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Formation of Yb and Tm radioisotopes upon irradiation of ytterbium of natural isotopic composition by bremsstrahlung photons with energies up to 55 MeV was studied. The yield of the medical radionuclide 167Tm was (7.8 ± 1.1) × 103 Bq × μA-1 × h−1 × cm2 × g−1. Thulium radioisotopes were separated from irradiated ytterbium target by extraction chromatography on the LN Resin sorbent in nitric media. Efficient separation of tracer amounts of thulium from tens of milligrams of ytterbium could be achieved. The method can be of practical importance for the production of 167Tm when using a 168Yb enriched target.

Sorption of zinc ions and 69mZn radionuclide proceeds much more rapidly on hydroxyapatite modified with zinc ions (HAP-Zn) than on unmodified HAP. The sorption can be described by a pseudo-second order model and probably follows an exchange mechanism, as evidenced by the transfer of calcium ions into the mother liquor during the process. Sorbed 69mZn participates in a slow reverse isotope exchange with the solution containing non-radioactive zinc ions.

In order to characterize hydroxyapatite (HAP) as a possible carrier of medicinal drugs and radionuclides, the possibility of using HAP modified with zinc ions (HAP-Zn) for the sorption of albumin, in particular, bovine serum albumin (BSA), was considered, using the latter as an intermediate binding protein in complex with a heterocyclic ligand of medical purpose. The kinetics of sorption of albumin correspond to the pseudo-second order, and the parameters of the sorption isotherm can be described using calculations based on the Langmuir theory of monolayer adsorption. The results of experiments on the sequential and joint sorption of a heterocyclic ligand on HAP-Zn in the presence of BSA are ambiguous about the sorption binding of this ligand to the sorbent, however, an interaction (binding) between the starting BSA and the ligand was present.

Intense, quasi-monochromatic, polarized $\gamma$-ray beams produced by Compton scattering of laser photons against relativistic electrons are used for fundamental studies and applications. Following a series of photoneutron cross section measurements in the Giant Dipole Resonance energy region performed at the NewSUBARU synchrotron radiation facility, we have developed the eliLaBr Monte Carlo simulation code for characterization of the scattered $\gamma$-ray photon beams. The code is implemented using Geant4 and is available on the GitHub repository (https://github.com/dan-mihai-filipescu/eliLaBr). Here we report the validation of the eliLaBr code on NewSUBARU LCS $\gamma$-ray beam flux and spectral distribution data and two applications performed with it for asymmetric transverse emittance profiles electron beams, characteristic for synchrotrons. The first application is based on a systematic investigation of transverse collimator offsets relative to the laser and electron beam axis. We show that the maximum energy of the LCS $\gamma$-ray beam is altered by vertical collimator offsets, where the edge shifts towards lower energies with the increase in the offset. Secondly, using the eliLaBr code, we investigate the effect of the laser polarization plane orientation on the properties of the LCS $\gamma$-ray beams produced with asymmetric emittance electron beams. We show that: 1. The use of vertically polarized lasers contributes to the preservation of the LCS $\gamma$-ray beam maximum energy edge by increasing the precision in the vertical collimator alignment. 2. Under identical conditions for the electron and laser beams phase-space distributions, the energy spectrum of the scattered LCS $\gamma$-ray beam changes with the laser beam polarization plane orientation: the use of vertically polarized laser beams slightly deteriorates the LCS $\gamma$-ray beam energy resolution.

Experimental studies and theoretical calculations of photonuclear reactions on a natural mixture of palladium isotopes have been performed. The yields of photonuclear reactions on a natural mixture of Pd isotopes were measured for bremsstrahlung $$\gamma$$ radiation with a maximum energy of 55 MeV. The results are compared with calculations using the combined model of photonuclear reactions.

Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations were performed for the photoneutron reactions on the light palladium isotopes $${}^{102}\textrm{Pd}$$ and $${}^{104}\textrm{Pd}$$ . A target from a natural mixture palladium isotopes was irradiated with bremsstrahlung gamma rays generated at a racetrack microtron accelerating electrons to an energy of $$55$$ MeV (RTM-55). The absolute yields of the photoneutron reactions occurring on the isotopes $${}^{102}\textrm{Pd}$$ and $${}^{104}\textrm{Pd}$$ and leading to the emission of up to three neutrons were determined. The experimental results obtained in this way are compared with their counterparts calculated by means of the TALYS code and with evaluated cross sections.

