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When recalling autobiographical events, people not only retrieve event details but also the feelings they experienced. The current study examined whether people are able to consistently recall the intensity of past feelings associated with two consequential and negatively valenced events, i.e. the 9/11 attack (N = 769) and the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 726). By comparing experienced and recalled intensities of negative feelings, we discovered that people systematically recall a higher intensity of negative feelings than initially reported – overestimating the intensity of past negative emotional experiences. The COVID-19 dataset also revealed that individuals who experienced greater improvement in emotional well-being displayed smaller biases in recalling their feelings. Across both datasets, the intensity of remembered feelings was correlated with initial feelings and current feelings, but the impact of the current feelings was stronger in the COVID-19 dataset than in the 9/11 dataset. Our results demonstrate that when recalling negative autobiographical events, people tend to overestimate the intensity of prior negative emotional experiences with their degree of bias influenced by current feelings and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of safety and security literature has been notably accompanied with the rise of modern terrorism, above all after the attacks to World Trade Center in 2001. This was the first bloody incident where four commercial airplanes have been weaponized against the most powerful nation in the planet. Like the recent COVID-19 pandemic, 9/11 has changed not only geopolitics but travel behavior as never before. In this grim context, the present conceptual article focuses and examines the evolution of safety???security literature head by Event Management , as fertile ground in Event Management and Tourism studies, because of terrorism. We identify three academic schools that in different stages make a seminal contribution to the studied field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on predictors of successful terrorism incidents is scarce and warrants more scholarly attention to minimize the number of successful terrorist attacks. This study examined whether suicide attack, region, weapon type, attack type, target/victim type, and type of terrorist organization are predictors of successful terrorism incidents. The data contained global terrorism incidents that occurred between 1970 and 2019 and were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (N = 154,289). The results of multivariate analyses obtained from the binary logistic regression test showed that successful terrorism is less likely to occur in North America but, when such attacks do occur, they are more likely to involve facility/infrastructure as the attack type and a firearm as the weapon type; target private citizens and property; and be committed by religious terrorist organizations. The findings of the study and its policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews three recent books covering a broad spectrum of deterrence research and uses them to argue for a properly constituted field of Deterrence Studies. Having declined after the Cold War, research slowly revived after 9/11, and then picked up rapidly in the last decade with the rise of great power competition. Having been consigned to the academic margins for decades, such is the centrality of deterrence in international affairs, and the continued growth of multi- and interdisciplinary research on the topic, that it deserves its own field, rather than indefinitely remaining as a subset of other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how and why the northwest borderland region of Pakistan has become one of the world’s most heavily militarised regions. Before 9/11, the area was a historical colonial frontier, experiencing significant militarism and violence during the Cold War. After the 9/11 attacks and the American and allied forces’ invasion and occupation of Afghanistan, however, the Pakistani military undertook a massive intervention and deployment in the region and established a chain of checkpoints aimed at filtering and disciplining the local population. Consequently, local inhabitants have endured severe treatment from the military and other coercive apparatuses. Using an ethnographic method, this article documents the daily experiences of the local people amidst pervasive militarisation. It contends that recent instances of state violence and militarisation cannot solely be attributed to 9/11 but are deeply rooted in the region’s historical treatment as a buffer zone during colonial times. In this context, Pakistan’s postcolonial state has heavily relied on its violent methods and securitised infrastructure to regulate both the region and its people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian Americans have been the target of hate crimes in the United States. Data from multiple sources reveals that hate crimes increase following seminal events. Two events in particular, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the COVID-19 pandemic, led to spikes in hate directed at Asian Americans, including adolescents. These acts of hate can range from bullying on social media to violent attacks. This paper presents four such cases of hate along with the statistics surrounding pre- and post-event hate crimes and incidents. