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The textbook reveals the concept of "economic environment of industrial business". The methodological bases of taking into account the factors of the economic environment of industrial business, which allow making economically sound management decisions at industrial business enterprises in unstable market conditions, as well as approaches to managing the economic environment that ensure the economic efficiency of an industrial business enterprise in the long term, are presented. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. The textbook is intended for master's degree students studying in the field of training 38.04.01 "Economics", for studying the academic discipline "Economic environment of industrial business", as well as for graduate students and teachers of economic universities (faculties), scientific and practical work, specialists in the economic field.

The textbook outlines the basics of strategic management in an industrial enterprise. In particular, the concept and types of industrial enterprise strategies are considered, the methodological basis for the formation of corporate, business and functional strategies is described, as well as approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of the strategy and methods for selecting the optimal strategy of an industrial enterprise are presented. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduate students studying in the areas of "Economics" and "Management", postgraduate students, teachers and specialists in the field of strategic management.

The tutorial focuses on challenges of economic evaluation of investment projects. It provides both theoretical and methodological foundations of economic evaluation of investment projects and required a substantial mathematical reasoning. Lighted the economic substance of the investment structure of the investment project, commercial efficiency and financial marketability, and methods of evaluation of investment project risks. The material is presented using the normative legal documents, in particular the Tax code of the Russian Federation, Federal laws, accounting regulations and other sources and meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities (departments), researchers and practitioners, experts in the field of investment activities of organizations.

International audience; We show that high-quality pentacene (P5) thin films of high crystallinity and low surface roughness can be produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) without inducing chemical degradation of the molecules. By using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements, we also demonstrate that the deposition of P5 on Au layers result in highly disordered P5 thin films. While the P5 molecules arrange within the well-documented 1.54-nm thin-film phase on high-purity fused silica substrates, this ordering is indeed destroyed upon introducing an Au interlayer. This observation may be one explanation for the low electrical performances measured in P5-based organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) deposited by laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT).

Spontaneous separation of single from polycrystalline 5 nm gold nanocrystals (NCs) is observed in colloidal solution. This segregation takes place upon self-assembling of single crystalline NCs at the air-solvent interface and in precipitated superlattices. Polycrystalline NCs are observed to remain in the suspension. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the size distribution of NCs issued from the different populations indicates that the NC size does not change from each other, excluding therefore any size segregation in this process. Using both low-frequency Raman scattering and X-ray diffraction provides reliable characterization of nanocrystallinity for each population of NCs, thus confirming the crystallinity segregation. The single crystalline NCs are found by electron diffraction to self-assemble into close-packed superlattices with long-range translational and orientational ordering, while polycrystalline NCs behave like spheres with no preferential orientation. The face-to-face orientational ordering, which is only observed for single crystalline NCs, supports the relevance of the specific crystallinity-related morphologies of these NCs in their better ability to self-assemble. Exploiting this spontaneous segregation would open up a simple alternative to other demanding routes for controlling crystallinity of nanocrystals and optimizing their properties for potential applications.

We report on chemical stability and corrosion behavior of highly depolymerized sulfophosphate glasses from the system ZnO–Na2O–SO3–P2O5 in aqueous solution, providing data on weight loss, ion release rates, and modifications of surface topology as a function of time, temperature and pH value. Observations seem consistent with the previously developed structural model of chemical heterogeneity, where cations Na+ and Zn2+ cluster selectively in the vicinity of sulfate and phosphate anions, respectively.

International audience; Orientation of spheroid-shaped silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in mesostructured silica sol gel films is studied by polarized absorption measurements and low-frequency Raman scattering, two complementary techniques well-adapted to characterize nanostructures in amorphous matrix. Comparison is made with analysis of mesostructured silica sol gel films containing nanospheres. Polarization-dependent absorption spectra clearly evidence spheroid-shaped NP orientation and their mean aspect ratio is estimated from corresponding polar plots. Mean diameter of spherical NPs is deduced from low-frequency Raman scattering spectra as well as size of elongated spheroid NPs.

