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Recognizing the need for a concise self-report measure of mentalizing capacity, we developed a 12-item iteration of the well-established Mentalization Scale (MentS). Using college student and community samples of Serbian adults (N = 566), we performed a precise selection of items and then examined the psychometric attributes of the shortened scale (MentS-12). The new scale maintains the original three-dimensional structure: self-related mentalization, other-related mentalization, and motivation to mentalize. MentS-12 proves to be both reliable and structurally consistent. To improve its utility in therapeutic contexts, we determined clinical change thresholds for both the complete and abbreviated forms. We hope that its feasibility stimulates the integration of the MentS-12 in longitudinal research projects and real-world clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sphere of new media, particularly in European post-socialist societies, often reflects controversies around the meanings of symbols related to the past. This paper analysed controversy in online news caused by the photo in which an unofficial Croatian coat of arms with a white upper left square was publicly presented. This symbol is sometimes seen as problematic since it was, besides other historical contexts, used by the Ustashe, a political movement that established the Nazi-collaborator regime during the Second World War. A qualitative analysis of 195 online news articles revealed that two general meanings are presented to the audiences. The first meaning emphasizes its totalitarian nature, while the other presents it as complex because of its multiple historical uses. Subsequent quantitative analysis of 180 articles compared four groups of online news and established differences regarding the dominant meanings of the symbol that are presented to the audiences. Croatian media predominantly present it as complex/historical. Serbian and Bosnian and Herzegovinian media present it as Ustashe, while global/other news almost fully present it as (pro)Nazi. The differences are also established with regard to content diversity and Croatian media exhibit much greater diversity in the presentation of the symbol compared to the other three groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) in horses often affects the metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal (MCP/MTP) joints and its detection in the early stages is crucial for effective management. I t was hypothesized that the extent of cartilage damage positively correlates with synovial membrane (SM) and synovial fluid (SF) pathological findings in the MCP/MTP joints of Serbian mountain horses that transported heavy loads but did not show signs of lameness. The study was conducted on 32 MCP/MTP joints of eight horses between seven to 12 years of age. Horse limbs were transferred from the abattoir to the necropsy room and SF was sampled. Its appearance, total nucleated cell count (TNCC), mononuclear cell count (MNC), total proteins (TP), and haptoglobin (Hp) were determined. Samples of SM were collected from the dorsal palmar/plantar pouch for histology. A macroscopic examination of gross condylar pathology of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone was performed with Indian Ink staining. Scoring was done based on Osteoarthritis Research Society International recommendations. SF was clear, pale yellow, and mostly fairly viscous. Half of the samples had TNCC above, and all had TP within the reference range. Hp values were below the reference range and were omitted from further analyses. TNCC correlated with MNC (ρs=0.81, P<0.001), microscopic (ρs=0.62, P=0.003) and macroscopic scores (ρs=0.47, P=0.008). In addition, MNC correlated with macroscopic scores (ρs=0.40, P=0.03). All pathological findings were mild and their correlation indicated that these processes are interrelated and that could be ascribed to early OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the dynamics of interethnic relations in Baljvine, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), where local Bosniaks and Serbs did not resort to interethnic violence that otherwise marked most of BiH during the last war. Drawing on structural factors that shed light on the dynamics of relations in post-conflict societies where interethnic violence occurred, the aim is to explain why and how bloodshed was prevented in Baljvine during the last war. To achieve this, we employ a multi-method research approach, combining qualitative observation with participation and interviews with the villagers. The results show that intersubjective motivations and a set of smaller coincidences in Baljvine affected structural factors and resulted in avoidance of interethnic violence. This enabled us to coin the concept of "peace mosaic" to demonstrate how several smaller pieces have to align in a community to allow it to remain peaceful. The key contribution is in advancing the argument that the structural factors that explain interethnic violence can also work in favour of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the normative framework governing the punishment of community service in Serbian criminal legislation. In this legislation, community service is prescribed as a criminal sanction. Accordingly, the paper has analyzed the provisions of every law that regulates this criminal sanction as well as statistics. A good normative framework is a precondition for the proper implementation of all legal institutes, including community service. Comprehensive analysis of the substantive, procedural, and executive regulations related to the punishment in question, seeks to identify certain failures in its regulations, as well as to give certain suggestions de lege ferenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous academics addressed the violence against the Serbs and Jews within the Independent State of Croatia. In addition to identifying research gaps in this regard, this paper analyses the letters of Georges Gueyraud, a Vichy diplomat in Zagreb, along with several other documents sourced from the French Diplomatic Archive. Primarily focused on the violence against the Serbs, this paper delves into the period when the violence reached its peak, namely the summer of 1941. It contains Gueyraud’s analysis of the atmosphere of violence in Zagreb that he had witnessed, as well as testimonies of violence from various parts of Croatia that he had acquired. Furthermore, this paper examines the reactions of the Croatian authorities and the press in response to these atrocities. In addition to analysing the content of Gueyraud’s letters, this article evaluates his handling of the information he received, examining the presence of a critical approach. Furthermore, it assesses the accuracy of his information by cross–referencing it with sources and literature.

The paper chronicles the life of Karl von Krempler, a war criminal who was a Yugoslav “Volksdeutscher”. The emphasis is on the period of the Second World War, when he attained high positions within the structure of SS and police in the occupied Serbia. Besides his pre-war, war and post-war career, the attention is devoted to the analysis of Krempler’s intriguing personality. The paper is prepared on the basis of the archival documentation preserved at: the Archives of Yugoslavia, The State Archives of Serbia, Historical Archives of Belgrade, the Military Archives, Historical Archives “Ras” in Novi Pazar, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany and Federal Archives in Berlin.