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the perspectives and emotions of others. The lack of empathy leads to prejudice and hate. Adolescence is a unique time for human development. Under the correct circumstances, intergroup contact with empathy activation has the ability to reduce hate. Further, as empathy is a teachable trait, schools have a critical role to play in adolescent social and moral development. A lack of research exists on empathy education in adolescents. This paper reviews the current literature and suggests that empathy education may reduce prejudice. As these events are likely to occur in the future, it is the position of this paper that empathy education may reduce hate, including violent hate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I find myself being resident in an ahistorical Orwellian and movie-like ground hog day repetitive cycle of bearing witness to the American political scene. This addendum revisits, consistent with this cycle, my earlier paper on sentience groups. "Sentience In Contemporary Conservative American Politics" that was published in this Journal in 2020. It made the argument that sentience groups exist in many forms where the bonds are of an emotional nature but can become rationalized by formulating them into ideological perspectives (backward engineering). This sociopolitical dynamic provides a basis for acting on these shared emotions where, for example, MAGA paranoid leaders see that there are enemies everywhere that must be defended against by constructing boundaries, barriers, and walls to maintain their sentience bonds and their group's "purity." The accompanying fears and threats have become the basis for these shared social bonds that create a binary polarized societal distribution. Now in 2024 the binary political landscape is one that is hard to believe. It is filled with hard to imagine metaphoric rabbit holes that lead to what are hard to imagine possibilities within the MAGA sentience world--not dissimilar to the failures to imagine that are said to have led to 9/11 (Allcorn, 2024). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that, led by the U.S., a transformation of trans-Atlantic counter-terrorism (CT) has occurred since 9/11. However, a theoretically informed framework for understanding how this has happened remains elusive. Using post-Fordist industrial theory and new evidence collected from senior practitioners across the trans-Atlantic space, this article provides a novel conceptual framework for understanding how states have transformed CT organization since 9/11, primarily in response to global jihadism. It shows how many of these solutions are remarkably similar and based on post-Fordist business and/or military best practices, including centralization and decentralization; integration of core and periphery workforces; a network approach to knowledge sharing; and outsourcing. The conclusion discusses the effectiveness of these solutions and their use in meeting new policy challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives We evaluated the efficacies of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) of two clinically utilized sulbactam regimens: 1 g q6h 0.5 h infusion (maximum FDA-approved dosage) and 3 g q8h 4 h infusion (high-dose, prolonged-infusion regimen), against Acinetobacter baumannii in a translational murine model. Methods Thirty-two clinical A. baumannii isolates were investigated, of which 16 were sulbactam resistant (MIC ≥ 16 mg/L), 6 were sulbactam intermediate (MIC = 8 mg/L) and 10 were sulbactam susceptible (MIC ≤ 4 mg/L). Efficacies of the two sulbactam HSRs were assessed in the neutropenic murine pneumonia model. Changes in log10 cfu/lungs at 24 h compared with 0 h controls were measured, and efficacy was defined as achieving 1 log kill relative to baseline. WGS of the isolates and bioinformatics analysis were performed to explore potential associations between the genomic backgrounds and the in vivo responses. Results Eleven isolates harboured bla OXA-23, of which 10 were sulbactam resistant, 1 was sulbactam intermediate while none was sulbactam susceptible. Both sulbactam HSRs achieved >1 log kill against sulbactam-susceptible isolates. Against sulbactam-intermediate and sulbactam-resistant isolates, lack of efficacy correlated with the presence of the bla OXA-23 gene; sulbactam 1 g HSR and 3 g HSR did not show efficacy against 11/11 and 9/11 bla OXA-23-positive isolates, respectively, while efficacy was observed against all 11 bla OXA-23-negative sulbactam-intermediate and sulbactam-resistant isolates (i.e. harbouring other resistance genes). Conclusions A sulbactam high-dose prolonged-infusion regimen provides comparable activity to the standard dose against isolates currently considered sulbactam susceptible. However, the activity against isolates with intermediate and resistant susceptibility could be predicted by the detection of bla OXA-23. Enhancing detection capabilities of common diagnostic modalities to include OXA-23 can improve patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catastrophic events of September 11, 2001, stand out as a major motivation for research on improving the understanding of structural behaviour in fire. These events included the first complete collapse of a tall steel framed structure solely due to fire. World Trade Center 7 (WTC7) was a 47-storey office building within the WTC complex that collapsed due to a fire initiated by debris from the collapse of WTC1. In the following years, detailed investigations were carried out by expert teams to pinpoint the cause of the progressive failure of WTC7. Each of the expert teams analysed the fire and structure and made varying conclusions with regards to the mechanisms responsible for initiating and propagating the collapse of the building. This paper revisits the collapse of WTC7 and its investigation, and then explores the hypothesis that a potential hydrocarbon fire may have compromised the large transfer structure within the mechanical space of the building. This is done via two OpenSees finite element models. The first model explores the thermomechanical response of the mechanical floors to a potential diesel fire, and the second investigates the response of the structure to a failure caused by that fire. The outcome of the analyses shows that it is feasible that a mechanical room fire could lead to a failure in the transfer structure, which would then result in the loss of support to at least two columns within the building core. The failure of these columns may