Formation of Sc radioisotopes under the irradiation of titanium of natural isotopic composition by bremsstrahlung photons with energies up to 55 MeV was studied. The yield of 47Sc is 5·105 Bq/μA h (g/cm2). Inevitable impurities are 46Sc and 48Sc (1.5% and 9.1% of 47Sc radioactivity at EOB, respectively). 47Sc was separated by extraction chromatography on a DGA resin in HNO3 and HCl media. The separation procedure takes about 2 h, the radiochemical efficiency was > 97%. The result was compared with other photonuclear experiments on titanium nuclei. It is shown that the photonuclear method can be used for the production of therapeutic amounts of 47Sc.

Flux-weighted cross section integrals and weighted average cross sections of 177Lu at the threshold energies of bremsstrahlung gamma rays of 17.5, 20, 37, and 55 MeV are measured for the first time in (γ, pxn)-reactions. Results from modeling with the TALYS-1.9 and EMPIRE-3.2 software packages demonstrate the dominance of nonstatistical processes.

The values calculated for the electron-to-positron conversion coefficients in a form differential with respect to the energy of product positrons and with respect to the solid angle of their emission, this being the most important feature of positron production in thick converter targets, are analyzed and are compared with relevant experimental data. This analysis is performed for a needle-like beam of electrons incident normally to the converter that have energies between 10 and 1000 MeV, positron emission along this beam, and converters having different thicknesses and atomic numbers.

The electromagnetic dissociation of ultrarelativistic nuclei has a substantial impact on the lifetime of beams in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and secondary nuclei produced upon this dissociation may have an adverse effect on collider components. At the same time, the detection of neutrons originating from the electromagnetic dissociation process makes it possible to monitor the luminosity of colliders. In order to calculate the total and partial cross sections for the electromagnetic dissociation process by the Weizsacker–Williams method, one needs reliable photonuclear reaction models preliminarily tested via a comparison of the results that they produce with available experimental data. Since the commissioning of the LHC, attention has been given primarily to $${}^{208}$$Pb–$${}^{208}$$Pb collisions. A run involving $${}^{129}$$Xe nuclei was also performed. In contrast to the case of $${}^{208}$$Pb nuclei, for which the photonuclear reaction and electromagnetic dissociation cross sections have been measured at various laboratories, there are no data for $${}^{129}$$Xe. By employing the experimental–theoretical method, the ($$\gamma,1n$$), ($$\gamma,2n$$), ($$\gamma,3n$$), and ($$\gamma$$, abs) cross sections for the $${}^{129}$$Xe nucleus are evaluated on the basis of available data for the neighboring nucleus of $${}^{127}$$I and the combined photonuclear reaction model (CPNRM). It is found that the results of CPNRM calculations performed for $${}^{129}$$Xe at photon energies up to 40 MeV by employing the TENDL-2017 library compiled by means of the TALYS code are close to one another and are in fairly good agreement with data obtained at the Saclay laboratory for $${}^{127}$$I. These new evaluated data, the TENDL-2017 library, and approximations of the total photoabsorption cross sections above the pion production threshold are used to calculate the electromagnetic dissociation cross section for $${}^{129}$$Xe at the LHC and at the FCC-hh collider being designed. The results of these calculations are compared with their counterparts obtained on the basis of the RELDIS model.

Photoneutron reactions on 208Pb in the Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) energy range have been investigated at the γ-ray beam line of the NewSUBARU synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. Making use of quasi-monochromatic laser Compton scattering (LCS) γ-ray beams and of a novel flat-efficiency neutron detection system along with associated neutron-multiplicity sorting method, total and partial (γ,xn) photoneutron cross sections with x = 1 to 4 have been measured for 208Pb in a broad energy range covering the neutron threshold up to 38 MeV.