This study offers a new perspective on settler colonial theory through the case of Serbia/Kosovo. It develops two hypotheses: (1) settler colonial projects in neighboring territories differ markedly from those overseas, necessitating a revised conceptualization called here ‘contiguous settler colonialism,’ and (2) these projects may prompt settlers to remain amid decolonization despite adverse conditions. The empirical analysis identifies three key factors leading to this outcome: the 'Serbianization' of the physical environment, the (im)mobility arrangements of Kosovo Serbs, and Serbia's coercive cooptation system, resulting in a 'settler colonial make-believe space' between the former colonial state and the emerging decolonizing polity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. Sixty-five samples of grapevine from commercial vineyards in the Rasina district of Serbia were tested for the presence of grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Fourteen samples of the grapevine varieties ‘Red Globe’, ‘Victoria’ and ‘Preobraženje’ were infected with GPGV. All the infected plants showed symptoms of leaf chlorotic mottling, puckering, and deformation, stunting, and reduced yields. The coding regions of the movement and coat protein (MP/CP) and a region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) domains of eight virus isolates were sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of these genom- ic regions showed high nucleotide similarity among the Serbian GPGV isolates. This study is the first to describe genetic diversity of GPGV isolates in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the chemical composition of essential oils from two Serbian Bupleurum species (Apiaceae), Bupleurum praealtum L. and Bupleurum affine L., traditionally recognized in Chinese medicine for their therapeutic potential but less studied for their essential oils. Through GC-MS analysis, we identified 230 constituents, revealing distinct profiles between the species. Perillyl 2-methylbutanoate was identified in B. affine oil for the first time, confirmed using synthetic approaches and characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques, including two-dimensional NMR and spin-simulation of 1H NMR spectra. Additionally, new natural compounds, including tentatively identified 4-decyl acetate and 4-undecyl acetate, were discovered. The study also reports five stereoisomeric esters of tetradeca-5,7,9,11-tetraen-1-ol. These findings significantly contribute to the understanding of the phytochemical diversity within the genus Bupleurum and underscore potential differences in ecological adaptations or biosynthetic pathways among species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions and motivation are central to learning. Control–value theory (CVT) and expectancy–value theory (EVT) explain how emotions and expectations of success affect students' task engagement. Supported by these two frameworks, this study investigates the emotion profiles for maths among fourth- and fifth-grade students (N = 6778) from three European countries and their links to motivation and achievement. Methods: Using latent profile analysis (LPA), we analysed the emotional profiles in students, as well as their associations with gender, country, grade, motivation and maths achievement. Results: Five profiles emerged in the grade 4 data (Bored, Bored and Anxious, Moderate, Happy and Anxious). All five profiles were visible in the grade 5 data, coupled with an additional sixth profile, which appeared only in grade 5 (i.e., Apprehensive–Happy). Girls were found more commonly in the Anxious profile and were less likely to appear in the Happy profile. Norwegian students were more prominent in the Bored and Moderate profiles. Conversely, Portuguese students stood out more in the Anxious profile and were less present in the Bored and Moderate profiles. The Serbian dataset did not stand out, with a particular pattern observed in grade 4. Nevertheless, Serbian fifth graders were overly visible in the Bored and Anxious profile and less present in the Happy and Apprehensive–Happy groups. The Happy profile had higher scores for all task values except for cost and was, along with the Moderate profile, associated with higher achievement; the Bored and Anxious profile was associated with higher scores of cost value and lower achievement. Conclusions: A person-centred approach allowed for a more diverse view of how students experience emotions. These findings highlight the complex interplay between emotions, motivation and achievement, which is affected by cultural and educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Serbian hunting grounds, the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) is the most interesting type of small hunting game animal. However, the number of hares has decreased in recent decades, so hunters and authorities rear hares in captivity systems for their subsequent release. In order to investigate the welfare of cage-reared hares in Serbia, two captivity systems were analyzed. For welfare assessment, animal-based indicators were from the welfare quality assessment protocol for rabbits. The main welfare issues identified were locomotor stereotype behaviors (observed in 33.08%, 43/130 of caged hares), hairless areas on the animal (28.46%, 37/130), wounds on the body (18.46%, 24/130), wounds on the ears (16.92%, 22/130), and thin body condition score (BCS) (10.77%, 14/130). Significant correlations (p < 0.001) were found between some welfare indicators: thin BCS and wounds on the body; thin BCS and nasal discharge; wounds on the body and hairless areas, and; locomotor stereotype behaviors and hairless areas. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the impact of the captive rearing system on the welfare of European brown hares in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nish joined the Ottoman administration in 1386. Ottoman rule continued in the region until 1878. In the 19th century, various rebellions against the Ottoman State took place in Nish and its neighbourhood. The 1841 Nish Rebellion is one of the most notable among them. For this reason, the related rebellion was determined as the subject of the study. In the study were investigated which the activities of Serbian prince Milos Obrenovic, main prince of the period Mihail and Miliyo (Miloje Jovanović) in the region during the Nish Rebellion, the tax issue that emerged after the Tanzimat, and the misconduct of some Ottoman officials. Especially Serbia’s encouraging and provocative attitudes towards the people of the region against the Ottoman State were analysed. Nish, Leskovac Sehirkoy, Kamaniche and Mutafcha villages, Vidin and Kula regions were identified as the spread areas of the rebellion. It was observed that Serbia carried out many activities against the Ottoman State before and during the Nish Revolt, and the Ottoman State tried to take certain measures. The aim of this study is to reveal the activities of Serbia in the face of the 1841 Nish Rebellion and the measures taken by the Ottoman State against this rebellion. In the research, archival documents, newspapers of the period, research and research works were utilised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis is pressing concern for dairy herds due to its economic impact and potential health risks. Somatic cell counts (SCC), reflecting udder health, plays a crucial role in mastitis diagnosis. Current research explores the distribution of SCC and its correlation with various mastitis-causing pathogens in dairy farms in Serbia. The study analyzed 194 individual cow milk samples and microbiological testing was conducted under aseptic conditions to isolate and