unbrace the eastern-most core columns and precipitate in the failure of the structure as observed on 9/11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Code Name Blue Wren: The True Story of America's Most Dangerous Female Spy and the Sister She Betrayed" by Jim Popkin is a book that explores the life of Ana Montes, a spy for Cuba who was convicted and served over twenty years in prison. The author provides a narrative of Montes' background, including her Puerto Rican roots and career in the U.S. Intelligence Community. Montes' motivation for spying was ideological, and she provided information to her Cuban handlers that is believed to have led to an attack in El Salvador. The book also discusses the counterintelligence investigation that eventually led to Montes' capture and conviction. Overall, the book offers insights into the world of espionage and the impact it had on Montes' family and the nation. [Extracted from the article]

In this article I examine the contemporary discourses and debates that surround the sociology of spirituality, with especial attention to the term "spirituality". To counter the widespread belief that this term lacks clarity and utility, I suggest reconsidering Max Weber's use of the term "spirit," as it refers to a recognisable ethic that results in specific behaviour, while still retaining its religious and spiritual connotations. Through focusing on two influential English figures in the post 9/11 God debate in the West, Richard Dawkins and Karen Armstrong, I provide a brief case study of how Weber's understanding of "spirit" serves great utility in illuminating what drives the ideas, identity-making and behaviour of contemporary atheists and those defending religion. By utilising Weber's "spirit," rather than the term spirituality, I demonstrate that this enables us to dig deep into the social context and backgrounds of these two individuals, and to avoid taking their statements at face value – a common criticism of sociology of spirituality studies. I argue that the use of "spirit," in terms of a recognisable ethic that results in specific behaviour, would benefit the sociology of spirituality. This is because it grounds the God debaters' ideas and beliefs in a recognisable human experience that eludes reductive distinctions and disembodied abstractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effectiveness of post-9/11 U.S. counterterrorism policies in preventing terror attacks and reducing casualties against American targets within and outside the United States. Monthly data on terrorism incidents from July 1981 through December 2020 were obtained from the Global Terrorism Database (N = 462). The results of monthly interrupted time-series analyses showed that within the United States, after the 9/11 attacks, the number of attacks, the number of successful attacks, and the successful attack rate statistically significantly decreased in the first month following 9/11; then, no significant increase was observed in the trend of those outcomes. Outside the United States, after the 9/11 attacks, the trend of the number of successful attacks, the number of victims, the number of nonfatal victims, and the victim rate statistically significantly decreased. The results suggest that post-9/11 U.S. counterterrorism policies are effective both domestically and internationally. These findings and their policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes that feminist phenomenology offers an essential set of conceptual tools for analysing forms of violence which destroy the body beyond the point of death. To illustrate the potential utility of this approach, I apply this lens to the 11 September 2001 attack on the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City. I identify several distinct modes of bodily transformation from the attack, grouped into three broad categories: vaporised bodies, intermingled remains, and hidden fragments. I describe how these transformations unsettled the relationships between bodies and contexts, and occasioned the formation of new relationships in ways that heightened and extended the violence of the attack. I end with a discussion of attempts to resettle and repair these relationships through the creation of fictive bodies. These fictive bodies aim to repair the specific harms caused by the derangement of bodily relations by re-establishing firm boundaries between heroic, national bodies, and the monstrous body of the attacker. Through rigorous engagement with this case, I illustrate the unique potential of feminist phenomenology to account for the relationships between bodies, objects, and spaces as the site of political meaning-making in the aftermath of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of this writing, the twentieth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks and a capstone edited book that defines the narrative tradition of libraries and democracy have come and gone. They are related. There is cause for reassessment in light of those two decades and widespread worry about democracy, with parallels in libraries. The library and information science field must deepen its understanding of democracy, but do so in a way that does not abandon the historic commitments characterized in the capstone book. I propose a switch in perspective to libraries in the life of democracy, from democracy in the life of libraries. This article describes the defining narrative and then explores the idea of civic republican (active) citizenship, on which the defining narrative draws heavily, revealing a democracy-within-the-life-of-libraries perspective. "Actually existing democracy" is sketched in contrast, which fosters a libraries-within-the-life-of-democracy approach. Factors working against and for democracy in libraries in the past two decades are presented in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks can assist enhance awareness of terrorism and give crucial information support for anti-terrorism efforts. This study utilizes quantitative