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BACKGROUND: Single-dose nevirapine (NVP) is the simplest antiretroviral regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) in resource-limited settings. We evaluated NVP coverage among HIV-infected delivering women in Cote dIvoire. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of mother-infant pairs was conducted between November 2007 and September 2008 in 10 randomly selected facilities providing delivery services in the country. All sites used at least NVP for PMTCT. Anonymous HIV test and blood collection for NVP concentration measurement were performed in labor wards. NVP coverage was defined as the proportion of maternal and infant NVP intake confirmed by cord blood chromatography and direct observation. RESULTS: A total of 9953 deliveries were enrolled. Median maternal age was 25 years and the median number of antenatal care (ANC) visits was 3. Of the 9747 women (97.9%) who made at least 1 ANC visit 5880 (60.3%) received an HIV test proposal 5135 (87.3%) accepted it and 251 (4.9%) were diagnosed HIV infected; 176 of them (70.1%) received antiretroviral prophylaxis according to the medical record. Using anonymous cord blood surveillance HIV prevalence was 5.9% (570 of 9646) maternal NVP coverage was 24.3% (138 of 570) and maternal and infant NVP coverage was 17.9% (102 of 570). In multivariate analysis maternal NVP coverage was associated with 2-3 ANC visits [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27 to 5.39] or >/= 4 ANC visits (aOR: 3.84; 95% CI: 1.86 to 7.90) (ref.