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Este trabajo busca presentar los diversos análisis realizados por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo para el sector agrícola mexicano durante el período 2018-2020. Aún con sus diversas perspectivas el objetivo común es examinar la eficacia y eficiencia del gasto público sectorial para identificar la dirección en la cual podrían ajustarse las políticas hacia el futuro. El sector agrícola mexicano mantuvo, en los últimos treinta años, tendencias de cambio estructurales comunes a países en desarrollo, tales como la reducción de la participación del PIB sectorial en el total, la reducción de la participación de la población rural en la población total, cambios en la canasta de alimentos consumidos hacia una mayor participación de productos de origen animal, frutas y verduras en respuesta a los incrementos del ingreso per cápita. Los cambios y reformas de los años noventa implicaron importantes reasignaciones presupuestarias y de orientación de las políticas agrícolas, lo que llevó a una considerable reducción de los apoyos y un cambio en su composición. El Estimado de Apoyo a los Productores (EAP) se redujo de 25 % a inicio de los noventa al 10 % del último trienio analizado (2018-20); la participación de los apoyos vía precios (APM) en el EAP, especialmente de los originados en restricciones al comercio, se redujo considerablemente, de 50 % en 2004 a 25 % en 2017 y, en consecuencia, aumentó la participación de los apoyos directos en este período. Sin embargo, los cambios de políticas luego de 2018 implicaron un incremento del APM que llegaron al 50 % del EAP en el período 2018-20. Los gastos en servicios generales son aproximadamente el 1 % del valor agregado agrícola y el 8 % de los apoyos totales (EAT), lo que resulta menor al promedio de la OCDE. Además, los análisis efectuados muestran que las políticas sectoriales se asocian con problemas ambientales significativos como la sobreexplotación de recursos pesqueros y el incremento en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. El análisis de ciertos programas importantes muestra algunas ineficiencias económicas, así como las dificultad de llegar a grupos menos favorecidos, pero también la necesidad de combinar instrumentos de política para obtener mejores resultados.

Background In the absence of a HLA-matched related donor, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from unrelated donors or haploidentical donors are potential alternatives for patients with acute leukemia with an indication to allo-SCT. The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes of allo-SCT from T cell-repleted haploidentical donors (Haplo) with matched related donors (MRD) and unrelated donors, which include matched (MUD 10/10) or mismatched unrelated donor at a single HLA-locus (MMUD 9/10), for patients with acute leukemia. Methods This descriptive cohort study included patients with acute myeloid leukemia AML (n=66) and acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ALL (n=111) that received allo-SCT between January 2015 and December 2018. The probabilities of overall survival (OS) at 100 days, 1 year and 3 years were calculated using the KaplanÐMeier method and log-Rank test (p Results one hundred seventy-seven patients received allogeneic transplant from MRD 42.9% (n=76), MUD/MMUD 28.8% (n=51), and Haplo donors 28.2% (n=50). Unrelated donors included 36 MUD and 15 MMUD. The median age was 33 years (range 16-67 years). Conditioning regimens were myeloablative for all patients. GVHD prophylaxis was post-transplantation Cyclophosphamide (Cy-Post) Tacrolimus (TAC) and mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) for Haplo, Anti-Thymocyte globuline (ATG) and Methotrexate (MTX) for MRD/MMUD and Cyclosporine and MMF for MRD. Median follow-up was 409 days (minimum: 12 Ð maximum: 1724). The cumulative relapse incidence (RI) was not significantly different between Haplo, MUD/MMUD and MRD: 22%, 17%, and 25%, respectively (p = 0.619). The percentage of grades IIIÐIV aGvHD was superior for MRD 23,7% compared to MUD/MMUD 7,8% and Haplo 12.8% (p=0,044); This finding could be related with differences in GVHD phrophylaxis protocols. The 100 days, 1year and 2 years OS were 93.4%,82.3%, 72% (p=0.003); 72.3%, 66.6%, 54% (p=0.05) and 67,1%,60.7%, 42% (p=0.008) for MRD, MUD/MMUD and Haplo respectively (Figure 1 Ð 3). Conclusions In this study Allo-HSC from haplo Donors was associated with inferior 100 days, 2 and 3 years OS compared with MUD/MMUD and MRD.