approaches for the risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks. A total of 210,454 terrorist attacks that occurred worldwide from 1970 through 2020 were collected in the Global Terrorism Database, and 22 indicators related to the risk of terrorist attacks were selected. Then, the moment estimation theory and four comprehensive evaluation models were utilized to identify the top 10 riskiest terrorist attacks in the world. Furthermore, the five clustering analysis methods and three evaluation criteria were performed for the risk categorization of terrorist attacks, and the visual analysis was carried out using the kernel density estimation method. The research results have identified the top 10 riskiest global terrorist attacks, which were led by the September 11 terrorist attack event, along with their downward counterfactual events. The spatial distribution of global terrorist attack risk is primarily composed of four "turbulent cores" in the region of Central Asia, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia, and Central America & Caribbean. This study also provided insights and recommendations for anti-terrorism efforts. It has realized the risk assessment and categorization of terrorist attacks, aiding in the swift identification of its risk levels, and holds immense significance for safeguarding global national security and societal stability under new circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings from pedagogic research evaluating the impact of the involvement of survivors from the World Trade Center attacks in New York City in 2001 in trauma-specific social work education. A pedagogic approach to mental health education is discussed which aims to prepare students to develop trauma-informed assessment and intervention skills concurrent with their encounters with trauma survivors in field practice placements. The small-scale research involved surveying students’ evaluations at a university in New York, following exposure to first-hand accounts of survivors’ experiences. Across the three areas—confidence in knowledge of trauma, impact on learning, and preparation for field practice—the evaluation findings indicate that the students’ knowledge, gained from the involvement of 9/11 survivors, improved over time. This paper presents the background to this project, preparations involved, and findings from research evaluations with the students. The findings suggest that the involvement of those with direct and lived trauma experience in classroom teaching, whilst challenging, can yield positive impacts for students. The 9/11 survivors poignantly shared with students that their lives were changed forever in the aftermath of these events. The findings have potential global educational impact and resonance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study tested the motivational power of inoculation to foster resistance to conspiracy propaganda (9/11 Truth Movement), comparing inoculation effects across United States and Finnish study participants. Method: We used a 2 inoculation (treatment vs. control) x 2 national culture (American vs. Finnish) independent groups design (N = 319), while examining the effects of motivational threat and thinking modes--analytic vs. intuitive--on the inoculation process. To test the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy, we used an excerpt from a conspiracy film Loose Change as a counterattitudinal attack message. Results: Our results indicated that inoculation was effective at motivating resistance regardless of national culture. Inoculation effects emerged mostly as a direct effect on resistance and two indirect effects wherein motivational threat mediated the relationship between inoculation and resistance as well as inoculation and analytic mode of message processing. Although we found that an increase in analytic mode of processing facilitated resistance and intuitive processing increased conspiracy-theory endorsement, the indirect effects between inoculation and resistance via message processing modes were not significant. Finally, the data revealed national culture differences in analytic mode and cultural-context differences mostly pertaining to the relationships between thinking styles, media literacy, and modes of thinking. Discussion: These results offer important theoretical implications for inoculation scholarship and suggest viable practical solutions for efforts to mitigate misinformation and conspiratorial beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideas underlying terrorism, which can be summarized as the use of violence for political purposes, have transformed over time. One of the theories that aims to explain this transformation, the "wave theory" put forward by David C. Rapoport, claims that modern terrorism has progressed in four waves until today. The fourth wave is the current "religious wave". There are also those who refer to this wave as "new terrorism" since it has significant differences from its predecessors in terms of motivation, organization, target selection, area of action, tactics and effective use of technology. The September 11 attacks were undoubtedly the event where the differentiation in the above-mentioned qualities was most evident. In the 2023 Global Terrorism Index report, it is pointed out that religiously motivated terrorism has decreased by 95 percent since its peak in 2016, which raises the question "what's next?". An analysis of recent terrorist attacks reveals the emergence of a new wave of terrorism, characterized by ideological diversity, decentralization and individualization, disinformation and lethality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While severely distressing events are known to affect mental health adversely, some survivors develop only short-lived or no psychiatric symptoms in the aftermath of a disaster. In the WTC Health Program General Responder Cohort (WTCHP GRC) we examined whether social support was protective against the development of depression or anxiety symptoms