identify mastitis pathogens. The microscopic reference method was employed for assessing SCC in the milk samples. Among mastitis-associated isolates, bacteria were present in 28.87 %, yeast in 12.38 %, while in 5.15 % of milk samples, both bacteria and yeast were present. The relationship between SCC in various sample types (negative, bacteria-positive, yeast-positive, and samples with both bacteria and yeast) was noted. Importantly, samples with both bacteria and yeast presence had the highest SCC. While SCC is a valuable tool for monitoring udder health and the effectiveness of mastitis control programs, its response to specific pathogens is complex and doesn’t allow differentiation between pathogen types easily. This research highlights the challenges in distinguishing pathogen types based solely on SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio B92 was an iconic independent media institution in Serbia. Founded in 1989, B92 provided Belgrade listeners with subversive rock music, high-quality journalism, and independent perspectives on politics in the former Yugoslavia. An early adapter to the internet, B92 has been credited with sparking the many demonstrations that took place in Belgrade during the 1990s. While the role of Radio B92 during the turbulent days of the Yugoslav Wars is well known, less known is the role of its first CEO and news director in the creation of what would become the Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF). Drawing on semi-structured interviews with journalists, scholars, funders, diplomats, and media observers conducted in Belgrade in 2022, this study argues that much can be learned from the case of Radio B92 and the short history of independent media in Serbia. Although B92 ultimately met a tragic death at the hands of privatization and "market censorship," the "impact investment" model of media development it sparked lives on. Combining affordable loan and equity financing with technical assistance and advisory services, MDIF's model helps struggling news organizations avoid dependency on grants. Although the 2022 reelection of President Aleksandar Vučić demonstrates his party's successful state capture of Serbian news media, a look back at the case of Radio B92 has implications for the broader question of what works in international media assistance and why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zayd Mutee Dammaj, is a Yemeni short story and novel writer known for his novel “er-Rehîne / The Hostage”, which has gained wide fame beyond Yemen. The author, who lived between 1943 and 2000, gained fame with his first and only novel, “erRehîne / The Hostage”, in addition to his several collections of short stories. The novel reveals the realities of the Yemeni Imamate that lasted in Yemen between 1904 and 1962 and the management policy of the Imams. It also deals with national consciousness and the struggle for independence. The novel was selected by the Arab Writers Union as one of the top 100 Arabic novels of the 20th century and has been translated into French, English, German, Russian, Japanese, Spanish, Hindi and Serbian. The novel attracted the attention of many critics and writers; it has been the subject of many studies, literary articles and academic theses not onlyin Yemen but also in many countries of the world. Apart from digital editions, one hundred thousand editions of the novel have been published until today. It is stated that this figure is a record number compared to Yemeni and Arabic novels. In this study, technical and thematic issues such as the plot of the novel, language and stylistic features, character analysis were analyzed and also touches on how the Imamate regime that marked the period affected people emotionally and spiritually, and how this regime took away their rights to life, freedom and dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants in fruit and vegetable juices have become increasingly popular because of their potential health benefits. Nowadays, juice mixes made from berries present frequent consumer choices, due to their nutritive value and high content of bioactive compounds. Commercial fruit and vegetable juices available in Serbian markets (n = 32) were analyzed for the physicochemical properties, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity. Relative antioxidant capacity index was used for the ranking of the juices according to antioxidant capacity, while antioxidant effectiveness of phenolic compounds contained in juice samples was investigated depending on phenolic antioxidant coefficients. Principal component analysis was applied to study the data structure. In addition, a multi-layer perceptron model was used for modeling an artificial neural network model (ANN) for prediction antioxidant activity (DPPH, reducing power, and ABTS) based on total phenolic, total pigments, and vitamin C content. The obtained ANN showed good prediction capabilities (the r2 values during training cycle for output variables were 0.942). Phenolic, pigments, and vitamin C contents showed a positive correlation with the investigated antioxidant activity. The consumption of commercial berry fruit juices available in Serbian markets may deliver great health benefits through the supply of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this study is the reception of Bulgarian literature within the Serbian cultural domain. The objective is to examine the presence of Bulgarian literary texts through various mediums such as standalone books and anthologies, the national specialized periodical press, and publications by the Bulgarian minority, and to analyze the characteristics of the book market and publishing policies in Serbia. Based on this analysis, the study aims to derive specific conclusions regarding the Bulgarian literary model within the foreign yet closely related Serbian literature. Employing a pluralistic scientific approach, this research integrates a diachronic overview of the emergence and consolidation of Bulgarian literature in Serbian culture from the National Revival period to the last decade of the 20th century. Concurrently, it examines the Bulgarian literary model over the past three decades within the context of the established tradition. The standardized interview method is also utilized as a tool for scientific inquiry. The findings suggest that the representation of Bulgarian literature within the aesthetics of Serbian cultural tradition is extensive yet insufficiently representative and does not entirely align with the canon in the national cultural sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases with a high genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Numerous HSP patients remain genetically undiagnosed despite screening for known genetic causes of HSP. Therefore, identification of novel variants and genes is needed. Our previous study analyzed 74 adult Serbian HSP patients from 65 families using panel of the 13 most common HSP genes in combination with a copy number variation analysis. Conclusive genetic findings were established in 23 patients from 19 families (29%). In the present study, nine patients from nine families previously negative on the HSP gene panel were selected for the whole exome sequencing (WES). Further, 44 newly diagnosed adult HSP patients from 44 families were sent to WES directly, since many studies showed WES may be used as the first step in HSP diagnosis. WES analysis of cohort 1 revealed a likely genetic cause in five (56%) of nine HSP families, including variants in the ETHE1, ZFYVE26, RNF170, CAPN1, and WASHC5 genes. In cohort 2, possible causative variants were found in seven (16%) of 44 patients (later updated to 27% when other diagnosis were excluded), comprising six different genes: SPAST, SPG11, WASCH5, KIF1A, KIF5A, and ABCD1. These results expand the genetic spectrum of HSP patients in Serbia and the region with implications for molecular genetic diagnosis and future causative therapies. Wide HSP panel can be the first step in diagnosis, alongside with the copy number variation (CNV) analysis, while WES should be performed after. