobac-sodium na dose de 30,8 g ha-1, pode ser recomendado para aplicações quando as plantas de soja voluntária estiverem em V3 e as plantas de crotalária com 3 folhas verdadeiras, bem como o herbicida ethoxysulfuron na dose 18 g ha-1, pode ser recomendado para aplicações quando as plantas de soja voluntária estiverem em V3 ou V7 e as plantas de crotalária com três folhas verdadeiras. Esses dois herbicidas nas respectivas doses apresentam potencial para serem registrados para uso em áreas de cultivo de crotalária em sucessão à cultura da soja.

The genetic improvement of soybean cultivars over the years has focused on increasing the yield capacity and tolerance to some abiotic and biotic factors, such as drought, diseases, and pests. However, during the transfer of genes of interest, some genes responsible for a lower tolerance to herbicides can be integrated into the genome of the new cultivar. Thus, tests designed to assess the tolerance of these new soybean cultivars to herbicides are needed to avoid yield losses caused by poisoning after application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides associations applied in post-emergence of three soybean cultivars. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block, with four replications. The selected cultivars were M7110 IPRO®, Foco IPRO®, and Bônus IPRO®. The herbicides and the respective doses (g a.i. ha-1) used were: glyphosate (960), glyphosate + bentazon (960 + 600), glyphosate + fomesafen (960 + 175), glyphosate + lactofen (960 + 120), glyphosate + imazethapyr (960 + 100), glyphosate + chlorimuron (960 + 10), glyphosate + cloransulam (960 + 39.5), and a control without herbicide application. The components of growth and yield evaluated were: height, stand, the weight of one hundred grains, and yield. A visual note of intoxication was also made for each treatment. The application of post-emergence herbicides does not alter the plant stand of soybean cultivars. Also, these herbicides were not reduced the yield of M7110 IPRO® and Foco IPRO® cultivars. Both glyphosate isolated and mixed with lactofen or imazethapyr reduced yield of Bônus IPRO® cultivar. Highlights • Herbicide associations applied post-emergence cause higher levels of injuries on soybean crop. • The visualization of injuries resulting from herbicides on soybean does not necessarily imply yield reductions. • The genetics of the soybean cultivar is decisive for the response in terms of sensitivity to herbicides.

One factor limiting the achievement of high yields in the soybean crop is weed interference. The level of weed interference can vary according to the specificities of the weed community but also due to the agronomic characteristics of the soybean varieties. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of weed interference on soybean varieties of different relative maturity groups (RMG). A field experiment was implemented in a randomized complete block design, in a 3 × 4 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments were composed of the varieties BMX Flecha® (RMG 6.6), BMX Power® (RMG 7.3), and BMX Bônus® (RMG 7.9), associated with the following four weed managements: weeding throughout the cycle; weeded up to 20 days after emergence (DAE); weeded after 20 DAE until the end of soybean cycle; not weeded throughout the entire cycle. There was no interaction between the effects of the varieties and the weed management for emergence speed index, plant height, chlorophyll, first pod height insertion, plant population, thousand-grain weight and yield. The initial weed management caused changes in the composition of the weed community. The managements weeded throughout the cycle and weeded up until 20 DAE provided higher levels of chlorophyll and grain yield. The management without weeding during the entire cycle negatively influenced yield components. Late interventions in weed control, regardless of the soybean variety, result in yield losses.

The succession of soybean/maize has been largely adopted. Storm damage and crop problems can lead to grain loss, generating maize ear fragments or even whole ears that remain in the soil and still display germination viability, resulting in the occurrence of volunteer plants. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the interference of voluntary maize plants on soybean and investigate the susceptibility of maize hybrids to pre-emergence herbicides. In the first step, an experiment was performed evaluating the influence of voluntary maize plant density and spatial distribution on soybean. The experiment was performed in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with four replications, with treatments disposed in factorial arrangement (2 x 4) + 1. The first factor corresponded to the spatial distribution of maize plants: row or in between soybean rows; while the second factor adopted four infestation densities of maize plants m-2: 4, 8, 12, and 16. The additional treatment consisted of a control without maize plants. For the second step, an experiment was conducted in two locations aiming to determine the efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides in the control of voluntary maize. Both experiments were installed in RCBD in a split-plot scheme with four replications. Fomesafen, lactofen, sulfentrazone, chlorimuron-ethyl, diclosulam, flumetsulam, imazethapyr, clomazone, metribuzin, [sulfentrazone + diuron], [imazethapyr + flumioxazin], and a control without herbicide application were evaluated in the main plot. In each subplot, the maize hybrids DKB310 PRO3™ and DKB390 PRO3™ were evaluated. No influence on the position of voluntary maize on the soybean yield was observed. The presence of the maize population led to a progressive decrease in soybean yield, ranging up to 86%, at 16 plants m-2. DKB390 displayed a stand reduction of 82.88% after the use of diclosulam. Diclosulam led to better results regarding maize plant decreases for both hybrids.