after the 9/11 WTC attacks and explored in a subsample whether trait resilience moderated this relationship. Methods: We analyzed data from 14,033 traditional and 13,478 non-traditional responders who attended at least three periodic health monitoring visits between 2002 and 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener; GAD-7) scores. In a subsample of 812 participants, we also assessed if the association between social support and symptoms was moderated by an individual's trait resilience level (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC). Results: For both traditional and non-traditional responders, perceived social support around 9/11 was associated with lower levels of depressive (β = − 0.24, S.E. = 0.017, z = − 14.29, p < 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (β = − 0.17, S. E. = 0.016, z = − 10.48, p < 0.001). Trait resilience scores were higher in responders with at least one source of social support during the aftermath of 9/11 compared to those without (mean 71.56, SD 21.58 vs mean 76.64, SD 17.06; β = 5.08, S.E. = 0.36, p < 0.001). Trait resilience moderated the association between social support and depressive (p < 0.001) and anxiety trajectories (p < 0.001) for traditional responders. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that perceived social support around a severely distressing event may have long-term protective effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media exposure to graphic images of violence has proliferated in contemporary society, particularly with the advent of social media. Extensive exposure to media coverage immediately after the 9/11 attacks and the Boston Marathon bombings (BMB) was associated with more early traumatic stress symptoms; in fact, several hours of BMB-related daily media exposure was a stronger correlate of distress than being directly exposed to the bombings themselves. Researchers have replicated these findings across different traumatic events, extending this work to document that exposure to graphic images is independently and significantly associated with stress symptoms and poorer functioning. The media exposuredistress association also appears to be cyclical over time, with increased exposure predicting greater distress and greater distress predicting more media exposure following subsequent tragedies. The war in Israel and Gaza, which began on October 7, 2023, provides a current, real-time context to further explore these issues as journalists often share graphic images of death and destruction, making media-based graphic images once again ubiquitous and potentially challenging public well-being. For individuals sharing an identity with the victims or otherwise feeling emotionally connected to the Middle East, it may be difficult to avoid viewing these images. Through a review of research on the association between exposure to graphic images and public health, we discuss differing views on the societal implications of viewing such images and advocate for media literacy campaigns to educate the public to identify mis/disinformation and understand the risks of viewing and sharing graphic images with others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis practitioner paper describes an inquiry-based approach applying the College, Career, and Civic Life (C3) framework to facilitate instruction of September 11, 2001 history, and its impact on post-9/11 society. An upper elementary level inquiry teaches the Boatlift Rescue from Manhattan Island, and a secondary level inquiry addresses the concepts of loss and persistence. Enduring issues are humanity and resiliency. The featured sources are children’s and youth literature related to 9/11 history and post-9/11 society. Children’s and youth trade books offer educators a valuable starting point to teach about 9/11 and post-9/11 history. For each inquiry instructional strategies are highlighted that encourage students to make their thinking visible when reading trade books and using primary sources from 9/11 repositories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the study was fourfold, firstly it was to analyze the ulterior objectives of USA in Iran, secondly, to analyze the impact of sanctions of US on Iran, thirdly, to highlight the strategy of Iran facing the US opposition in the region, and to critically analyze the US Iran rivalry effect on Pakistan. It has been observed that because of the US interests in Persian Gulf and to check Iran's nuclear activities, US is exerting pressure on Iran in the shape of imposing sanctions on her. US has several intimate pursuits in Pakistan for resuming the safety policy in a timely manner mainly after the 9/11 confrontation. US forced Pakistan to come in terms with the policies what she desires. Because of the increasing tensions between Iran and US, Pakistan played a mediator role several times to reduce this tension however, it did not succeed because of the interests of US in both Pakistan and Iran. The tension between the two countries is still escalating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Brown and Kulik (1977) coined the term 'Flashbulb memories' (FBMs), there are still heated debates about their nature. We thus considered it useful to take stock of almost 50 years of research by reviewing 57 test–retest studies on FBMs for public events. The review aimed to answer six research questions by examining the target events and populations investigated (RQ1); the methods used to assess differences among groups and the effect of time on memory (RQ2); the assessment of FBMs' contents (RQ3), consistency (RQ4), vividness and confidence (RQ5); the criteria used to draw studies' conclusions (RQ6). Results show a huge methodological heterogeneity which may have contributed to the different conclusions about the special status of FBMs. The in‐depth comparison of 9/11 studies suggests that results may differ depending on the methods used. Finally, the paper provides methodological suggestions for future FBMs studies and seeks