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Resumen Antecedentes Descensos en la masa y en la funcion muscular con la edad se conjugan con el desarrollo de alteraciones metabolicas, particularmente en un contexto de obesidad. El factor de crecimiento de fibroblastos 21 (fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) ha sido sugerido como un mediador comun de ambos procesos. Se desconocen estudios que hayan investigado la asociacion entre FGF-21 con indicadores de masa y funcion muscular en individuos de edad avanzada con sobrepeso u obesidad. Por tanto, este estudio tuvo por objetivo investigar la asociacion entre los niveles plasmaticos de FGF-21 y los indicadores de masa y de funcion muscular en individuos de edad avanzada en un contexto de sobrepeso u obesidad. Materiales y metodos Estudio exploratorio en el cual se incluyeron 39 individuos de edad avanzada, entre 60 y 70 anos, con indices de masa corporal (IMC) > 25 kg/m2. Como variables de estudio se valoraron la masa muscular apendicular (MMA), la dinamometria prensil, el tiempo en pararse-sentarse 5 veces (TPS5), los niveles plasmaticos de FGF-21, la glucemia y la insulinemia en ayuno, ademas del indice homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) para determinar la presencia de resistencia a la insulina. Resultados Se encontro una asociacion entre FGF-21 vs TPS5 (rho = 0,49; p Conclusion Existe asociacion entre los niveles plasmaticos de FGF-21 y los marcadores de funcion muscular en individuos de edad avanzada con sobrepeso u obesidad. Futuros estudios deberian investigar potenciales causalidades entre estas asociaciones.

Interventions involving both exercise and dietary modification are effective in reducing steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, exercise alone may reduce liver fat and is known to have other positive effects on health. The primary aim of this study was to systematically review the effect of exercise alone without dietary intervention on NAFLD and to examine correlations across changes in liver fat and metabolic markers during exercise.Relevant online databases were searched from earliest records to May 2020 by two researchers. Studies were included where the trial was a randomized controlled trial, participants were adults, exercise intervention was longer than 4 weeks, no dietary intervention occurred, and the effect of the intervention on liver fat was quantified via magnetic resonance imaging/proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Of 21 597 studies retrieved, 16 were included involving 706 participants. Exercise was found to have a beneficial effect on liver fat without dietary modification (-2.4%, -3.13 to -1.66) (mean, 95% CI). Pearson correlation showed significant relationships between change in liver fat and change in weight (r = 0.67, P = .007), liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (r = 0.76, P = .002) and alanine aminotransferase (r = 0.91, P .001), and cardiorespiratory fitness VOThis systematic review found that exercise without dietary intervention improves liver fat and that clinical markers may be useful proxies for quantifying liver fat changes.背景: 包括运动和饮食调整在内的干预措施在减少非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的脂肪变性方面是有效的。然而, 运动本身可能会减少肝脏脂肪, 而且众所周知, 它对健康还有其他积极的影响。这项研究的主要目的是系统地回顾单独运动而不进行饮食干预对NAFLD的影响, 并探讨运动过程中肝脏脂肪和代谢标记物变化之间的相关性。 方法: 由两位研究人员检索有记载的最早记录至2020年5月的相关网络数据库。这些研究包括随机对照试验, 参与者是成年人, 运动干预时间超过4周, 没有饮食干预, 干预对肝脏脂肪的影响通过磁共振成像/质子磁共振波谱进行量化。 结果: 在检索到的21 597项研究中, 16项被纳入分析, 包括706名参与者。在不改变饮食的情况下, 运动对肝脏脂肪的影响是有益的(平均值−2.4%, 95%可信区间 −3.13~−1.66)。相关分析显示, 肝脏脂肪变化与体重 (r=0.67, P=0.007)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(r=0.76, P=0.002)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(r=0.91, P0.001)以及心肺功能VO