Production of medical radionuclide 67Cu by the irradiation of Zn of natural isotopic composition by bremsstrahlung photons of maximum energy of 55 MeV was studied. Production yields of 67Cu and other activation products were determined. The yield of 67Cu is (2.34 ± 0.07) × 105 Bq/(μA h g/cm2) at EOB. The experimental data were compared with the results of other experiments and theoretical calculations based on the statistical model in the TALYS software and on the combined model of photonuclear reactions. Technique of chemical separation of 67Cu from irradiated zinc target based on extraction chromatography using CU Resin was applied. Radiochemical yield was > 95%, separation time was 1 h. The possibility of production of medical quantities was discussed.

The most commonly used in studies of photonuclear reactions representations of the differential in photon energies but total in photon angles cross section for production of bremsstrahlung photons by electrons in radiators and spectra of these photons are compared. Using convolutions of these bremsstrahlung spectra with reaction cross sections, the yields and cross sections per equivalent quantum are compared for the characteristic model cross sections of reactions 68Zn(γ,p) (proposed for production of 67Cu in nuclear medicine) and 14N(γ,2n)12N with 14N(γ,2p)12B (proposed for detecting hidden explosives).

Independent estimates are presented for two important characteristics of the photonuclear 13C(γ, p)12B activation detection of hidden carbon concentrations: the numbers of 12B isotope nuclei that are produced and the fluxes of secondary γ quanta upon the decay of 12B nuclei. The findings are compared to known experimental data and the results from earlier model calculations.

A review of the theoretical studies of the 44Ti nuclear spectrum is given. In this example the diversity of nuclear degrees of freedom in complex nuclei and coexistence of excitation of different nature are demonstrated. The main attention is paid to the cluster model 40Ca + α and the shell model. In the latter case the calculation result and the detailed analysis of the role of nucleon pairing are presented. Similarities and differences in the spectra obtained in these approaches are considered. Rotational states and states of the molecular type are also briefly discussed. It is shown that many properties of the spectrum can be reasonably described in various models, which, therefore, are not completely independent and express the same physical phenomena in some cases.

We present the latest development of measuring (γ, n) cross sections and giant dipole resonance (GDR) cross sections in the IAEA photonuclear data project. Photoneutron cross sections were measured for 21 isotopes below 2n threshold to construct the γ-ray strength function (γSF) with the γSF method; (γ, n) cross sections are used as experimental constraints on the model E1 and M1 γSFs from the Hartree–Fock–Bogolyubov plus quasi-particle random phase approximation based on the Gogny D1M interaction supplemented with the M1 upbend. GDR cross sections were measured for 11 nuclei from 9Be to 209Bi by direct neutron-multiplicity sorting with a flat-efficiency neutron detector toward a goal of resolving the long-standing discrepancy between the Livermore and Saclay data. We present γSFs for the Ni isotopic chain and GDR cross sections for 159Tb as well as those updated for 209Bi.

The Coordinated Research Project (CRP) with the code F41032 has been launched by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2016 as a 5-year project with the scientific goal being two-fold: 1) updating the 2000 photonuclear data library and 2) constructing a reference database of photon strength functions. We report the experimental technique and methodology used for the former goal and selected giant-dipole resonance (GDR) data updated in the IAEA-CRP.

The possibility of production a medical radionuclide 177Lu by irradiating natHfO2 by bremsstrahlung photons up to 55 MeV was investigated. The yields of the main nuclear reactions were measured. A procedure for one-step separation of carrier free 177Lu via extraction chromatography on the LN resin sorbent (Triskem) was developed. The radiochemical yield was 98%, separation factor was higher than 105. Isomeric ratio 177mLu/177Lu was estimated. Simulation of 177Lu production in photonuclear reactions on 178Hf, 179Hf and natHf nuclei was performed. The possibility of production of medical quantities was discussed.

Photonuclear reactions on a natural mixture of tin isotopes are studied by means of gamma activation. The experiment is performed using the bremsstrahlung γ-beam of an RTM55 racetrack microtron with a maximum electron energy of 55.6 MeV. The measured yields of photoproton and photoneutron reactions are compared to results from other experimental studies, and to calculations using the TALYS code and the combined model of photonucleon reactions (CMPR).