ABSTRACT Weed management consists of a fundamental practice in cassava, with mechanical and chemical control widely used. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of pre-emergence herbicides, as well as to determine the interaction of these with weeding complementation in the weed management in cassava. Two experiments were conducted in Junqueiro (Alagoas). In 2015/16, the experimental design was based on randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a split-split-plot scheme, with four replications. In the main plot, four pre-emergence associations of clomazone + flumioxazin in different doses were evaluated, in addition to a control without herbicide. In the subplots, the Caravela and Pretinha cassava cultivars were evaluated, while in the sub-subplots the control complementation was evaluated using or not the manual weeding. In the 2016/17, the plot design and layout remained the same as for 2015/16, except for the composition of the herbicide treatments, since the standardization of clomazone dose has been chosen, varying only the doses of flumioxazin. The association of clomazone and flumioxazin has shown efficacy in weed control, with a greater residual as higher doses are used. This association provided higher shoot and root yield. Weeding complementation along the cassava cycle can increase its yield.

The interference imposed by weeds can cause damages to cassava development. Thus, adopting control measures is fundamental. The use of pre-emergence herbicides is one of the control alternatives, since cassava presents a good tolerance to herbicides applied in this modality. However, herbicides may present differential selectivity due to the variety of cassava that is planted. The objective of this study was to evaluate both weed control effectiveness and selectivity of different herbicide combinations applied at pre-emergence of two cassava varieties. Two experiments were established in the field using a randomized complete block design, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. In the efficacy experiment, application of six combinations of herbicides, including clomazone + ametryn, clomazone + metribuzin, clomazone + flumioxazin, isoxaflutole + ametryn, isoxaflutole + metribuzin, isoxaflutole + flumioxazin were evaluated in the main plot. In addition, a non-treated control and a weeded control were evaluated. In the subplots, the Caravela and Pretinha varieties were planted. For the selectivity experiment, a non-treated control was not included. The combinations containing clomazone presented a longer residual period of weed control as well as a better control of benghal dayflower. Metribuzin exhibited lower efficacy than other herbicide combinations containing clomazone or isoxaflutole. The Pretinha variety showed greater tolerance to weed interference. Every herbicide combination that was applied in cassava pre-emergence presented selectivity for both Caravela and Pretinha varieties.

Soybeans sowing in different plants’ spatial distribution can influence the phytosanitary management of this crop and, consequently, impact on grains yield. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of plants arrangements on infestation and control of caterpillars, the deposition of spray syrup as well as assess the agronomic performance of soybean cultivated in the Brazilian Cerrado. The assay was performed during two consecutive seasons in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Soybean cultivation was implemented in 0.50 m spacing between rows, crossed (0.50 m x 0.50 m), twin rows (0.25 m / 0.75 m), and narrow (0.25 m). In the reproductive stage of plants, both crossed and narrow arrangements showed higher caterpillars’ incidence. There was a more evident risk of caterpillar incidence in arrangements that promoted better equidistance among plants. This risk was mitigated when taking into account both control and overlap of syrup, which could be incremented into inferior canopy with the enhancement of application rate. The increase in application rate from 75 to 150 L ha-1 promoted superior spray deposition volumes. Increases in grain yield was noted in the narrow arrangement.

Phytoremediation is an option for the decontamination of areas that have received intensive applications of herbicide. Determining the minimum period that a species should remain for remediation of the soil is critical for the optimisation of areas to be cultivated without the risks of carryover. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cultivation time of Canavalia ensiformis in soil contaminated with the herbicide sulfentrazone, for the species to remediate the soil to satisfactory levels. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, using 10 dm3 pots in a randomised block design and a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The factors comprised five periods of phytoremediation, i.e. cultivation times of the green-manure species of phytoremediator (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 days after sowing - DAS), cultivated both with and without the presence of sulfentrazone (400 g ha-1). The species of bio-indicator was Pennisetum glaucum, grown for 42 DAS. During this period the following variables were evaluated: plant height (cm); visual toxicity (%), using a scale from 0 to 100 for the absence of symptoms and death of the plant respectively; and shoot dry matter (g). At 75 days of growth of the phytoremediator species, there was no difference between the soil that received the herbicide application and the soil with no application, for the variables visual toxicity, height and shoot dry matter of the bio-indicator species. Cultivation of C. ensiformis needs to be for a minimum period of 75 days to decontaminate soils with sulfentrazone to satisfactory levels. = A fitorremediação é uma alternativa para a descontaminação de áreas que receberam intensas aplicações de herbicidas. Determinar o período mínimo que as espécies devem permanecer remediando o solo é fundamental para a otimização das áreas a serem cultivadas sem riscos de carryover. Objetivouse com este trabalho avaliar o tempo de cultivo de Canavalia ensiformis em solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone, de modo que essa espécie remedie o solo em níveis satisfatórios. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos de 10 dm3 ; e conduzido no delineamento em blocos cazualizados, em esquema fatorial (5 x 2), com quatro repetições. Os fatores consistiram de cinco períodos de fitorremediação, ou seja, de tempos de cultivo da fitorremediadora (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 dias após a semeadura) e dois níveis de sulfentrazone (com herbicida na dose de 400 g ha-1 e sem herbicida). A espécie bioindicadora foi a Pennisetum glaucum, cultivada por 42 DAS. Ao longo desse período foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura de plantas (cm); toxicidade visual (%), utilizando escala que varia de 0 a 100, para ausência de sintomas e morte da planta, respectivamente; e matéria seca da parte aérea (g). Com 75 dias de cultivo da espécie fitorremediadora, não houve diferença entre o solo que recebeu aplicação de herbicida e aquele sem aplicação para as variáveis toxicidade visual, altura e matéria seca da parte aérea da espécie bioindicadora. A C. ensiformis precisa ser cultivada por um período mínimo de 75 dias para descontaminar à níveis satisfatórios solos com o sulfentrazone.