Research has described that adiponectin plays a key role in cardiomyocytes metabolism, however, the effects of exercise during obesity on cardiac adiponectin levels is unclear.To investigate the effects of constant-moderate endurance (END) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on heart adiponectin levels in mice.Two experiments were conducted: (1) preventive (EX1): 10 week-old male mice were fed standard (CHOW) or high-fat diet (HFD;45% fat) and simultaneously trained with END and HIIT for 10 weeks; (2) Treatment (EX2): after 10 weeks of dietary intervention, another cohort of 10 week-old mice were trained by both programmes for 10 weeks.In EX1, END and HIIT decreased low-molecular weight adiponectin (∼0.5-fold

OBJECTIVE To study the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes and overweight or obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty inactive adults with type 1 diabetes who had BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and HbA1c ≥7.5% were randomized to 12 weeks of either HIIT exercise intervention consisting of 4 × 4-min HIIT (85–95% peak heart rate) performed thrice weekly or usual care control. In a partial crossover design, the control group subsequently performed the 12-week HIIT intervention. The primary end point was the change in HbA1c from baseline to 12 weeks. Glycemic and cardiometabolic outcomes were measured at 0, 12, and 24 weeks. RESULTS Participants were aged 44 ± 10 years with diabetes duration 19 ± 11 years and BMI 30.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2. HbA1c decreased from 8.63 ± 0.66% at baseline to 8.10 ± 1.04% at 12 weeks in the HIIT intervention group (P = 0.01); however, this change was not significantly different from the control group (HIIT −0.53 ± 0.61%, control −0.14 ± 0.48%, P = 0.08). In participants who undertook at least 50% of the prescribed HIIT intervention, the HbA1c reduction was significantly greater than control (HIIT −0.64 ± 0.64% [n = 9], control −0.14 ± 0.48% [n = 15], P = 0.04). There were no differences in insulin dose, hypoglycemia on continuous glucose monitoring, blood pressure, blood lipids, body weight, or body composition between groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c with a 12-week HIIT intervention in adults with type 1 diabetes. However, glycemic control may improve for people who undertake HIIT with greater adherence.

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is widely used to measure functional capacity in special populations. However, the factors associated with its performance in candidates for bariatric surgery are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of anthropometric and physiological factors in the 6MWT performance in bariatric surgery candidates. This cross-sectional study included 107 candidates for bariatric surgery. Anthropometric factors considered: gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip, and waist-to-height ratios. Along with distance covered during 6MWT, physiological factors such as ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate reserve percentage used (%HRR) were recorded. Among the 107 patients (mean age: 39.6 years), 83 volunteers were accepted to perform the 6MWT. No gender differences were observed in terms of distance covered, %HRR, and RPE during the 6MWT. Moreover, BMI and %HRR explained 21% of the 6MWT distance covered. Furthermore, participants with BMI ≤41.5 kg/m2 walked ~50 meters more than their peers above this level (p=0.05). Interestingly, heart rate increase during the 6MWT was lower than described for healthy populations. BMI and %HRR partially explain the variability of the 6MWT performance in bariatric surgery candidates. RESUMO O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) é uma ferramenta amplamente usada para medir a capacidade funcional em populações especiais. No entanto, os fatores associados ao seu desempenho em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica não são claros. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência de fatores antropométricos e fisiológicos no desempenho do TC6 em candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Este estudo transversal incluiu 107 candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Os fatores antropométricos incluíram: sexo, peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e índices cintura-quadril e altura-cintura. Além da distância percorrida durante o TC6, foram registrados fatores fisiológicos, como sensação subjetiva de esforço (SSE) e a porcentagem de frequência cardíaca de reserva utilizada (% FCR). Dos 107 pacientes (idade média: 39,6 anos), 83 voluntários concordaram em realizar o TC6. Não foram observadas diferenças por sexo em termos de distância percorrida, % FCR e SSE durante o TC6. Além disso, IMC e% FCR explicaram 21% da distância percorrida no TM6M. Além disso, indivíduos com IMC≤41,5 kg/m2 andaram ~50 metros a mais do que seus pares acima desse nível (p=0,05). Curiosamente, os aumentos na frequência cardíaca durante o TC6 foram inferiores aos descritos em populações saudáveis. IMC e %FCR foram fatores que explicaram parte da variabilidade do desempenho da TC6 em candidatos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. RESUMEN La prueba de la marcha de seis minutos (PM6) es una herramienta muy utilizada para medir la capacidad funcional en ciertas poblaciones. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre los factores asociados a su desempeño en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. Ante esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de factores antropométricos y fisiológicos en el desempeño de la PM6 en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. En este estudio transversal participaron 107 candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. Los factores antropométricos fueron: sexo, peso, altura, índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índices cintura-cadera y altura-cintura. Además de la distancia recorrida durante la PM6, se registraron los factores fisiológicos como la sensación subjetiva de esfuerzo (SSE) y el porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca de reserva utilizada (% FCR). De los 107 pacientes (edad media: 39,6 años), 83 voluntarios aceptaron realizar la PM6. No se encontraron diferencias por sexo respecto de la distancia recorrida, % FCR y ESS durante la PM6. Además, el IMC y el % FCR explicaron el 21% de la distancia recorrida en la PM6. Y los individuos con un IMC ≤41,5 kg/m2 caminaron ~50 metros más que sus pares por encima de este nivel (p=0,05). Resultó interesante que el incremento de la frecuencia cardíaca durante la PM6 fue más bajo que los reportados en poblaciones sanas. El IMC y % FCR fueron los factores que explicaron parte de la variabilidad en el desempeño de la PM6 en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica.