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the beginnings and the development of the Eastern Christian cult-both in its Byzantine and medieval Orthodox Slavic variants-of seven Holy Martyrs: Basil, Ephrem, Eugenius, Elpidius, Agathodorus, Aetherius and Capiton, who at least from the 9th-10th century were worshipped as Bishops of Chersonesus, contributing to spreading the Eastern (Orthodox) Christianity in the region of the Crimean Peninsula. In the first part of our article we are making an attempt to reconstruct the beginnings of this cult in Byzantium and to show, to what extent the early hagiographical tradition of the Bishop-Martyrs from Chersonesus was shaped by a changing political situation in the Byzantine Empire. The second part is devoted to the Orthodox Slavic version of their cult: we are discussing here the earliest remarks about these Saints, that can be found in the Church Slavic sources, analyzing all hagiographic texts devoted to them, that have been preserved in the Eastern and South (Bulgarian and Serbian) manuscript material from the 10th-16th centuries. Some attention has been given also to images of the Seven Bishop-Martyrs from Chersonesus in the Orthodox Slavic medieval art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Germanoslavica - Zeitschrift für Germanoslawische Studien is the property of Slovansky ustav AV CR, v.v.i. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of tomato pomace (TP) on the technological and sensory properties of ćevapi. Four treatments were prepared as follows: control (CON) and samples with the addition of TP in amounts of TP5 (0.5%—5 g/kg), TP10 (1%—10 g/kg), and TP20 (2%—20 g/kg). Technological properties (pH values, water activity (aw) cooking loss, length reduction), instrumental colour and texture, and sensory properties were examined. The addition of TP powder did not result in significant differences in pH and aw values between CON and modified treatments (in both raw and grilled). The addition of TP in the amounts higher than 10 g/kg significantly reduced cooking loss, while length reduction was observed when 20 g/kg was added. Also, significantly higher values of yellowness were observed in both the raw and grilled ćevapi, when 10 g/kg and more of TP was added. Significantly higher hardness and chewiness were observed in all experimental treatments. However, differences in instrumental colour and texture were not negatively perceived by the assessors, and there were no significant differences in any observed sensory properties between the CON and experimental treatments. Moreover, all the experimental treatments received a relatively high mark of around seven and higher on a nine-point hedonic scale. Further research could focus on the examination of salt/meat reduction as well as oxidative stability during freeze storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines two offices for Saint Petka Tărnovska (Paraskeva of Epibatai) created in the era of the Ottoman invasion on the Balkans – the Tărnovо office and the Serbian edition of the office–in copies from the 15th– 17th centuries. Their composition, structure and text are compared. It comes to the conclusion that the Tărnovo office is created before the Serbian edition. Since both of the offices for Saint Petka (Paraskoffices for the Saint Petka Tărnovska; the Tărnovo office; the Serbian edition of the officeva) examined here have been found in the same number of copies so far, it is not possible to determine which of the texts was more common among Serbs and Bulgarians during the period under review, but both services functioned concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to unleash the potential of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) originating from traditionally made Serbian goat cheese. Following the isolation and identification of the LAB, the safety aspects of the isolates were evaluated through tests for hemolytic activity and antibiotic sensitivity. The selected isolates were then tested for various technological properties, including growth in methylene blue, proteolytic activity, acidification, curd formation ability in both pure and enriched goat milk, diacetyl production, antagonistic potential against other LAB, and biofilm formation ability. The results indicated that Lactococcus spp., Lacticaseibacillus spp., and Lactiplantibacillus spp. did not exhibit α or β hemolysis, while enterococci displayed α hemolysis. A higher number of isolates demonstrated sensitivity to ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin, while sensitivity to gentamicin and vancomycin was strain-dependent. Based on the evaluation of technological properties, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M-1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum C7-7, C7-8, and C14-5 showed promising characteristics. Additionally, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains C0-14 and C21-8 emerged as promising candidates with notable technological properties. Notably, certain indigenous strains LAB exhibit promising technological properties and safety profiles. These characteristics make them suitable candidates for use as starter or adjunct cultures in goat's milk cheese production, potentially enhancing the quality and safety of the cheese as well as hygiene practices among small-scale dairy producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to wide prevalence of electromagnetic field (EMF) sources in human surrounding, EMF-level measurements and corresponding exposure assessment have imposed as an important topic. With an intention to present an approach to the long-term exposure assessment in EMF RATEL network, this paper conveys a high-level statistical analysis of the high-frequency exposure data, acquired during the 5-y time period, for the case study of monitoring sensor installed in the area of the Novi Sad University campus. Time series of exposure values were averaged on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, and their yearly comparison was performed. Results showed clear differences between the day and night hours, as well between working and weekend days. Regarding exposure values, averaged on the monthly basis, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 can be noticed. Finally, the highest obtained exposure values (electric field squared) were 22 times below the maximal allowable level, according to the Serbian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Bolboschoenus has been intensively studied from the morphological, ecological and physiological aspects, however, anatomical features of stems, leaves and epidermal structures of leaves have not been investigated sufficiently yet. The main objective of this study was to compare the four Bolboschoenus species growing in Serbia at the anatomical level and to define the most important anatomical characteristics for distinguishing these species. Descriptive, nonmetric multidimensional scaling and canonical discriminant analysis of the anatomical characters of leaves, stems and epidermal structures have been conducted for these purposes. The number and position of sclerenchyma strands in the leaves, the presence of bulliform cells in the