The spatial arrangement of soybean plants affects the intraspecific competition for light, water and nutrients, which can change the biomass production, incidence of pests, diseases and weeds, plant lodging, and grain yield. This work aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance under different row spacing, plant densities and crossed rows. Two field experiments were carried out in Campo Mourão, Paraná State, Southern Brazil, using the randomized complete block experimental design, in a 3x3x2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments were formed by the combination of three row spacings (0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 m), three plant densities (300,000; 450,000; and 600,000 plants ha-1), and two row design (crossed or parallel rows). For all variables, interaction of the experimental factors was not significant. The row spacing of 0.45 m provided the highest grain yield in relation to 0.30 and 0.60 m. The density of 300,000 plants ha-1 showed higher yield of soybeans in late sowing. The crossed lines did not increase the productive performance in soybean.

Increases in the soybean grain yield without significant alterations in the production cost can be achieved with variations in the spatial plant arrangement. The sowing in crossed rows has aroused the interest of Brazilian soybean producers once this practice was used in some areas with record-breaking soybean yield in Brazil in 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars with determinate growth habit managed under different spatial plant arrangements, including crossed rows. The experiments were carried out in Londrina, PR, at 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing seasons. A randomized complete block experimental design in a 2x2x2 factorial scheme was used, with three replications. The treatments were formed by combining two row spacing (0.4 and 0.6 m), two seeding rates (375,000 and 562,500 seeds ha-1) and two sowing systems (crossed or parallel rows).The cultivar BRS 294 RR was used in 2011/12 and BRS 295 RR in 2012/13 growing season. In both cultivars and years the grain yield was not affected by the sowing system, seeding rate, or by the interactions among factors, showing the high soybean phenotypic plasticity. Row spacing of 0.6 m showed the highest soybean grain yield in BRS 294 RR, mainly due to a higher grain production in the branches.

The objective of this work was to identify herbicides used in the sugarcane crop that affects neither the growth, the development, of nor the process of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by the diazotrophic bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae. Eighteen herbicides (paraquat, ametryne, tebuthiuron, amicarbazone, diuron, metribuzin, [hexazinone + diuron], [hexazinone + clomazone], clomazone, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, imazapic, imazapyr, [trifloxysulfuron sodium + ametryne], glyphosate, MSMA e 2,4-D) were tested in their respective commercial doses regarding their impact on the growth of the bacteria in liquid medium DIGs. For this, we determined the duration of lag phase, generation time and maximum cell density of H. seropedicae, calculated from optical density data obtained at regular intervals during the incubation of cultures for 33 h at 32oC. We also evaluated the impact of herbicides on nitrogenase activity of H. seropedicae grown in semi-solid N-free JNFb medium. The effects of herbicides on the growth variables and the ARA were compared with the untreated control by Dunnett test. A completely randomized design was used. The herbicides paraquat, imazapyr, ametryne, glyphosate and oxyfluorfen inhibited the growth of H. seropedicae in vitro. Ametryne, oxyfluorfen and glyphosate caused a small reduction in the duration of the lag phase of diazotrophic bacteria H. seropedicae. Oxyfluorfen, ametryne and imazapyr resulted in increased the generation time by H. seropedicae. Glyphosate promoted drastic reduction in biological nitrogen fixation in vitro by H. seropedicae. The other tested herbicides did not affect the growth or the same BNF by H. seropedicae.

Alterations in the spatial arrangement of soybean plants might provide significant increases in soybean grain yield, without changing the sustainability of production systems. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of the BRS 294 RR soybean cultivar in twin row and narrow row spacing and different seeding rates. The experiment was carried out in Londrina, PR, from November 2011 to March 2012. The randomized complete block experimental design was used in a 5x2 factorial arrangement with three replications. The treatments were formed by combining five row spacings (19 cm, 38 cm, 57 cm, twin row of 19/38 cm, and twin row of 19/57 cm) with two seeding rates (375,000 and 562,500 seeds ha-1). The narrow row reduced the soybean grain yield. The twin row produced grain yields similar to those seen with traditional soybean spacing. The higher seeding rate did not result in higher soybean yields in all row spacings evaluated, demonstrating the phenotypic plasticity of the cultivar evaluated