to stimulate critical theoretical reflections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinctive among memorials for its rurality and its integration of the natural landscape, the Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania narrates the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 through an embodied experience of trauma and relief. In this article, we analyze the rhetorical interaction between the memorial's pastoral setting and the Visitor Center's traumatic and temporal reenactment of the doomed flight. Contributing to scholarly understanding of how pastoral landscape functions in memorialization, we argue that the memorial's materiality interpellates visitors into the subject position of a safety-seeking citizen, which facilitates the unquestioned militarization of the nation-state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a roundtable discussion among opera professionals about the importance of collaboration in opera productions. The participants discuss the challenges of directing and acting in Wagner's operas, emphasizing the importance of personal direction and understanding the characters. They also discuss their experiences working on specific productions and the rewards and challenges of the rehearsal process. The participants highlight the collaborative nature of opera production and the transformative power of live performances. They emphasize the need to value and promote opera as a form of spiritual nourishment. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Middle East Journal of Legal & Jurisprudence Studies / Mağallaẗ al-Šarq al-Awsaṭ li-l-ʿulūm al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa-al-Fiqhiyyaẗ is the property of Manar Elsharq for Studies & Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Islam was branded as a religion of terror and bloodshed after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Nonetheless, there have been counter-movements to challenge this stereotyping from many Muslim nations within the past ten years. The Arab-Muslim nation of Qatar, which organized and hosted the 2022 World Cup, is one of them. The present study examines Qatar's progress in organizing and hosting the 2022 World Cup. The study also looks into Qatar's approach in dealing with Muslims and combating Islamophobia. A social psychology method is used in the current study to explore Qatar's mission. Investigations by print media and interviews have made it easier to comprehend the context and causes of Islamophobia. Qatar demonstrates how an anti-Islamophobia program can be constructed by first presenting a favorable impression of Muslims and Islam and presenting the reality of Islam. Additionally, an empirical study was carried out to examine media discourse in order to examine the ways that Qatar's positions and actions contributed to anti-Islamophobia globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, disruptive media events, such as major terrorist attacks, have gained increasing relevance in news coverage around the world. Despite the growing importance of such globally broadcast media events, little research to date has examined cross-national variation in event coverage or the predictors of this variation. This study examines news coverage about the 9/11 terror attacks in the United States across 51 countries to analyze whether the topical focus and emotional tone of news coverage about the attacks varied according to a country's proximity to the United States and the dominant role perceptions of its journalistic culture. We show that these macro-level predictors are associated in varying degrees with the country-level topical focus and emotional tone of reporting over the 30 days following this salient event. Moreover, our analysis also suggests that temporal developments may have uniformly structured much of this worldwide coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a review history of online collecting of current moments, including Hurricane Katrina, September 11, and the COVID-19 pandemic, which have been digitized.

The article explores the question of whether New York City has killed indie rock. It discusses how New York's dominance in the indie rock scene is a relatively recent phenomenon, with college towns and second-tier cities like Chapel Hill, Athens, Minneapolis, and Seattle being the centers of indie rock in the 1980s and 1990s. The article also examines the impact of the mass migration of musicians, critics, and fans to New York City, and how it has reshaped the indie rock landscape. It concludes that while New York's influence on indie rock cannot be denied, other factors such as changes in production and performance requirements, the rise of electronic media, and the dilution of local press outlets have also played a role in shaping the indie rock scene. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Quebec Studies is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relationship between terrorism and human rights has attracted considerable research and policy attention. As countries grapple with formulating effective strategies to combat terrorist groups, governments have faced criticism for resorting to increased repression in the name of counterterrorism. One common response by states to terrorism has been the implementation of counterterrorism legislation, with numerous countries enacting such laws in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks to establish a legal framework for addressing the terrorist threat. In this paper, we delve into the impact of counterterrorism legislation on abuses by the state, with a specific focus on the use of torture and political imprisonment. We argue that the introduction of counterterrorism legislation has exposed more citizens to the threat of being detained and the risk of torture by state forces. We contend that this relationship is particularly pronounced in countries adopting new counterterrorism legislation after 9/11. To substantiate our argument, we utilise data on