The increasing consumption of high-fat foods combined with a lack of exercise is a major contributor to the burden of obesity in humans. Aerobic exercise such as running is known to provide metabolic benefits, but how the overconsumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) and exercise interact is not well characterized at the molecular level. Here, we examined the plasma proteome in mice for the effects of aerobic exercise as both a treatment and as a preventative regimen for animals on either a HFD or a healthy control diet. This analysis detected large changes in the plasma proteome induced by the HFD, such as increased abundance of SERPINA7, ALDOB, and downregulation of SERPINA1E and complement factor D (CFD; adipsin). Some of these changes were significantly reverted using exercise as a preventative measure but not as a treatment regimen. To determine if either the intensity or duration of exercise influenced the outcome, we compared high-intensity interval training and endurance running. Endurance running slightly outperformed high-intensity interval training exercise, but overall, both provided similar reversion in abundance of plasma proteins modulated by the HFD, including SERPINA7, apolipoprotein E, SERPINA1E, and CFD. Finally, we compared the changes induced by overconsumption of a HFD with previous data from mice fed on an isocaloric high-saturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. This identified several common changes, including not only increased apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein E but also highlighted changes specific for overconsumption of a HFD (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B, SERPINA7, and CFD), saturated fatty acid–based diets (SERPINA1E), or polyunsaturated fatty acid–based diets (haptoglobin). Together, these data highlight the importance of early intervention with exercise to revert HFD-induced phenotypes and suggest some of the molecular mechanisms leading to the changes in the plasma proteome generated by HFD consumption. Web-based interactive visualizations are provided for this dataset (larancelab.com/hfd-exercise), which give insight into diet and exercise phenotypic interactions on the plasma proteome., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Plasma proteomics reveals 30% of proteins change in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). • Running exercise applied from the beginning of the HFD reverts some of these changes. • High-intensity interval training and endurance training provide similar benefits. • Some proteins were regulated by either HFD overconsumption or diet fat profile., In Brief Exercise is known to provide benefits, but how a high-fat diet (HFD) and exercise interact is not well characterized. Here, we examined the plasma proteome in mice for the effects of exercise as both a treatment and a preventative regimen for animals on either a HFD or a healthy control diet. Many changes in the plasma proteome were induced by the HFD, and these were significantly reverted using exercise as a preventative measure but not as a treatment regimen.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Non-invasive muscle function tests have not been validated for use in the study of muscle performance in high-fat-fed mice. What is the main finding and its importance? This study shows that grip strength, hang wire and four-limb hanging tests are able to discriminate the muscle performance between chow-fed and high-fat-fed mice at different time points, with grip strength being reliable after 5, 10 and 20 weeks of dietary intervention. Non-invasive tests are commonly used for assessing muscle function in animal models. The value of these tests in obesity, a condition where muscle strength is reduced, is unclear. We investigated the utility of three non-invasive muscle function tests, namely grip strength (GS), hang wire (HW) and four-limb hanging (FLH), in C57BL/6 mice fed chow (chow group, n = 48) or a high-fat diet (HFD group, n = 48) for 20 weeks. Muscle function tests were performed at 5, 10 and 20 weeks. After 10 and 20 weeks, HFD mice had significantly reduced GS (in newtons; mean ± SD: 10 weeks chow, 1.89 ± 0.1 and HFD, 1.79 ± 0.1; 20 weeks chow, 1.99 ± 0.1 and HFD, 1.75 ± 0.1), FLH [in seconds per gram body weight; median (interquartile range): 10 weeks chow, 2552 (1337-4964) and HFD, 1230 (749-1994); 20 weeks chow, 2048 (765-3864) and HFD, 1036 (717-1855)] and HW reaches [n; median (interquartile range): 10 weeks chow, 4 (2-5) and HFD, 2 (1-3); 20 weeks chow, 3 (1-5) and HFD, 1 (0-2)] and higher falls [n; median (interquartile range): 10 weeks chow, 0 (0-2) and HFD, 3 (1-7); 20 weeks chow, 1 (0-4) and HFD, 8 (5-10)]. Grip strength was reliable in both dietary groups [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.5-0.8; P

Skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodelling has been proposed as a new feature associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Exercise training improves muscle function in obesity, which may be mediated by regulatory effects on the muscle extracellular matrix. This review examined available literature on skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodelling during obesity and the effects of exercise. A non-systematic literature review was performed on PubMed of publications from 1970 to 2015. A total of 37 studies from humans and animals were retained. Studies reported overall increases in gene and protein expression of different types of collagen, growth factors and enzymatic regulators of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix in obesity. Only two studies investigated the effects of exercise on skeletal muscle extracellular matrix during obesity, with both suggesting a regulatory effect of exercise. The effects of exercise on muscle extracellular matrix seem to be influenced by the duration and type of exercise training with variable effects from a single session compared with a longer duration of exercise. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodelling during obesity and the effects of exercise.

Obesity associates highly with metabolic disorders including insulin resistance. To determine if two exercise prescriptions exert differential metabolic benefits in insulin sensitive tissues, we compared isocaloric programs of constant-moderate endurance (END) and high intensity interval training (HIIT), in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Male 10 week old C57BL/6 mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal fat) ab libitum for 10 weeks, achieving 25% excess weight, and for a further 10 weeks they then underwent isocaloric END or HIIT (3x40min sessions/week). Untrained HFD and chow-fed mice acted as controls. At 30 weeks of age, mice were sacrificed and quadriceps muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and liver were excised. Neither END or HIIT altered the body weight or the fat/lean mass proportion in HFD mice. An insulin tolerance test (0.65 IU/kg*BW) showed HIIT but not END improved insulin sensitivity in HFD mice (p Disclosure S.F. Martinez-Huenchullan: None. L.A. Ban: None. L.F. Olaya: None. B.R. Maharjan: None. C. Tam: None. S. McLennan: None. S.M. Twigg: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott. Consultant; Self; Abbott. Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott.