The integrated crop-livestock system is a key strategy for both grain and livestock production. The cultivation of grass species in between two soybean cropping seasons has been an important component of this system, in Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the yield of glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars intercropped with Urochloa species, under different forage management systems. A total of six experiments, consisting of three soybean cultivars (BRS 295 RR, BRS 316 RR, and BRS 294 RR) and two grass species (Urochloa ruziziensis and Urochloa brizantha), were established. For each experiment, four treatments (soybean only; grass only; soybean intercropped with a grass species, with the application of glyphosate to decrease the growth of grass; and soybean intercropped with a grass species, without growth suppression) were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design, with four replications. For each experiment, only one soybean cultivar and one grass species were used. The grasses were sown in the soybean inter-rows at 27 days after sowing (DAS), while the glyphosate application to the treatment with grass suppression was performed at 84 DAS for the soybean or 57 DAS for the grasses. The yields of the three soybean cultivars were not significantly affected by either grass species, even though the shoot dry-matter yields for both of the intercropped grass species were high, though lower than the values obtained without the interference imposed by soybean.

Dentre as novas tecnologias, a fitorremediação é opção para a descontaminação de áreas que receberam intensas aplicações de herbicidas. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de selecionar espécies com potencial para a fitorremediação de solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone. As espécies testadas foram: Calopogonium mucunoides, híbrido de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium deeringianum e Stizolobium aterrimum, cultivadas em cinco doses do sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800 e 1.600 g ha-1). O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos com capacidade para 6 L, preenchidos com amostras de solo coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm. Foram avaliadas a fitotoxicidade do herbicida, a altura de plantas e a massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e de raízes. As espécies que manifestaram os menores sintomas de fitotoxicidade e os maiores índices de altura e matéria fresca e seca foram C. juncea, C. ensiformis e D. lablab, sendo selecionadas como tolerantes ao herbicida sulfentrazone e com potencial para fitorremediação.Among the new technologies, phytoremediation is considered as an option for the decontamination of areas that thave undergone intense herbicide applications. This work aimed to select species with potential to the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicide sulfentrazone. The tested species were Calopogonium mucunoides, hybrid Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), Crotalaria breviflora, Crotalaria juncea, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Stizolobium deeringianum e Stizolobium aterrimum. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using 6 dm³ vases filled with soil samples collected at a depth of 20 cm. The experimental design was the randomized blocks in a factorial scheme of 8 x 5, with four repetitions, which were composed by the eight plant species, and five doses of sulfentrazone (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600g ha-1). We evaluated the phytotoxicity of the herbicide, plant height and dry weight of shoots and roots. The species showing the least symptoms of phytotoxicity and the highest rates of height and fresh and dry biomass were C. juncea, C. ensiformis and D. lablab, which were selected as tolerant to the herbicide sulfentrazone and with potential for phytoremediation.

O girassol é uma oleaginosa de destaque entre as culturas utilizadas em sucessão à soja na região dos cerrados. No entanto, poucas informações referentes aos efeitos da atividade residual de herbicidas aplicados na soja sobre o desenvolvimento e rendimento do girassol são conhecidas. Visando avaliar a atividade residual de herbicidas, aplicados em pré e pós-emergência na cultura da soja sobre o girassol cultivado em sucessão, foram conduzidos ensaios em campo e em casa de vegetação. No ensaio de campo, foram empregados nove tratamentos (doses em kg de i.a. ha-1): imazaquin (0,161), diclosulam (0,035), sulfentrazone (0,600) e flumioxazin (0,050), em aplicações de pré-emergência, e chlorimuron-ethyl (0,015), imazethapyr (0,060), imazethapyr (0,100) e fomesafen (0,250), aplicados em pós-emergência da soja, mais uma testemunha (sem herbicida). Um bioensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com as amostras de solo dos tratamentos coletadas em seis épocas distintas (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 e 200 dias após a aplicação). Os resultados permitem concluir que o imazethapyr (0,100kg ha-1) e o diclosulam (0,035kg ha-1) causam redução no rendimento do girassol. A sensibilidade ao diclosulam perdura durante todo o cultivo do girassol.The sunflower is a oilseed crop kind of prominence before the cultures used in succession in the Brazil. However, little information concerning the effects of residual activity of herbicides on the crop in this region are known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual activity of herbicides in weed management in pre and post-emergence soybean and evaluate its effects on sunflower crop in succession. In field experiments we adopted the randomized block design with four replications, being appointed nine treatments (kg of i.a. ha-1): imazaquin (0.161), diclosulan (0.035), sulfentrazone (0.600) and flumioxazin (0.050) in pre emergence applications, and chlorimuron-ethyl (0.015), imazethapyr (0.060), imazethapyr (0.100) and fomesafen (0.250) applied post emergence soybean and a control without herbicide. One bioassay was differentiated by the treatments contained in each treatment and soil samples collected at six different times (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 and 200 days after application); evaluated the dry matter accumulation of sunflower plants as a function of time of sample collection. The results showed that: imazethapyr (0.1kg ha-1) and diclosulan (0.035kg ha-1) caused a reduction in sunflower yield. Sensitivity to diclosulan continued throughout the interval evaluation of the range of bioassay.