International audience; Au nanocrystals (NCs) with different crystalline structures and related morphologies are unselectively synthesized using an organometallic route. The acoustic vibrations of these NCs are studied by plasmon mediated low-frequency Raman scattering (LFRS). A splitting of the quadrupolar vibration mode is pointed out in the LFRS spectrum. Comparison of the measured frequencies with calculations and careful examination of the NCs morphologies by transmission electron microscopy ascertain this splitting as being an effect of crystallinity. The excitation dependence of the LFRS spectra is interpreted by the shape-selection of the NCs via plasmon−vibration coupling. These results give new insights into the crystallinity influence on both the vibrations of the NCs and their coupling with plasmons and demonstrate the relevance of elastic anisotropy in monodomain NCs.

Ionic sulfophosphate liquids of the type ZnO-Na2O-Na2SO4-P2O5 exhibit surprising glass forming ability, even at slow or moderate cooling rate. As a concept, they also provide high solubility of transition metal ions which could act as cross-linking sites between the sulfate and phosphate entities. It is therefore investigated how the replacement of ZnO by MnO and/or FeO affects the glass structure and the glass properties. Increasing manganese levels are found to result in a monotonic increase of the transition temperature Tg and most of the mechanical properties. This trend is attributed to the change of metal-ion coordination from four-fold around Zn(2+) to six-fold around Mn(2+) ions. The higher coordination facilitates cross-linking of the ionic structural entities and subsequently increases Tg. Raman and infrared spectroscopy show that the structure of these glasses involves only SO4(2-) and PO4 (3-) monomers as well as P2O7(4-) dimers. Replacement of ZnO by MnO is found to favour PO4(3-) over P2O7(4-) species, a trend which is enhanced by co-doping with FeO. Both transition metal ions show, like Zn(2+), a preference to selectively coordinate to phosphate anionic species, as opposed to sodium ions which coordinate mainly to sulfate anions. EPR spectroscopy finally shows that divalent Mn(2+) ions are present primarily in MnO6-clusters, which, in the studied sulfophosphate glasses, convert upon increasing MnO content from corner-sharing to edge-sharing entities.

In order to test the application of the ``nanoparticle'' concept to viruses in terms of low-frequency dynamics, large viruses (140--190 nm) were compared to similar-sized polymer colloids using ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering and very-low-frequency Raman or Brillouin scattering. While both viruses and polymer colloids show comparable highly defined morphologies, with comparable abilities of forming self-assembled structures, their respective abilities to confine detectable acoustic vibrations, as expected for such monodisperse systems, differed. Possible reasons for these different behaviors are discussed.

International audience; We study the influence of the size and nanocrystallinity of dodecanethiol-coated gold nanocrystals (NCs) on the stiffness of 3D self-assembled NC superlattices (called supracrystals). Using single domain and polycrystalline NCs as building blocks for supracrystals, it is shown that the stiffness of supracrystals can be tuned upon change in relative amounts of single and polycrystalline NCs.

Solutions of LiCl and of NaCl in ultrapure water were studied through Rayleigh/Brillouin scattering as a function of the concentration (molarity, M) of dissolved salt from 0.2M to extremely low concentration (2.10^-17 M ). The Landau-Placzek ratio, R/B, of the Rayleigh scattering intensity over the total Brillouin, was measured thanks to the dynamically controlled stability of the used Fabry-Perot interferometer. It was observed that the R/B ratio follows two stages as a function of increasing dilution rate: after a strong decrease between 0.2M and 2.10^-5 M, it increases to reach a maximum between 10^-9 M and 10^-16 M. The first stage corresponds to the decrease of the Rayleigh scattering by the ion concentration fluctuations with the decrease of salt concentration. The second stage, at lower concentrations, is consistent with the increase of the Rayleigh scattering by long-lived sub-microscopic bubbles with the decrease of ion concentration. The origin of these sub-microscopic bubbles is the shaking of the solutions which was carried out after each centesimal dilution. The very long lifetime of the sub-microscopic bubbles and the effects of aging originate in the electric charge of bubbles. The increase of R/B with the decrease of the low salt concentration corresponds to the increase of the sub-microscopic bubble size with the decrease of concentration, that is imposed by the bubble stability due to the covering of the surface bubble by negative ions., Comment: 6 figures. To be published in Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics (PCCP)

International audience; Several populations of Cu spherical nanoparticles grown in a silicate glass at different temperatures with respect to the glass transition temperature were studied using high-resolution, low-frequency Raman scattering and optical absorption. The analysis of the spectra shows that the annealing of the doped glass at temperatures close to T-g leads to the formation of metallic copper nanoparticles with high crystallinity, whereas lower-temperature and higher-temperature annealings result in the formation of poorer nanoparticle assemblies in terms of size distribution and/or nanocrystallinity. It is also shown that in the case where the optical data do not unambiguously reveal the presence of metallic Cu nanoparticles, the Raman probe enables us to probe their presence as a result of the resonance process.