La leucemia eritroide pura (LEP) es una entidad poco frecuente y con pronóstico adverso. En 2016 la Organización Mundial de la Salud establece las siguientes características para el diagnóstico de LEP: predominio de precursores eritroides, siendo estos >80% de las células de médula ósea, >30% de proeritroblastos y sin evidencia de un componente mieloblástico significativo (

Ecotourism, the fastest growing sector of the largest industry on earth, is strongly advocated by major conservation groups as a way to help conserve nature. Its potential for generating income while creating incentives for conservation has sparked academic discussion regarding the meaning of ecotourism and attention to the design of integrated conservation and tourism projects. With a few exceptions, economists have been absent from these discussions. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the Ecotourism Society define ecotourism as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people.” A basic premise of this article is that there may be trade-offs between these two goals. Expanding tourism can generate pressures for demographic growth by widening the economic disparities between tourist destinations and outside economies, stimulating migration to fill jobs linked directly or indirectly to tourism. This may create a tourism-income-population growth spiral at nature destinations inviting to tourists. Researchers have observed what appears to be a strong association between tourism and local population growth. A few economists have assessed ecotourism’s potential for generating income, but economic research into ecotourism’s impacts and its potential for creating conservation incentives is sparse. Current insights along these lines come primarily from noneconomists. Sven Wunder notes that “when economic aspects are treated, it is mostly without quantification that would allow for a

We study the effects of agricultural insurance on farm production choices, soil depletion and the environment when there are two related risks, one in short-to-medium run production revenues and the other in land value. The analysis considers "pure" and "truncating" insurance programs that stabilize linear combinations of short-run revenue risk and land price risk. Production-revenue-stabilizing insurance is often found to elicit increased farmer output, thus exacerbating environmental externalities and causing further soil depletion. Land-value-stabilizing insurance typically elicits lower output thus mitigating environmental externalities and pushing farmers closer to their complete-insurance output levels.

This paper studies the production and attendant soil depletion choices of a risk-averse farmer in two related models. The first is a two-date model with uncertainty in both production and end-of-period land price. The second is a three-date model in which production and consumption choices are made in both periods, but there is uncertainty only in the second period. In both models, the paper identifies plausible conditions under which a higher level of initial farmer wealth and/or a lower level of production and land risk lead to a lower level of output and, as a result, a lower level of output-induced soil depletion.

This paper (ENV-126) was originally presented at a National Science Foundation Workshop on Alternatives to Traditional Contingent Valuation Methods in Environmental Valuation, held at Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tennessee, on October 15-16, 1998. This paper reviews the past ten years of the Inter-American Development Bank's experience with stated preference methods, concentrating on their use in the cost-benefit analysis of projects supplying sewer service and improving ambient water quality in Latin America and the Caribbean. It reports the range of willingness to pay estimates involved, and comments on some of the most important economic analysis issues that appear to have arisen. Among these are the effect that alternative econometric specifications of the choice model can have on our estimates of average (or median) household willingness to pay derived from referendum CV surveys, the need to match what any investment project purports to achieve in a CV survey to what it will actually achieve in practice, and the role of sensitivity analysis in portraying the distribution of expected gross and net project benefits.

Using a simple model of production under uncertainty, this paper studies the effects of agricultural insurance on farm production choices, soil depletion and the environment. Unlike prior studies of production under uncertainty, this paper allows for two related risks, one in short-to-medium run production revenues and the other in asset/land value. The analysis characterizes effects of insurance programs which stabilize either, both or linear combinations of short-run revenue risk and land price risk. In addition, the paper illustrates the prospective role and importance of land price risk in the determination of insurance program impacts, while distinguishing between effects of “pure” stabilizing insurance and the “truncating” types of insurance that are observed in practice.

This working paper develops upon the idea that economic analysis has a definite role to play in informing decision makers about the desirability of going ahead with an investment project designed to improve environmental quality and also that the role of precision in this matter is not trivial. The authors focus mainly on the costs and benefits of projects directly aimed at natural resource or environmental quality improvement, and the costs implied by the mandatory environmental assessment of investment projects whose primary purpose is not environmental. Also included is a review of IDB environmental procedures and the IDB's experience with mitigating measures and costs.