A fitorremediação é uma alternativa para a descontaminação de áreas que receberam intensas aplicações de herbicidas. Determinar o período mínimo que as espécies devem permanecer remediando o solo é fundamental para a otimização das áreas a serem cultivadas sem riscos de carryover. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o tempo de cultivo de Canavalia ensiformis em solos contaminados com o herbicida sulfentrazone, de modo que essa espécie remedie o solo em níveis satisfatórios. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se vasos de 10 dm3; e conduzido no delineamento em blocos cazualizados, em esquema fatorial (5 x 2), com quatro repetições. Os fatores consistiram de cinco períodos de fitorremediação, ou seja, de tempos de cultivo da fitorremediadora (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 dias após a semeadura) e dois níveis de sulfentrazone (com herbicida na dose de 400 g ha-1 e sem herbicida). A espécie bioindicadora foi a Pennisetum glaucum, cultivada por 42 DAS. Ao longo desse período foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura de plantas (cm); toxicidade visual (%), utilizando escala que varia de 0 a 100, para ausência de sintomas e morte da planta, respectivamente; e matéria seca da parte aérea (g). Com 75 dias de cultivo da espécie fitorremediadora, não houve diferença entre o solo que recebeu aplicação de herbicida e aquele sem aplicação para as variáveis toxicidade visual, altura e matéria seca da parte aérea da espécie bioindicadora. A C. ensiformis precisa ser cultivada por um período mínimo de 75 dias para descontaminar à níveis satisfatórios solos com o sulfentrazone.

This paper aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides [MSMA+diuron], [paraquat+diuron], metsulfuron-methyl and 2,4-D in control of volunteer plants of Roundup Ready® soybean, cultivar BRS Valiosa RR® when applied at various stages of development. The experiment was set up in Rio Verde city, in agricultural year 2007/08, using the randomized complete block experimental design in factorial scheme 5 x 3 (herbicide x application times) with four replications. The herbicide treatments were: metsulfuron- methyl (3,0 g ha-1), 2,4-D (1340 g ha-1), [MSMA+diuron] (1.800+700 g ha-1, respectively), [paraquat+diuron] (600+300 g ha-1, respectively) and control without spraying of herbicide; the second factor was the spraying of herbicides on phenological stages (V2, V6 and R2) of soybean plants. It was evaluated the percentage of controlling of volunteer soybean at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days after application (DAA) of herbicides, beyond the plant height and dry matter accumulation in shoots at 42 DAA. It was found that the herbicide treatments [MSMA+diuron] and 2,4-D provided greater control of volunteer plants of RR® soybean at stage V2 and the 2,4-D with spraying at V6. The treatment [paraquat+diuron] was more efficient in controlling at all phenologic stages. The metsufuron-methyl showed greater effectiveness of controlling when the spraying was done at stage R2.

This research was carried out from September of 2006 to February of 2007, under greenhouse conditions, in Rio Verde –GO/ Brazil to study the influence of Panicum maximum populational density on the phytoremediation of soil contaminated with picloram. The treatments were the combination of four Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) populational densities (0, 5, 10 e 15 plants per pot, corresponding to a 0, 122, 244 and 366 plants m-2, respectively) and three rates of picloram (0, 80 and 160 g ha-1 applied directly on the pots, simulating levels of soil contamination). After cultivating the phytoremediator specie on substrate during 100 days, soybean Glycine max L was sown at the same pot, used as a phytotoxicity bioindicator specie. Height of plants and green and dry mass of the above ground part of soybean were evaluated. The population density of the phytoremediate species Tanzania influenced the level of phytotoxicity of the herbicide picloram soybean crop sowed in succession. The population density of , 122 plants m-2 was the most efficient in the decontamination of the soil.O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência da densidade populacional de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) sobre a fitorremediação de solo contaminado com o herbicida picloram. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, de setembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre quatro densidades populacionais da espécie vegetal Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) (0, 5, 10 e 15 plantas por vaso, equivalentes a 0, 122, 244 e 366 plantas m2, respectivamente) e de três doses do picloram (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1 aplicadas diretamente nos vasos, simulando níveis de contaminação do solo). Após o cultivo da espécie fitorremediadora por 100 dias, efetuou-se, no próprio vaso, a semeadura da espécie bioindicadora da presença do picloram, soja (cultivar Monsoy 6101), na qual foram avaliadas a fitotoxicidade, a altura de plantas e a massa verde e seca da parte aérea. A densidade populacional da espécie fitorremediadora Tanzânia influenciou o nível de fitotoxicidade do herbicida picloram sobre a cultura da soja semeada em sucessão. Das densidades populacionais avaliadas, 122 plantas m-2 foi a mais eficiente na descontaminação do solo.