The role of (γ, 2n), (γ, pn), and (γ, 2p) multiparticle photonuclear reactions in processes that lead to the nucleosynthesis of p-nuclides is considered. The library of rates of multiparticle photonuclear reactions that was developed for the temperature range between 1 and 10 GK and which is intended for use in stellar-evolution models and in calculations of nucleosynthesis is described. A simulation of the p-process in the course of an SN-IIa core-collapse event reveals that, within the scenario being considered, a dominant effect of multiparticle photonuclear reactions consists in enhancing the rate of photodisintegration of p-nuclides at temperatures above 6 to 7 GK.

The cytotoxicity of complex 69mZnLigCl2 (Lig is N-(5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-yl) benzamide) against the K-562 cell line (chronic myeloid leukemia) was considered in comparison with the cells of healthy donors. The 69mZnLigCl2 complex was obtained and characterized by TLC and autoradiography methods. The kinetics of zinc sorption on hydroxyapatite was studied.

Photoneutron measurements in the Giant Dipole Resonance region have been recently performed using quasimonochromatic Laser Compton Scattering γ -ray beams at NewSUBARU (Japan) for 59Co, 89Y, 103Rh, 139La, 159Tb, 165Ho, 169Tm, 181Ta, 197Au and 209Bi. Experimental ( γ , x n ) with x = 1 – 4 photoneutron cross sections have been obtained with a direct neutron-multiplicity sorting method associated to a flat-efficiency neutron detector , which operates under single firing conditions obtained by low reaction rates. In this paper, we discuss recent developments to the neutron-multiplicity sorting procedure dedicated to (i) resolving multiple firing events and to (ii) extracting the average energies of ( γ , x n ) photoneutrons. The method is tested on 159Tb experimental data.

A novel technique of direct neutron-multiplicity sorting with a flat-efficiency detector is proposed to resolve the long-standing discrepancy between the Livermore and Saclay data of partial photoneutron cross sections. A flat-response neutron detector with the detection efficiency of 36 . 5 ± 1 . 6 % over a neutron energy range 0.01–5.0 MeV was developed by optimizing triple-ring configurations of He proportional counters embedded in a polyethylene moderator. The technique forms a foundation of measuring cross sections with x = 1 − 3 for the photonuclear data project of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The methodology of direct neutron-multiplicity sorting and key experimental elements are presented.

The gamma-activation technique was used to measure the absolute yields of photonuclear reactions on the cadmium isotopes 106,108Cd. The results obtained in this way were compared with the results of the calculations based on the statistical model. For reactions on the isotope 108Cd, agreement between these theoretical and experimental results is good, but the experimental ratio of the yields of photoproton and photoneutron reactions on the isotope 106Cd differs substantially from its theoretical counterpart. The results of our present study are discussed from the point of view of the production of bypassed nuclei in the p-process of nucleosynthesis.

The emission of γ-quanta, electrons, and positrons upon the decay of 12N and 12B produced in characteristic targets is calculated within radiation–matter interaction models generated using the GEANT and MCNP simulation software.

Known experimental and model-calculated data, along with independent calculations using the TALYS- and EMPIRE-codes, are compiled for the cross sections of reactions 14N(γ, 2n)12N, 14N(γ, 2p)12B, and 13C(γ, p)12B used in the photonuclear technique under development for the detection of hidden explosives. Indications of a substantial underestimate of model-calculated values, compared to the available measured results, are obtained.

The yields of 66Ga, 67Ga, 68Ga, 70Ga, 65Zn, and 69mZn upon irradiation of gallium with the natural isotopic composition by the bremsstrahlung photon beam with the energy up to 55 MeV were measured. The yield of 69mZn yield was 0.13 MBq μA–1h–1g–1. A simple and rapid method for 69mZn separation based on the extraction of gallium followed by ion-exchange chromatography was proposed.

The well-known problem of noticeable disagreements between photoneutron cross sections from various experiments was discussed in detail for 209Bi. Data for partial photoneutron reactions cross sections obtained at Livermore (USA) using quasimonoenergetic annihilation photons and the method of neutron multiplicity sorting were analyzed using the objective physical criteria and the experimental-theoretical method for evaluation. Because of significant systematic uncertainties involved in the method for determining the neutron multiplicity, experimental data do not satisfy the criteria of reliability and differ noticeably from the evaluated data. The new experimental data for 209Bi (γ, in) reactions with i = 1–4 were obtained using quasimonochromatic laser Compton-scattering (LCS) γ-ray beams at the NewSUBARU synchrotron radiation facility and the novel technique of direct neutron-multiplicity sorting with a flat-efficiency detector. It was found that new σ(γ, 1n), σ (γ, 2n), and σ (γ, 3n) contradict noticeably to the Livermore data. It was shown that at the same time the new 209Bi photoneutron cross-sections are in good agreement with data evaluated using experimental-theoretical method and assuring the reliability of those.