epidermis, the number of translucent cell layers under the adaxial epidermis in the midrib area of the lamina, the number of aerial cavities in leaves and stems were the most significant anatomical characters for differentiation of species. The most differentiated species was B. glaucus, while B. laticarpus occupied an intermediate position between B. maritimus and B. planiculmis, on the one hand, and B. glaucus on the other. The combination of the anatomical features of leaves and stems and the epidermal structures had a more excellent taxonomic value than these three individual groups of features individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The newly discovered intronic repeat expansions in the genes encoding replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) and fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) frequently cause late‐onset cerebellar ataxia. Objectives: To investigate the presence of RFC1 and FGF14 pathogenic repeat expansions in Serbian patients with adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia. Methods: The study included 167 unrelated patients with sporadic or familial cerebellar ataxia. The RFC1 repeat expansion analysis was performed by duplex PCR and Sanger sequencing, while the FGF14 repeat expansion was tested for by long‐range PCR, repeat‐primed PCR, and Sanger sequencing. Results: We identified pathogenic repeat expansions in RFC1 in seven patients (7/167; 4.2%) with late‐onset sporadic ataxia with neuropathy and chronic cough. Two patients also had bilateral vestibulopathy. Repeat expansions in FGF14 were found in nine unrelated patients (9/167; 5.4%) with ataxia, less than half of whom presented with neuropathy and two‐thirds with global brain atrophy. Tremor and episodic features were the most frequent additional characteristics in carriers of uninterrupted FGF14 repeat expansions. Among the 122 sporadic cases, 12 (9.8%) carried an expansion in either RFC1 or FGF14, comparable to 4/45 (8.9%) among the patients with a positive family history. Conclusions: Pathogenic repeat expansions in RFC1 and FGF14 are relatively frequent causes of adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia, especially among sporadic patients, indicating that family history should not be considered when prioritizing ataxia patients for testing of RFC1 or FGF14 repeat expansions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to problematize the concept of Canadian multiculturalism from its inception in 1971 to its current tendencies and determine whether this policy is still attainable by referring to significant views of Hall, Taylor, Duchastel, Perin, Clifford, Drache, Hoyos and Kymlicka. These theoretical insights are explored in the case of the Serbian diaspora in Canada. The study is based on the oral histories of the members of the first generation of Serbian immigrants to Canada, conducted in July 2008 in Toronto. Bennett's Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity is used as a theoretical framework. The results show that the first generation of Serbian immigrants shares stronger ties with the mother country than their descendants; however, respect for the values of diversity and hybridity contributes to the process of making inter-generational differences less conspicuous which, regarding the Serbian diasporic community, represents a proof of the topicality of the Canadian multicultural experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of analysis in this paper is to determine the features of the legal protection procedure in the segment of public monetary management as a sui generis subsystem of public administration defined and implemented by the central bank as the supreme monetary institution and guardian of the monetary sovereignty of each state. In this sense, the first part of the paper points out the concept and features of the modern monetary order and the normative regulation of public monetary management, which aims to protect monetary stability as a public good. In contrast, the second part of the paper points out the specific way of implementing the active and passive process capability of the central bank in monetary disputes that represent a new type of administrative dispute in which the court decides on the legality of central bank measures or in which they require legal protection from the influence of other authorities. The subject of particular attention is the identification and functional analysis of the mechanism of legal protection in the domain of monetary management in Serbian monetary law to recognize the axiological matrix of existing solutions de lege lata and make concrete guidelines de lege ferenda, taking into account the fact that the procedure is in the function of protecting the rights of citizens to a safe and solid currency, the right to the monetary credibility of the domestic banking system and the preservation of living standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has major implications on the entire blood supply system worldwide. Seroepidemiological studies are certainly necessary for better understanding the global burden that the COVID‐19 pandemic represents. Objectives: In this study, we analysed the association between demographic factors, COVID‐19 severity, vaccination status and the reactivity of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies in Serbian blood donors. Materials and Methods: In a prospective study, demographic data and data related to previous SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 severity and vaccination status among whole blood donors were analysed, from February 10 to August 10, 2022, at the Blood Transfusion Institute of Vojvodina, Serbia. The detection and determination of the level of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies were performed using LIAISON® SARS‐CoV‐2 TrimericS IgG immunoassay. Results: A total of 1190 blood donors were included, 24.5% were female and 75.5% were male while their average age was 41 years. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody values ranged from 2.40 to 3120 BAU/ml with a mean value of 1354.56 BAU/ml. Statistical analysis showed that COVID‐19 severity and vaccination status are linked with reactivity of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies, while gender and age of voluntary blood donors are not related to the values of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. Conclusion: The values of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in voluntary blood donors in Serbia are kept relatively high, especially in blood donors who have overcome the severe COVID‐19, as well as in donors who have been vaccinated against COVID‐19. Further SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence studies in our country are certainly still necessary so global strategies to fight against COVID‐19 would be adequately evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Serbian musical culture was put late into connection with the European one. The fact that the first piano was introduced in Serbia in 1824 indicates that cultivating Serbian music was not possible under the Turkish domination. The spread of Serbian music in Europe made it possible to publish compositions by foreign authors and Serbian composers, which drew attention to the themes of Serbian music. The compositions were printed and published in Leipzig, Vienna, Prague, Paris, Budapest, London. The tours abroad performed by Serbian choirs and soloists popularized Serbian songs all over Europe. In the first half of the 20th century, almost 80 European composers wrote works with Serbian influences. Most of the foreign composers, especially