O longo efeito residual do herbicida picloram no solo aumenta o risco de lixiviação e de fitotoxicidade em culturas sucedâneas; sua presença no solo pode ser abreviada com o uso da fitorremediação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da densidade populacional de capim-pé-de-galinha-gigante (Eleusine coracana) sobre a fitorremediação de solo contaminado com o herbicida picloram. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação localizada no município de Rio Verde-GO, no período de setembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre quatro densidades populacionais da espécie vegetal Eleusine coracana (capim-pé-de-galinha-gigante) (0, 7, 14 e 21 plantas por vaso, correspondendo a 0, 172, 344 e 516 plantas m-2, respectivamente) e três doses do picloram (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1 - aplicadas diretamente nos vasos, simulando níveis de contaminação do solo). Após o cultivo da espécie vegetal fitorremediadora no substrato por 100 dias, efetuou-se, no próprio vaso, a semeadura da soja (Glycine max L.), espécie utilizada como bioindicadora da presença do picloram. A espécie Eleusine coracana mostrou ter capacidade de remediar solos contaminados com o herbicida picloram. A partir de 172 plantas m-2, aumentos na densidade populacional da espécie fitorremediadora não proporcionaram redução de carryover do herbicida picloram sobre a cultura da soja semeada em sucessão.The long-term residual effect of the herbicide picloram poses risks of leaching and phytotoxicity to successive crops. Phytoremediation can abbreviate the long carryover effect. This research was carried out from September 2006 to February 2007, under green house conditions, in Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil, to study the influence of Eleusine coracana population density on phytoremediation of soil contaminated with picloram. The treatments consisted of the combination of four Eleusine coracana population densities (0, 7, 14 and 21 plants per pot, corresponding to 0, 172, 344 and 516 plants m-2, respectively) and three picloram rates (0, 80 and 160 g ha-1 - applied directly to the pots, simulating soil contamination levels). After growing the phytoremediation species on substrate during 100 days, soybean was sown as a bioindicator species in the same pot. E. coracana was able to remediate soils contaminanted with picloram. At densities above 172 plants m-2, there was no further reduction of the carryover effect to soybean sown in succession.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a fitorremediação do solo contaminado pelo herbicida trifloxysulfuron-sodium a campo, pela espécie de adubo verde Canavalia ensiformis (feijão-de-porco) cultivada em diferentes densidades populacionais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação entre quatro densidades de plantio da espécie vegetal feijão-de-porco (0; 8; 20; e 32 plantas m-2) e duas doses do trifloxysulfuron-sodium (0,00 e 15,00 g ha¹). Cinco dias após o preparo do solo, o trifloxysulfuron-sodium foi aplicado antes da semeadura da espécie fitorremediadora, a qual foi mantida na área por 65 dias. Após esse período a área experimental foi novamente sulcada e fertilizada sendo cultivado feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Vermelho Coimbra), espécie sensível ao trifloxysulfuron-sodium. Aos 45 dias após a semeadura do feijão avaliou-se a altura e a biomassa seca da parte aérea das plantas e ao final do ciclo da cultura, foram determinados o rendimento de grãos, o número de vagens por planta e o peso de 100 sementes. O cultivo prévio de C. ensiformis nas densidades populacionais de 8, 20 ou 32 plantas m-2 promoveu a remediação do herbicida. A densidade populacional mínima de C. ensiformis que proporciona maior rendimento de grãos à cultura do feijão é de 20 plantas m-2.This study aimed to evaluate the phytoremediation of the herbicide trifloxysulfuron-sodium in field, by Canavalia ensiformis cultivated in different populacional density. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of four sowing densities (0; 8; 20; and 32 plants m-2) and two rates of trifloxysulfuron-sodium (0.00 and 15.00 g ha¹). Five days after soil preparation trifloxysulfuron-sodium was applied, before C. ensiformis sowing, which was kept for 65 days in the area. After this time the experimental area was furrowed, fertilized and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Vermelho Coimbra), specie sensitive to trifloxysulfuron-sodium, was cultivated. After 45 days of bean sowing, plant height and shoot dry biomass were evaluated and at the end of final cycle, grain yield, number of pods per plant and weight of 100 seeds, were determinated. Prior cultivation of C. ensiformis at densities of 8, 20 or 32 plants m-2 promoted herbicide remediation. The minimal of 20 plants m-2 of C. ensiformis provides the highest grain yield.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fitotoxicity of theherbicide mesotrione in corn plants that originated from seeds with different morphologiccharacteristics. It was conducted in a greenhouse, located in the municipal district ofCapão do Leão, RS. The treatments were composed by the combinations of three groupsof seed sizes, classified in sieves of oblong openings [seeds retained in the sieve of width14/64" (sieve 14), in the sieve 18/64" (sieve 18) and in the sieve 21/64" (sieve 21)], oftwo formats of seeds (crushed and round) and of five doses of the herbicide mesotrione(0.0; 60.0; 120.0; 180.0; and 240.0 g ha-1), on a total of 30 treatments. The experimentaldesign was the one with randomized blocks in outline factorial (3x2x5) with fourrepetitions. After the separation and classification of the seeds, they were sowed in vasesfilled out with homogenized soil. In each vase eight corn seeds were sowed, in the depthof 3.0 cm, and mesotrione was administered 24 hours after the pre-emergence. Thefollowing evaluations were carried out: speed of emergency of the seedlings; total numberof emerged seedlings; visual injury and height of plants to the 7, 14 and 21 days after theemergence (DAE); and dry biomass of the roots and of the aerial part to 21 DAE. Theformat and the size of the seeds were not shown as important factors in the tolerance ofthe plants to the fitotoxicity herbicide mesotrione. The increase of the applied doses ofmesotrione did not cause reductions in the acquisition of dry biomass as much of theaerial part as of the roots of corn plants.