counterterrorism legislation and conduct empirical testing, uncovering some supportive evidence for the relationship between the introduction of counterterrorism legislation and the prevalence of torture and political imprisonment, especially in cases where new laws were introduced in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, along with the process of digitalisation of businesses and state apparatuses, the world has faced a new major issue that can produce physical / non-physical damage, and equally threaten individual security and the state’s sovereignty: cyberattacks. Confronted with the strategic competition – within a multipolar world – coupled with this new challenge that can redefine the nature of war, NATO member states have tried to find a common answer by linking cyberattacks to Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, NATO’s collective defence principle. Understandably, Article 5 was drafted while having in mind the aspects of deterrence and defence related to conventional wars. However, it has been invoked by the Allies only once, i.e., after the 9/11 terrorist attacks against the USA, which represented quite an unconventional scenario, certainly unanticipated by the Alliance’s Founding Fathers. Given the current trend, and reflecting on the increase in the complexity, intensity and persistence of the known cyberattacks, it is important to study the potential game-changing circumstances of such unconventional attacks, which might trigger Article 5 and its collective defence principle. The present paper seeks to depict the complexities and consequences of cyberattacks within the framework of the collective defence principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The perturbations that have occurred in recent history regarding critical infrastructure have highlighted two essential features. Firstly, critical infrastructure was exposed to unexpected incidents of a wide variety, mostly natural disasters, and secondly, the dysfunctionality and local damages due to the phenomenon of interaction and cross-border logics of functioning of the systems has created a domino effect in the security dimensions. On the other hand, the risks have evolved, extreme meteorological incidents have been observed, threats to health security, such as the pandemic have become widespread, cyber-attacks have appeared as a result of technological progress, the technical-technological and economic interdependence has been emphasized, as the evolution of the economic environment and the market have also affirmed that there is a need for international legal regulation. In the last twenty years, especially after the terrorist attacks of 11 September, 2001 in New York, the issue of critical infrastructure protection has caused particular attention in the majority of industrialized countries, with the USA, the EU, Australia, Japan, Russia in the forefront, but also in a number of countries aspiring to join the EU. The war in Ukraine demonstrated the strategic importance of critical infrastructure. Between October 2022 and April 2023, Russia carried out 1.200 attacks on Ukraine’s energy system. These attacks damaged 45% of the high-voltage grid and half of Ukraine’s power generation, leaving more than 12 million people without electricity. According to an estimate by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the damage to Ukraine’s electricity, gas, and heating infrastructure exceeds $ 10 billion. Furthermore, according to Marie Struthers, Director for Eastern Europe and Asia at Amnesty International, the morale of the civilian population is not a legitimate target; however, carrying out attacks on critical infrastructure to terrorize civilians is a war crime. That is why this paper makes a brief interpretation of the need for critical infrastructure protection at the EU level, including a brief analysis of the methodology of establishing critical infrastructure protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of characterising the evolution of the phenomenon of terrorist attacks in the 20 years since 9/11, this paper conducts a broad analysis of terrorist events from 2000 to 2019, based on information made available by the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The first part of the document illustrates the evolution of terrorist attacks worldwide, while the second part focuses on the type of targets favoured by terrorists. As a key result of the analysis, it will be shown that in recent years many attacks have been directed against simple public and private buildings, targeting and killing individuals, typically civilians. These types of targets have been referred to in the literature as soft targets , as opposed to the term hard targets or hardened structures, government, military, police and intelligence buildings and sites. In the work, specific definitions of soft target and hard target related to GTD information fields are proposed and evaluated over the period 2000-2019. Furthermore, detailed items of the terrorist targets, such as houses, schools, universities, restaurants, theatres etc., were considered and analysed. The evidence obtained provides an up-to-date view of terrorists' recent approaches to selecting targets and conducting attacks. The understanding of the evolution of these approaches can allow for better organisation of future prevention and protection of potential soft and hard targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism research has gained much traction since the 9/11 attacks, but some sub genres of terrorism, such as right-wing terrorism, have remained under-studied areas. Unsurprisingly data sources to study these phenomena are scarce and frequently face unique data collection obstacles. This paper explores five major, social-scientific terrorism databases in regards to data on right-wing terrorist events. The paper also provides an in-depth examination of the utilization of criminal legal proceedings to research right-wing terrorist acts. Lastly, legal case databases are