Whether obesity and diabetes (DM) similarly affect composition and function of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) has not been resolved. This study examines the effects of long term high fat diet (HFD) and DM on rodent skeletal muscle ECM were addressed. Five week old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly allocated to standard chow (control; n=26) or HFD (45% kcal fat; n=25). After 15 weeks chow and HFD mice were rendered diabetic (by low dose STZ, 65mg/kgx3d, I.P.) (DM, n=14; HFD+DM, n=14); nondiabetic mice acted as controls. Mice were euthanased after 30 weeks and plasma and quadriceps muscle were collected for analysis. Body weight and plasma insulin expectedly decreased with DM induction and increased with HFD (all p Disclosure S.F. Martinez-Huenchullan: None. L.A. Ban: None. A. Tao: None. S.S. Sutanto: None. C. Tam: None. S. McLennan: None. S.M. Twigg: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott. Consultant; Self; Abbott. Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott.

Recent scientific efforts have focused on the detrimental effects that obesity has on the metabolic function of skeletal muscles and whether exercise can improve this dysfunction. In this regard, adiponectin, with important metabolic functions (e.g. insulin-sensitizer and anti-inflammatory), has been recently described as a myokine that acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Earlier studies reported that muscle adiponectin could be induced by pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. lipopolysaccharide), cytokines, and high-fat diets, providing a protective mechanism of this tissue against metabolic insults. However, when metabolic insults such as high-fat diets are sustained this protective response becomes dysregulated, making the skeletal muscle susceptible to metabolic impairments. Recent studies have suggested that exercise could prevent or even reverse this process. Considering that most scientific knowledge on adiponectin dysregulation in obesity is from the study of adipose tissue, the present review summarizes and discusses the literature available to date regarding the effects of obesity on skeletal muscle adiponectin induction, along with the potential effects of different exercise prescriptions on this response in an obesity context.

Changes in skeletal muscle adiponectin induction have been described in obesity and exercise. However, whether changes are consistent across muscle types and with different exercise modalities, remain unclear. This study compared the effects of diet and two isocaloric training programs on adiponectin induction and its regulators in three muscles: quadriceps (exercising/glycolytic‐oxidative), gastrocnemius (exercising/glycolytic), and masseter (nonexercising/glycolytic). Ten‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) (45% fat) or standard CHOW diet (12% fat) ad libitum and underwent one of two training regimes: (1) constant‐moderate training (END), or (2) high intensity interval training (HIIT) for 10 weeks (3 × 40 min sessions/week). Chow and HFD‐fed untrained mice were used as control. Compared with Chow, HFD induced an increase in protein levels of low‐molecular weight (LMW) adiponectin in gastrocnemius and masseter (~2‐fold; P

Exercise regimens may have differing effects in the presence of obesity. In addition to being fat derived, adiponectin has recently been described as a myokine that regulates insulin sensitivity, which may link to exercise‐related metabolic benefits in obesity. Whether skeletal muscle adiponectin varies in different exercise modalities is unclear. This study investigated the comparative effects of 10 weeks of endurance constant‐moderate intensity exercise (END) with high intensity interval training (HIIT), on metabolic outcomes, including muscle adiponectin in a mouse model of diet‐induced obesity. Ten‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) (45% FAT) or standard CHOW diet ab libitum and underwent one of three training regimes: (1) no exercise, (2) END, or (3) HIIT (8 bouts of 2.5 min with eight periods of rest of 2.5 min) for 10 weeks (3 × 40 min sessions/week). Chow‐fed mice acted as controls. Compared with HFD alone, both training programs similarly protected against body weight gain (HFD = 45 ± 2; END = 37 ± 2; HIIT = 36 ± 2 g), preserved lean/fat tissue mass ratio (HFD = 0.64 ± 0.09; END = 0.34 ± 0.13; HIIT = 0.33 ± 0.13), and improved blood glucose excursion during an insulin tolerance test (HFD = 411 ± 54; END = 350 ± 57; HIIT = 320 ± 66 arbitrary units [AU]). Alterations in fasting glycemia, insulinemia, and AST/ALT ratios were prevented only by END. END, but not HIIT increased skeletal muscle adiponectin mRNA (14‐fold; P