The tebuthiuron residue, used in the sugar-cane culture, can be found in soil until two or more years after its application. Recent researches are being done using the phytoremediation in the attempt of removing it from the soil. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the green manure use in the phyitoremediation of the tebuthiuron herbicide. The evaluated species were: Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, Pennisetum glaucum, Estizolobium deeringianum, Estizolobium aterrimum and Lupinus albus. These were sown and cultivated in pots containing soil treated with different doses of tebuthiuron (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 kg.ha-1). A control treatment without green manure, submitted to the same dosages, was kept. Sixty days after planting, green manure aerial part of all plants were harvested and soybean was sowed in the same pot, to bioassay accomplishment. Sixty days after sowing, the soybean plants were harvested, being the following evaluations carried out: height of plants, phytotoxicity symptoms and plants above ground dry biomass and leaf area. Until 0.5 kg.ha-1 tebuthiuron dosage, the species that better phytoremediated this herbicide was L. albus. When the soil was treated with tebuthiuron at 1.0 kg.ha-1, the C. ensiformis, followed by L. albus and S. aterrimum, they were the treatments that better phytoremediated tebuthiuron because results in highest plant height, above ground dry biomass and lesser phytotoxicity symptoms and still the biggest foliar area of the soybean plants. When the tebuthiuron was applied at 1.5 kg ha-1 dosage, it was impossible to evaluate the phyitoremediation, as the tested plants were eliminated.

A aplicação de fertilizantes pode, em determinadas situações, beneficiar mais as plantas daninhas do que as próprias culturas. O manejo de fertilizantes em sistemas agrícolas pode ser um importante componente em programas de manejo integrado das culturas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência na absorção e utilização do P pelas culturas da soja e do feijão e por espécies de plantas daninhas. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, no período de agosto a novembro de 2002. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições; os tratamentos originaram-se de esquema fatorial 6 x 4, sendo seis espécies vegetais: soja (Glycine max), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris), dois biótipos de Euphorbia heterophylla (suscetível e resistente aos herbicidas inibidores de ALS), Bidens pilosa e Desmodium tortuosum; e quatro doses de P (0,00 12,00; 24,00 e 48,00 mg dm-3), aplicadas na semeadura sob a forma de superfosfato simples. A soja foi a espécie que revelou maior aumento na sua massa seca de raízes com o incremento do fornecimento de P. D. tortuosum, soja e B. pilosa apresentaram maior resposta à adição de doses crescentes de P em relação ao acúmulo de massa seca. O maior teor de P foi constatado para o feijão, independente da dose de P aplicada, contudo D. tortuosum foi a única espécie a ter seu teor de P aumentado em quase três vezes, quando cultivado com o dobro da dose aplicada (48,00 mg dm-3), com base nas necessidades da cultura do feijão. Até a avaliação realizada no início do florescimento, as plantas de soja e D. tortuosum foram as espécies que acumularam a maior quantidade de P em seus tecidos, porém, durante a fase reprodutiva foi D. tortuosum a qual, juntamente com feijão, apresentaram variações quanto à eficiência de suas raízes em absorver P, de acordo com a dose desse nutriente, enquanto as demais espécies mantiveram a mesma eficiência radicular, independente do teor de P do solo. A eficiência na utilização do P absorvido, observado para D. tortuosum, soja e feijão, diminuiu com o aumento da dose. Nos biótipos de E. heterophylla e no feijão, foi verificado baixo desempenho quanto ao uso eficiente do P disponível no solo. A maior porcentagem de recuperação do P aplicado até à fase de formação de propágulos foi constatada nas plantas de D. tortuosum.This work aimed to evaluate the absorption and use of phosphorus (P) by soybean and common bean crops and by weeds. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from August to November 2002. I was adopted a randomized block design with three replications, in a 6 x 4 factorial scheme. Six vegetal species (soybean (Glycine max), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), two Euphorbia heterophylla biotypes (susceptible and resistant to ALS inhibitor herbicides), Bidens pilosa and Desmodium tortuosum) and four doses of P (0.00 12.00; 24.00 and 48.00 mg dm-3), applied at sowing in the form of single super phosphate, were evaluated. The soybean root biomass was increased by the higher P supply and soybean, D. tortuosum, and B. pilosa accumulated more biomass in response to the increasing P doses. The highest P concentration was observed in the bean plants, independent of the applied P level, while D. tortuosum was the only specie in which the P content nearly tripled when cultivated with a P dose (48.00 mg dm-3) that was twice as high as that recommended for common bean. The highest P content in the plant tissues was accumulated by soybean and D. tortuosum until the beginning of flowering, and by D. tortuosum during the reproductive phase. In relation to the P uptake efficiency of roots, D. tortuosum and common bean presented variations according to the applied P level. The other species maintained the same root efficiency, independent of the P availability in the soil. The efficiency in the use of absorbed P by D. tortuosum, soybean and common bean decreased with the increase of the P dose. The E. heterophylla biotypes and common bean performed worst in relation to the efficient use of available P in the soil. Until the reproductive phase, D. Tortuosum presented the highest percentage of recovery of applied P.

A ação da microbiota rizosférica, acelerando a degradação de compostos no solo, é conhecida como fitoestimulação e constitui-se em um dos principais mecanismos de fitorremediação de herbicidas no solo. Plantas tolerantes ao tebuthiuron, que sejam capazes de estimular sua microbiota rizosférica, podem ser de grande interesse na fitorremediação desse herbicida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade rizosférica de quatro espécies vegetais com potencial para fitorremediação de tebuthiuron e inferir a contribuição radicular no processo de descontaminação desse herbicida. Foi analisado o solo rizosférico de feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), mucuna-anã (Estizolobium deeringianum) e mucuna-preta (Estizolobium aterrimum) e de uma testemunha (sem planta), com e sem a presença do tebuthiuron, na dose de 0,73 µg g-1. A taxa de evolução de CO2 foi quantificada aos 1, 2, 3 e 10 dias da aplicação dos tratamentos (DAT). Os tratamentos com herbicida foram submetidos à contaminação com 40 µg g-1 de tebuthiuron. Após a aplicação, mediu-se a taxa de evolução de CO2 aos 1 e 50 DAT, empregando-se respirômetro de fluxo contínuo. A espécie feijão-de-porco apresentou sempre a maior taxa de evolução de CO2 em relação às demais espécies e à testemunha, seguido de mucuna-preta na dose comercial. Sob concentrações maiores que a dose comercial, os valores médios de taxa de evolução de CO2 foram maiores no solo rizosférico de feijão-de-porco, seguido por mucuna-preta e mucuna-anã. Feijão-de-porco foi a espécie com melhor desempenho nas avaliações realizadas; excetuando-se esta espécie, a contribuição rizosférica na fitorremediação de tebuthiuron em níveis acima da dose comercial não foi relevante.The rhizospheric microbial action, accelerating the degradation of compounds in the soil, is known as phytostimulation. It represents one of the main phytoremediation mechanisms in herbicide-contaminated soil. Tebuthiuron-tolerant plants, which are able to stimulate their rhizospheric microorganisms, could be highly interesting for the phytoremediation of this herbicide. This study aimed at evaluating the rhizospheric activity of four plant species with phytoremediation potential for tebuthiuron and to infer on the contribution of the roots to the process of decontamination of this herbicide. The rhizospheric soil of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), Georgia velvet bean (Stizolobium deeringianum), and black velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum), plus a control treatment (without plant) were analyzed without and with tebuthiuron at 0.73 ìg g-1. The CO2 evolution rate was quantified 1, 2, 3 and 10 days after the treatment application. The herbicide treatments were submitted to contamination with 40 ìg g-1 tebuthiuron. After the application, the CO2 evolution rate was measured 1 and 50 days after the treatment applications, using a continuous flow respirometer. Compared to the other species and the control treatment, C. ensiformis presented the highest CO2 evolution rate throughout the experimental phase, followed by S. aterrimum at the commercial herbicide dose. Under higher herbicide concentrations, mean CO2 evolution rate values were higher in rhizospheric soil of C. ensiformis, followed by that from S. aterrimum and S. deeringianum. C. ensiformis presented the best performance, and except for this plant species, the rhizospheric contribution to the tebuthiuron phytoremediation at levels above the commercial dose was not relevant.

The herbicide tembotrione is effective against grassy weeds constituting an important tool in sorghum crops. However, in Brazil, this herbicide is only registered for corn. This study aimed to evaluate the selectiveness of tembotrione combined with atrazine at different doses and developmental stages of grain sorghum. Two experiments were conducted in Rio Verde and Montividiu, state of Goiás, Brazil, in 2018. A randomized block design with four replications, in a 3x2+1+1 factorial arrangement, tested three developmental stages (V3, V5 and V7), two doses of tembotrione (37.8 and 75.6 g ha-1) combined with the herbicide atrazine (1,000 g ha-1), an additional treatment only with atrazine at V3 and a control, free of herbicide. Evident phytotoxicity was observed with the combination of tembotrione and atrazine at V3 and V5 stages. Symptoms included reductions in plant height, sorghum stem diameter, panicle length, and cumulative dry mass of sorghum plant shoots. However, there was no influence on thousand grains mass, regardless of application stages. Tembotrione at 37.8 g ha-1 combined with atrazine at 1,000 g ha-1 was selective for grain sorghum when applied at V7, without affecting grain yield. Highlights: • Phytotoxicity symptoms of tembotrione and atrazine are more noticeable at V3 stage, beyond reducing the plant height and stem diameter. • Application of tembotrione and atrazine at V3 and V5 stages reduces the accumulation of shoot dry mass. • Spraying of tembotrione (37.8 g ha-1) and atrazine in V7 stage is not reduce the yield of BRS 330 grain sorghum hybrid.