The evolution of the boson peak with densification at medium densification rates (up to 2.3%) in silicate glasses was followed through heat capacity measurements and low frequency Raman scattering. It is shown that the decrease of the boson peak induced by densification does not conform to that expected from a continuous medium; rather it follows a two step behaviour. The comparison of the heat capacity data with the Raman data shows that the light-vibration coupling coefficient is almost unaffected in this densification regime. These results are discussed in relation to the inhomogeneity of the glass elastic network at the nanometre scale.

International audience; We report on Brillouin and in situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses of topological heterogeneity in compressed sodium borosilicate glasses. SAXS intensity extrapolated to very low angular regimes, I(q = 0), is related to compressibility. From Brillouin scattering and analyses of the elastic properties of the glass, the Landau-Placzek ratio is determined and taken as a direct reflection of the amplitude of frozen-in density fluctuations. It is demonstrated that with increasing fictive pressure, topological (mid- and long-range) homogeneity of the glass increases significantly. Heating and cooling as well as isothermal scans were performed to follow the evolution of density fluctuations upon pressure recovery. For a sample with a fictive pressure p(f) of 470 MPa, complete recovery to pf = 0.1 MPa was observed to occur close to the glass transition temperature. The values of fictive and apparent fictive temperature, respectively, as obtained via the intersection method from plots of I(q = 0) vs. temperature were found in good agreement with previous calorimetric analyses. Isothermal scans suggest that mid- and long-range recovery govern macroscopic density relaxation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3593399]

International audience; Experimental and theoretical studies have been performed to demonstrate the high performance of the novel piezoelectric material GaAsO(4). Hydrothermally grown single crystals of a-quartz phase GaAsO(4) were studied by Brillouin spectroscopy to determine elastic constants. Experimentally obtained values of C(11), C(66), C(33), C(44), C(14) and C(12) are 59.32, 19.12, 103.54, 30.70, 1.7, and 21.1 GPa, respectively. Elastic and piezoelectric tensors were also calculated by a first principles method in this work, leading to a very good agreement with experimental results and confirming the values of elastic components obtained indirectly such as C(14) and the negligible piezoelectric correction for C(11). The thermal behavior of the elastic constant corresponding to the [100] longitudinal L mode (C(11)) was studied up to 1137 K to estimate potential piezoelectric performance. It was found that the thermal behavior is linear up to 1273 K which is just below the thermal decomposition temperature of 1303 K. High thermal stability can be linked to the higher polarizability of large cations Ga and As because of neighboring oxygen atoms. On the basis of thermal behavior, GaAsO(4) is a promising material for high temperature piezoelectric applications.

The purpose of this work is to calculate the vibrational modes of an elastically anisotropic sphere embedded in an isotropic matrix. This has important application to understanding the spectra of low-frequency Raman scattering from nanoparticles embedded in a glass matrix. First some low frequency vibrational modes of a free cubically elastic sphere are found to be nearly independent of one combination of elastic constants. This is then exploited to obtain an isotropic approximation for these modes which enables to take into account the surrounding isotropic matrix. This method is then used to quantatively explain recent spectra of gold and copper nanocrystals in glasses., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

High resolution low frequency Raman scattering measurements from embedded AgAu nanoparticles unveil efficient scattering by harmonics of both the quadrupolar and the spherical modes. Comparing the experimental data with theoretical calculations that account for both the embedding medium and the resonant Raman process enables a very complete description of the observed multiple components in terms of harmonics of both the quadrupolar and spherical modes, with a dominating Raman response from the former ones. It is found that only selected harmonics of the quadrupolar mode contribute significantly to the Raman spectra in agreement with earlier theoretical predictions.