introduced and discussed to show the lack of available court information and case proceedings in regards to right-wing terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Au regard de l'accroissement des attaques terroristes au niveau mondial ces dernières années et du caractère particulièrement dévastateur de celles-ci, les travaux de recherche succédant à ces événements, notamment les attentats du World Trade Center le 11 septembre 2001, se sont intensifiés en portant une plus grande attention à la santé mentale des survivants. Afin d'évaluer les conséquences des actes terroristes sur les enfants et les adolescents, la présente revue systématique a utilisé les bases de données PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO et ProQuest sans limites de dates de publication. Seules les études évaluant les symptômes de stress post-traumatique ainsi que les conséquences psychologiques, sociales et développementales chez les enfants et adolescents dans les mois et années suivants l'exposition directe ou indirecte à des actes terroristes ont été incluses. Les données ont été extraites d'après un éventail de champs prédéfinis et la fiabilité des études a été vérifiée par un outil d'évaluation de la qualité des études. Dix-huit articles ont été inclus : treize études quantitatives descriptives, quatre études qualitatives et une ayant utilisé un mixte des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives. Les articles mettent en évidence les diverses difficultés que sont amenés à rencontrer les enfants et adolescents ayant été exposé au terrorisme au cours de leur développement (tel qu'un trouble de stress post-traumatique, des troubles neurocognitifs, sensori-moteurs, émotionnels...), parfois concomitantes à la perte d'un être cher tué durant l'événement, et le traumatisme de leur parent ayant également des répercussions sur eux, effets d'autant plus importants moins ils sont âgés. Considering the increase in terrorist attacks worldwide in recent years and their particularly devastating nature, research following these events, including the World Trade Center attacks of September 11th, 2001, has intensified with greater attention to the mental health of survivors. To assess the impact of terrorist acts on children and adolescents, this systematic review used PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO, and ProQuest databases without publication date limitations. Only studies assessing posttraumatic stress symptoms and psychological, social, and developmental consequences in children and adolescents in the months and years following direct or indirect exposure to terrorist acts were included. Data were extracted according to a range of predefined fields, and studies were checked for reliability using a study quality assessment tool. Eighteen articles were included: thirteen quantitative descriptive studies, four qualitative studies, and one that used a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods. The articles highlight the various difficulties faced by children and adolescents who have been exposed to terrorism during their development (such as posttraumatic stress disorder, neurocognitive, sensorimotor, emotional disorders, etc.), sometimes concomitant with the loss of a loved one killed during the event, and the trauma of their parent also having repercussions on them, effects that are even more important the older they are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war between Russia and Ukraine which started on the 24th of February 2022, has heightened concerns about the implications of rising military expenditure on the spread of weapons and world security. Since the 9/11 attacks in the United States, studies have indicated that state military spending has increased, raising concerns among policymakers throughout the world. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate how an increase in military spending may affect both human security and the proliferation of weapons. Data for this study were gathered from secondary sources using a historical research approach, and content analysis was used for analysing the data. This study makes the case that increasing military spending has detrimental effects on human security in a variety of contexts, including the political, socio-psychological, and economic components of daily living. On the economic front, funds that could be utilised to raise citizen welfare are instead being spent to buy military hardware and software. In the political realm, it results in invasion and the funding of proxy wars, while on the social front, it has sparked hostility and concerns among nations. Lastly, this study recommended among other things that there is the need for collective efforts by member states of the United Nations through collective security to pressurised erring states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the subject matter of nativism and cultural trauma of Muslim migrants after 9/11 in Western countries in the novel Exit West (2017) by Mohsin Hamid through the lens of cultural trauma theory (Alexander, Jeffrey et al., 2004). The researchers focus on how nativists treat Muslim migrants as 'the other'. This "othering" is based on emotionally loaded beliefs that are based on socio-cultural differences between Western and Muslim cultures. Correspondingly, the response of Muslims to such treatment is a traumatic one—leading to anxiety, depression, nightmares, and existential crises—that is based on similarly-shaped beliefs: highly emotional and culturally based. The consequences of disrupting migrants' cultural or religious identity include becoming more radically religious or giving up their Muslim religious identity. The current study will lend insight into the pain suffered by Muslim minorities in Western countries and contribute positively to refugee literature. It may also assist in reducing an 'us-versus-them' belief system between those of the Global South and those of the Global North. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]