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Purpose. Comparative evaluation of effective doses to patients calculated using various methods for the most common X-ray examinations performed on general-purpose digital X-ray machines. Materials and methods. Data collection on parameters of examinations was performed for seven digital X-ray machines located in several Moscow medical facilities. Parameters for the most common X-ray examinations were collected for 120 standard patients from October to December 2019. Results. For all X-ray machines, significant reliable discrepancies were revealed between effective doses from the protocols of accredited laboratories (calculated based on radiation output) and effective doses determined by the authors based on the collected values of the dose-area product. The differences, on average, did not exceed ± 100%. However, the discrepancies for the thoracic spine and chest X-ray on some devices were even more significant. Limitations. Lack of a unified, standardised methodology for collecting parameters of radiological studies. Conclusion. The parameters of standard X-ray studies, collected by accredited laboratories and presented in the current methodological guidelines for monitoring patients’ effective doses, significantly differ from the studies’ parameters obtained from our data collection results. The existing methods for calculating effective doses require to be updated and revised. It makes sense to give up using transition coefficients and specialised software that calculates the effective dose, taking into account the geometry of patients’ exposure and physical and technical parameters of the study.

Introduction. Currently, modern medical radiation technologies, including the use of radiopharmaceuticals, are becoming more widely used. At the same time, it should be noted that these technologies themselves have undergone a significant evolution towards improving their radiation safety. But while radiation technologies have been steadily improving, approaches to controlling and regulating activities with ionizing radiation sources remain highly conservative. In law enforcement practice, this approach leads more and more to excessive requirements that are not justified for the basic principles of radiation safety – rationing, justification, optimization. This paper substantiates the ways to improve the issues of regulation and regulation of activities using modern radiation technologies Purpose of research. Conducting radiation and hygiene assessment of working conditions in PET centers and developing proposals for improving regulatory requirements, taking into account the features of modern technologies Material and methods. Protocols of industrial radiation control, results of own research of effective equivalent doses, equivalent doses for the skin and lens of the eye by thermoluminescent dosimetry, timekeeping of the working time of the PET center staff were used. Results. As part of the work, the results of industrial radiation monitoring of the PET- center of a large medical organization were analyzed. It is shown that the annual radiation doses are within no more than 1/3 of the dose limit for limited personnel, most of whom receive less than 5 mS per year. The data of our research carried out based on the scientific LRC of the Department of radiochemistry of the Lomonosov Moscow State University are in good agreement with the data of the medical institution. Conducting time-lapse studies allowed us to conclude that the time of direct exposure of personnel is significantly less than the standard values provided for by regulatory documents, and the dose rates for many operations can not correspond to the values regulated by these documents. It is shown how a safe technology can relate, on formal grounds, to “highly dangerous”, which is a significant modern contradiction in the field of regulating activities with radiation sources. Conclusion. An important factor in ensuring radiation safety is the identification of critical groups of personnel, the most exposed organs, and tissues, taking into account the annual activity consumed. The standardized dose rate criteria laid down in regulatory documents do not provide for the use of indicators of the actual workload (time of exposure). It is necessary to introduce appropriate changes to the normative documents.

Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics. Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups. Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage. Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types - man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups. Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.

Policy management of institutes and business organizations’ activity, dealing with radiation sources, has more of a bulky and confusing complex of requirements at the present day. The requirements being very substantial, slow down economic growth of entire branches in the field of the beneficial use of radiation technologies, and, at the same time, do not provide the condition of radiation safety. Prime Minister Dmitriy Medvedev, without any coincidence, pointed out the problem during a plenary meeting as an overpressure of regulatory and supervisory bodies on the Russian private sector. According to him, the task can be solved with ‘a regulatory guillotine’. The upcoming article resembles the first attempt to analyze and sort reasons and factors, providing a glimpse of the current situation, search key elements that cause negative influence in the field taken. On the ground of analysis of regulatory documents, vast survey experience and estimation of radiation objects and technologies, authors suggest a new complex of requirements to provide radiation security, their breakdown of classes depending on danger level of radiation objects and operating with sources of ionizing radiation. The article presents the analysis of current regulatory documents on radiation hygiene field and radiation security, retrospective view on valid documents, the expertise of activity of regulatory and supervisory bodies as part of licensing of the activity with man-made sources of ionizing radiation.