Single- and multi-photon spectra of pulsed γ -ray beams produced at 17, 34, and 40 MeV in the laser Compton scattering were measured with an 8” × 12” NaI(Tl) detector. By using the experimental single-photon spectra as the probability function of generating random numbers, response functions of the NaI(Tl) detector to j -fold photons ( j = 2, 3, 4 ...) were constructed. The least-square fits to the experimental multi-photon spectra by the Poisson distribution consisting of the response functions were made. The multi-photon spectra measured at 17 and 34 MeV follow the Poisson distribution. A quenching phenomenon of multi-photon spectra was observed for 40 MeV γ -rays as a result of the saturation at the photomultiplier tube of the NaI(Tl) detector. The original Poisson distributions were restored from the quenched spectra using a saturation curve in the form of y = a ⋅ x η with η =e − b x . We discuss the accuracy of photon-flux determination.

Photonuclear reactions on a naturalmixture of silver isotopes at the electron-accelerator energy of 55 MeV are studied by the gamma-activation method. The yields of photonuclear reactions involving the emission of up to four neutrons are determined. The isomeric ratios are obtained for 104Ag and 106Ag. The values found for these isomeric ratios are compared with the results of other studies and with the results of calculations based on the cascade–evaporation model.

The photodisintegration of titanium isotopes in the giant-dipole-resonance energy region is studied by the photon-activation method. Bremsstrahlung photons whose spectrum has the endpoint energy of 55 MeV is used. The yields and integrated cross sections are determined for photoproton reactions on the titanium isotopes 47,48,49,50Ti. The respective experimental results are compared with their counterparts calculated on the basis of the TALYS code and a combined photonucleon-reaction model. The TALYS code disregards the isospin structure of the giant dipole resonance and is therefore unable to describe the yield of photoproton reactions on the heavy titanium isotopes 49,50Ti.

Photoneutron cross sections were measured in the $^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$($\ensuremath{\gamma}, xn$) reaction with $x=1--4$ at energies from the neutron threshold to 40 MeV using quasimonochromatic laser Compton-scattering $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray beams. A novel technique of direct neutron-multiplicity sorting with a flat-efficiency detector was used. Results are compared with the positron in-flight annihilation data of Livermore and Saclay as well as with bremsstrahlung data. The present neutron yields are consistent with the latest photoactivation measurement with bremsstrahlung. The giant dipole resonance component of the total photoneutron cross section is reasonably reproduced by model calculations of the Hartree-Fock Bogoliubov plus quasiparticle random phase approximation based on the Gogny D1M interaction for both E1 and M1 components. In contrast, the quasideuteron component of the total photoneutron cross section requires a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}3$ enhancement of the Levinger parameter. Furthermore, a survival of large $(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)$ cross sections above 20 MeV may indicate the surface effect on the two-component particle-hole state density. The threshold behavior of photoneutron emission is discussed in terms of the average neutron kinetic energy.

We discuss the γ-ray strength function toward a unified understanding of (γ,n) and (n,γ) reactions and propose a novel technique of direct neutron-multiplicity sorting to resolve the long-standing discrepancy between the Livermore and Scalya data of partial photoneutron cross sections., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The yield of radioisotopes formed during photonuclear reactions in a natural mixture of titanium isotopes is measured at an electron energy of ≈15 MeV using a slot microtrone.

Yields of photonuclear reactions on the natural mixture of titanium isotopes were measured under exposure to a beam of bremsstrahlung γ-quanta with the end-point energy of 55 MeV. The results are compared with computations based on the TALYS model. It is shown that description of cross sections of photonuclear reactions on Ti isotopes requires the proper account for isospin and configuration splitting of the giant dipole resonance.