those who lived and created among Serbians, embraced the mentality and cultural and musical needs of a people whose melodic essence they tapped into, using Serbian musical themes in their compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses an interdisciplinary approach and concepts of path dependencies, legacies, mental maps and social spaces to analyse the role of railway experts in the process of construction of national space in interwar Southeast Europe on the example of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia as a case study. The spatial analysis of this case study is based on primary and secondary sources: archival material, contemporary journals and newspapers, and contemporary expert's studies. The article analyses the role of transport infrastructure and railway experts in the construction of Yugoslav transport and national space, claiming that the old infrastructure and institutional path dependencies prevented construction of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two accessions of the polytrichaceous moss species Polytrichum formosum, namely German and Serbian genotypes, were subjected to salt stress, aiming to study the species' developmental and physiological features. Various concentrations of sodium chloride were applied to an axenic in vitro culture of the two moss genotypes, and the growth parameters as well as physiological feature changes were followed. As inferred by the morpho-developmental parameters and survival index, the Serbian genotype showed higher resistance to salt stress as compared to the German one. However, both moss genotypes survived the highest applied concentration (500 mM). As expected, short exposures to salt were rather easily overcome. No clear patterns in sugar content and changes were observed during the stress, but they are surely included in salt stress response and tolerance in P. formosum. Longer stress increased total chlorophyll content in both genotypes. In short-term applied salt stress, the Serbian genotype had a higher total chlorophyll concentration to control unstressed plants, while the German genotype decreased the total amount of chlorophyll. Similarly, carotenoids were shown to be significantly higher in the Serbian genotype, both in unstressed and treated plants, compared to the German one. The contents of tocopherols were higher in the Serbian genotype in controlled unstressed and subsequently short- and long-stressed plantlets compared to the German accession. In general, we can assume that P. formosum is unexpectedly tolerant to salt stress and that there are differences within various accessions of overall European populations, as referred by two randomly selected genotypes, which is most probably a consequence of different genetic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012, the Republic of Serbia has been governed by the Serbian Progressive Party, and since 2017 its chairman has also been the president, who has full power in his hands. In the first years after taking power, this group implemented a policy that could have been surprising to public opinion, considering the fact that it separated from the Serbian Radical Party. The negotiations on Kosovo, which brought a number of agreements, the diplomatic offensive that created Serbia as a European partner and regional hegemon, dynamic progress in the EU accession process and the promotion of Western European values were the elements that noticeably exposed the change in the image of this country in relation to the previous decades. However, the second term of government began to fit into the pattern of the global phenomenon of populism, leading to the ruling group taking over the structures of the separation of powers and limiting democracy in the country. Subsequent general elections brought the strengthening of this party in the structures of the state, whose level of democracy was rated increasingly lower in international rankings. Moreover, the political system of Serbia itself began to be presented in scientific and expert analyses as an example of stabilitocracy. The aim of this topic is to analyse the specific power of President Aleksander Vučić and his party in relation to shaping the state's multi-vector foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plums are the predominant fruit crop in Serbia. In the period under consideration (2012–2021), the Serbian plum area accounted for, on average, 42.52 % of the total fruit area in the country, far surpassing all other fruit crops. The Republic of Serbia is one of the leading plum producers in the world. With an average annual plum production of 440.91 thousand tons, Serbia ranks third in the world (following only China and Romania), contributing 3.77% to the world's total plum production. Nevertheless, the country faces challenges such as low yields per unit area, approximately 5.35 t/ha (FAO, 2023). Presently, the economic significance of plum production is not as high as in previous decades, and cultivation potential remains underutilized. To revitalize plum production in Serbia and reclaim its historical prominence, it is imperative to assess the current state of plum production both globally and regionally and implement appropriate measures to enhance economic performance in this traditional fruit sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical literature explaining stock markets behaviour develops in a several directions. One strand of literature supports efficient market hypothesis while other strand of literature suggests fractal market hypothesis. Existing literature presents mixed findings on long memory property and hypothesis of stock market fractality. This paper aims to contribute to the debate and examine multifractality and long memory property of returns in Croatian and Serbian capital markets while considering the role of trading columns. Using multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and daily returns from the beginning of 2010 up to the end of 2021 for CROBEX and BELEX15 empirical finding suggested multifractality and long memory or persistence in CROBEX and BELEX15 returns. Dynamics in trading volumes exhibited multifractality but no long memory property in case of CROBEX as well as in case of BELEX15. Price-volume cross-correlation in case of CROBEX as well as in case of BELEX15 can be described as mean reverting process with no long memory property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the annual and low-flow trends of rivers located in Serbia, a part of southeast Europe. To achieve this, a comprehensive framework for flow trend estimation was established using both the conventional Mann–Kendall trend test and its modified version, which considers the serial correlation of flows, alongside the Theil-Sen trend estimator for modeling linear trends. The investigation was performed at a large spatial scale for sites of 80 hydrological stations with negligible human influence. The most important rivers are given as follows: the Velika Morava, Južna Morava, Kolubara, Nišava, Timok, and Toplica rivers. Selected hydrological stations at these rivers drain the watershed areas from 79 km2 to 995 km2 with the respective recording periods (average length of the recorded data is equal to 60 years). The results implied that decreasing annual and low-flow trends are occurring for southern and eastern Serbian river streams while increasing trends were estimated at only a few hydrological sites. Hence, the results assist in revealing the most vulnerable river basins with statistically significant decreasing trends and provide a solid basis for the estimation of the design annual and low-flow trends in Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the text, the author provides an overview of the history of the Serbs in the Požega valley using archival material, literature and interviews with the remaining members of the Serbian national minority. The author first brings information about the circumstances of Serb immigration to the area of the Požega valley, and then deals with the customs and way of life of the Serbs. He devoted a special chapter to the Second World War. The socialist period was covered in the following chapter, which also covered the culture of remembrance of the Second World War and the neglect of religion. The last chapter deals with the Homeland War in the Požega valley and the suffering of Serbs in that area.

Purpose: A rise in strokes worldwide means that the number of people affected by aphasia is increasing. Early and accurate diagnosis of aphasia is crucial for recovery. Presently, there are no dedicated screening tests tailored for evaluating aphasia in Serbian-speaking individuals. This paper presents and describes the psychometric properties of the Serbian Aphasia Screening Test (SAST), a novel aphasia screening tool designed specifically for Serbian speakers. This initiative fills the gap in aphasia assessment tools for the Serbian population, providing a comprehensive and culturally sensitive approach to the evaluation of language disorders. Method: Data using the SAST were collected from 240 participants: 120 Serbian speakers with aphasia after stroke compared to 120 neurotypical individuals. The assessment included the following subtests: conversation, verbal automatized sequences, auditory comprehension, visual confrontation naming, responsive naming, repetition of words, repetition of sentences, oral word reading, oral sentence reading, reading comprehension, and writing. The main objectives were to ascertain the psychometric qualities of the SAST, including inter-rater reliability of scoring, test-retest reliability, reliability of the individual subtests, overall test reliability, and inter-correlations among subtests. Additionally, the study evaluated the discriminatory capability of the SAST in distinguishing between individuals with aphasia and neurotypical controls, as well as between individuals with different types of aphasia. Results: The findings revealed that the SAST has excellent inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. There were statistically significant differences between individuals with aphasia and neurotypical controls on all SAST subtests. Furthermore, the study identified significant differences in language profiles among participants with different types of aphasia. The significant correlations between scores on the SAST and on the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) suggest good convergent validity of the SAST. Conclusions: The results underscore the robust psychometric properties of this novel screening assessment (SAST) and its ability to effectively discriminate between diverse linguistic abilities within different aphasia syndromes in Serbian speaking individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study summarized the physicochemical analysis of 609 honey samples originating from the Republic of Serbia. Variations among honey samples from different botanical origins, regions of collections, and harvest years were exposed to descriptive statistics and correlation analysis that differentiated honey samples. Furthermore, most of the observed physicochemical parameters (glucose, fructose, sucrose content, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) levels, acidity, and electrical conductivity) varied significantly among different types of honey, years, and regions. At the same time, no noticeable difference was found in diastase activity, moisture content, and insoluble matter. Based on the obtained results, 22 honey samples could be considered adulterated, due to the irregular content of sucrose, 5-HMF, acidity, and diastase activity. In addition, 64 honey samples were suspected to be adulterated. Adulterated and non-compliant samples present a relatively low percentage (14.1%) of the total number of investigated samples. Consequently, a considerable number of honey samples met the required standards for honey quality. Overall, these findings provide insights into compositional and quality differences among various types of honey, aiding in understanding their characteristics and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The City Library and Museum was founded in Pančevo in 1924. It worked successfully until the Second World War, had stable financing, relatively professional staff and numerous readers. In the period between the two world wars, it was one of four active city libraries in Vojvodina and one of seven in the whole of Serbia. Based on the available literature and source documents, the author tried to shed some light on the prehistory of the City Library of Pančevo, to answer the question of why it was not possible to establish it earlier, to determine the earliest date when the first lending libraries could be founded, and to establish their connection with the City Library of Pančevo. The conclusion was that possibly the first reading rooms and libraries were formed at the beginning of the 19th century, at the earliest. Then, the Austrian Empire finally banished the Ottoman army from the Pančevo region and it was possible to start with the continuous economic, social and cultural development of the city. The author paid attention to the library of the German-Banat Frontier Regiment which was one of the biggest and best-organised libraries in the years immediately before dismantling the Military Frontier (Kraina) in 1872. On the eve of the dismantling of the Frontier, after various Serbian cassinas and reading rooms, the library of the Serbian Orthodox Church Municipality was founded. It was a landing library, too, and very important for Serbs in Pančevo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Letopis Matice srpske is the oldest living Serbian periodical, and in 2024 will celebrate 200 years of continuous press run. It was founded by the professor from Novi Sad Georgije Magarašević (1793-1830). After the first few volumes, the publishing of the Letopis was taken over by Matica srpska. The paper offers an overview of the fundamental programmatic orientations of the Letopis during the times of numerous chief editors. The most notable among them were Georgije Magarašević, Todor Pavlović, Jovan Subotić, Jovan Đorđević, Tihomir Ostojić, Marko Maletin, and Mladen Leskovac. Its founder, Georgije Magarašević, had a broad vision of a magazine that was supposed to cover the whole Slavic, particularly Serbian, people. As time passed, the magazine has been changing its conception due to societal, political and ideological reasons. Nevertheless, it always aimed to be the Serbian magazine for literary science. The aim was partially fulfilled only after the Second World War and completed after the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Its longevity obliges both to nurturing tradition and to additional research on the impact it has in present times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Cyrillic printing house was founded in Cetinje and during a short period of its work published five incunabula: Octoechos of the First Tone (Oktoih prvoglasnik), Octoechos of the Fifth Tone (Oktoih petoglasnik), Psalter with Additions (Psaltir s posledovanjem), Breviary (Trebnik) and The Gospel (Četvorojevandjelje). The most deserving person for the existence of the Cetinje printing house was the ruler of Zeta, Đurađ Crnojević, while the technical editor of the books was Hieromonk Makarije. The Cetinje printing house was the first one among South Slavs, and printing in Cyrillic letters - the second of the kind in Europe. Contacts with the Serenissima were decisive since the printing press and typographic equipment were bought in Venice. Octoechos of the First Tone was published on January 4th 1494, as stated in its colophon. This book is of high quality, thus being the most important issue of Old Church Slavonic printing. Both the preface and epilogue underline the motives of Đurđe Crnojević for publishing liturgical books - preserving the faith and resistance against spiritual colonialisation. The Cetinje incunabula's main characteristics are their reliance both on Slavic manuscript tradition and Renaissance innovations (particularly in ornamentation), as well as high technical quality. Ornaments show an interweaving of Eastern and Western tendencies: the heritage of Serbian-Slavonic manuscripts on the one side and Gothic-Renaissance and pure Renaissance traditions on the other. The language is consistently Serbian-Slavonic, in the Ekavian dialect. These features of the contemporary Serbian church and literary language were maintained till the end of its use, sometime around the middle of the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among many genes which have been analyzed to understand obesity and related metabolic traits among children and adolescents, not many studies are conducted on LGALS3 gene, especially in population of children. A positive correlation of circulating galectin 3 serum levels with impaired blood glucose, high blood pressure and higher values of serum lipids and was found in general population. The aim was to investigate possible association of rs4644 with body mass index, glycaemia, and lipid profile in Serbian adolescents. Methods: The study included 72 boys and 79 girls, 14-15 years of age. Among boys 51 (67.1%) had normal values of BMI, 11 (14.5%) were overweight, and 14 (18.4%) were obese. Among girls, 53 (63.9%) had normal BMI, 16 (19.3%) were overweight, and 14 (16.9%) were obese. Diabetes type 1 or 2, genetic syndromes, generalized inflammation, cardiovascular and malignant diseases were criteria for exclusion. Genotyping was performed by Real time PCR. Results: Girls carriers of CC genotype had statistically higher mean values of BMI, and triglycerides in comparison to the girls carriers of CA+AA genotypes, p=0.041, and p=0.045, respectively. The higher frequency of obese was found among group of girls who were carriers of CC genotype, p=0.049. No statistically significant association was observed among other analyzed parameters in neither examined groups. Results: Our research indicates that there is an association between the CC genotype of rs4644 polymorphism with obesity and higher triglycerides level in the group of female adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article revisits the concept of empowerment that has underpinned the global movement to address gendered violence. Using a critical praxis lens, the article explores different understandings of empowerment that arose in interviews with front-line domestic violence workers who support refugee and migrant women experiencing gendered violence in Queensland, Australia. Two-thirds of the participants are from refugee and migrant backgrounds themselves. The findings reflect the shift in the service sector from more macro understandings of empowerment, grounded in feminist activism, to more micro understandings. In a context of neoliberal, bureaucratic service delivery, and limited means to address gendered violence that focus on women leaving and legal interventions, empowerment is sometimes viewed in individualistic, therapeutic terms of self-help. There is evidence that domestic violence services, founded on theories of empowerment, are now implicated in the surveillance and risk tracking role of social work as a profession, which has implications for survivor centeredness, agency, and equal participation. However, there is also evidence that front-line workers are aware of structural failings and questioning individualistic conceptions of empowerment amid broader concerns of social justice. Empowerment is viewed as transformative, with possibilities for more collective models aimed at addressing social justice. Outlining implications for feminist scholarship and practice, I suggest empowerment might be revisited by considering the differences between and within groups; structural violence and the consequences of interventions for marginalized groups; collective strategies aimed at broader structural change, such as poverty and race; and by strengthening the capacity of communities to respond to violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives: Prehypertension and hypertension are the most common cardiovascular disorders worldwide and are increasingly considered one of the most serious public health problems, particularly in developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and demographic and socioeconomic predictors of prehypertension and hypertension in the adults in Serbia, and to examine the relationship between prehypertension and hypertension and health behavior determinants (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity) and individual aspects of health (a health self-assessment, multimorbidity, BMI, depressive symptoms). Materials and Methods: The research is part of the fourth National Population Health Survey conducted in 2019, which was conducted by the Republic Institute of Statistics, in cooperation with the Institute of Public Health of Serbia and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia. As a research instrument, questionnaires were used in accordance with the methodology of the European Health Survey. For the purposes of this research, data on the adult population aged 20 and over were used. Results: Women are at a reduced risk for both prehypertension (OR  =  0.328) and hypertension (OR = 0.349) by nearly 70%. Similarly, those aged below 60 years have a lower risk for prehypertension and those younger than 40 years have a lower risk for hypertension (OR = 0.995), whereas people with a lower education have a 4.3 times higher risk of prehypertension (OR = 4.323) and a 1.6 times higher risk of hypertension (OR =  1.614). The poor have a 1.4 times higher risk of prehypertension (OR = 1.413) and a 1 times higher risk of hypertension (OR = 1.035). People with multimorbidity have a 1.2 times higher risk of both prehypertension (OR = 1.218) and a 4.8 times higher risk of hypertension (OR = 4.867). Conclusions: Male gender, lower education, poverty, age and the presence of multimorbidity are significant predictors of prehypertension and hypertension in the Serbian adult population, so preventive strategies should be aimed at these sensitive population groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the emergence of novel agreement patterns of the bipartite reciprocal markers (BRM) jedan drugi (Serbian) and l’un(o) l’altro (Italian), both meaning ‘each other’. In Serbian, the most conclusive evidence of an ongoing change comes from novel case agreement patterns, where the first element of the BRM no longer agrees in case with the antecedent. For Italian, the absence of agreement on the first part (l’un) is understood to be a result of grammaticalization, accompanied by other symptoms such as semantic weakening. The major problems for this view are gender agreeing plural BRMs, and the fact that agreeing BRMs in general do not seem to be ‘less reciprocal’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]