The yields of photonucleon reactions having various multiplicities and occurring on a natural mixture of cadmium isotopes were measured. Bremsstrahlung whose spectrum had an endpoint energy of 55 MeV was used as a gamma-ray source. The reaction yields were determined with the aid of the induced-activity method. The yields of photonuclear reactions for several channels of decay of excited states of cadmium isotopes in the energy region extending up to 55MeV were obtained for the first time. A comparison of the results obtained experimentallywith the results of theoretical calculations reveals that, in the case of heavy cadmium isotopes, it is possible to obtain a reasonably good description of experimental data. In the case of the light isotope 106Cd, however, the results of the theoretical calculations are at odds with experimental data, and this is likely to be due to special features of the shell structure of the isotope 106Cd, which lies near the beta-stability boundary.

The experimental setup that is used at the Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Moscow State University to study photonuclear reactions using the activation technique is described. The system is based on two modern compact race track microtrons with maximum energy of electrons of up to 55 and 67.7 MeV. A low-background HPGe detector is used to measure the induced gamma activity. The data acquisition and analysis system, used to process the measured spectra, is described. The described system is used to study multiparticle photonuclear reactions and production of nuclei far from the beta stability region.

Doses of ionizing radiation generated by a luggage simulator are measured. The luggage simulator is irradiated under conditions that occur when luggage is inspected by photonuclear detectors for explosive materials. It is shown that the ionizing radiation caused by induced radiation is not dangerous either to passengers or to airport stuff.

The possibility of production and separation of the 18F medical radioisotope at a race-track microtron with an accelerated electron energy of 55 MeV in the 23Na(γ, αn) photonuclear reaction is studied. Ion-exchange chromatography is used to separate 18F from irradiated NaOH targets.

The distribution of complexes of thiazine and pyrimidine derivatives possessing antileukemic activity and labeled with radionuclide 69mZn in the organs of mice and its rate of excretion were studied. A solution of ZnCl2 was used for comparison. An increase in the time of excretion of the drug from the body and a decrease of its penetration into the brain in the presence of a salicylate ion were observed.

The results obtained by measuring the yields of photodisintegration of the isotope 116Cd irradiated with bremsstrahlung photons whose spectrum had an endpoint energy of 55 MeV are presented and compared with the results of theoretical calculations.

The possibility of using radioactive sources to measure atomic number Z and the amount of substance nD of unknown objects is considered. An experiment is performed with test samples of different materials exposed to γ-rays from Cs-137 and Co-60 sources. The range of the method’s applicability in measuring atomic number Z and amount of substance nD is shown.

A system for the automatic acquisition and analysis of gamma-ray spectra that is used in the studies of photonuclear reactions with the activation technique in described. The system is comprised of a database, which is used to access data over a network, and of a spectrum analysis program. Experimental procedures and data analysis are greatly simplified with the use of the described system.

The activity of 18F that was produced in the 23Na(γ,αn)18F reaction with the maximum bremsstrahlung energy E b = 55 MeV was measured.

The perspectives for photonuclear experiments at the new Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) facility are discussed in view of the need to accumulate novel and more precise nuclear data. The parameters of the ELI-NP gamma beam system are presented. The emerging experimental program, which will be realized at ELI-NP, is presented. Examples of day-one experiments with the nuclear resonance fluorescence technique, photonuclear reaction measurements, photofission experiments and studies of nuclear collective excitation modes and competition between various decay channels are discussed. The advantages which ELI-NP provides for all these experiments compared to the existing facilities are discussed.

Yields of photonuclear reactions on 197Au nuclei were measured in a beam of bremsstrahlung photons, the endpoint energy of the bremsstrahlung spectrum being 29.1 MeV. These measurements were performed by means of the gamma-activation procedure. The results obtained in this way were compared with the results of earlier experiments and theoretical calculations.

The problem of finding nuclear reaction yields in activation experiments is analyzed. It was shown that in the presence of complex decay chains the activity of gamma-spectrum lines of the nuclei can be described with a linear statistical model. Since the covariance matrix is unavailable the iteratively reweighted general least squares method is an appropriate means of obtaining a maximum-likelihood estimation. The relationship between the variances of estimated yields and the duration of spectrum measurements is discussed.

We discuss the role of photoneutron reaction data in nuclear physics and astrophysics in conjunction with the Coordinated Research Project of the International Atomic Energy Agency with the code F41032 (IAEA-CRP F41032)., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published