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This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with substance use among Iranian university students. We searched for studies in English published from January 1, 1995 to February 20, 2021, on PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science to identify primary studies on the factors associated with substance use among university students. Out of 8,481 articles, 39 studies met eligibility criteria. Our findings showed a pooled prevalence rate of alcohol use 23% (95% CI, 8% 39%), smoking 21% (95% CI, 6% 37%) and other drug use 14% (95% CI, 10% 18%) in the last year among student. Hookah use, living alone, being a current cigarette smoker, and other drug use were significantly associated with alcohol use. The findings of the present study showed that being male, older age, alcohol use, had depression, had parents or friends who smoke, and religious beliefs were significantly associated with smoking among students. This meta-analysis also showed that living alone, alcohol use, history of drug use, and hookah use were significantly associated with drug use among students. Substance use prevention programs provided by universities could be improved by signifying high-risk populations addressed by the related literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women as well as one of the most serious and important public health issues in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the factors related to clinical breast examination in women in Tehran. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 859 women in Tehran, Iran in 2020. Logistic regression was applied to identify determinant factors that related to clinical breast examination. Result: The prevalence of clinical breast examination was 52.6%. Results indicated significant differences between those who underwent clinical breast examination and those who had a nonclinical breast examination in terms of age, housing conditions, marital status, problem in the breast, perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, fatalism, and self-care. Conclusion: It is essential to inform and educate women about breast cancer and associated complications and problems after being diagnosed with breast cancer as well as about the screening and diagnostic methods, including the need for clinical breast examination by a specialist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During traffic accidents, professional staff provide care to the patient at the scene of the accident and then transport the victim to the hospital by ambulance. But sometimes this transition is carried out by relatives and laypeople. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors affecting people's involvement and transmission of the victims of the traffic accident. Materials and Methods: This study was done with a qualitative content analysis method in 2018. The study participants were 16 people. In this study, a purposeful sampling method with maximum diversity was used. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data using guiding questions. To observe the research ethics, the researcher, after obtaining permission from the University Ethics Committee, conducted interviews (IR.USWR.REC.1395.399). Results: In total, 15 spinal cord injury victims and their relatives or laypeople and medical emergency technicians were interviewed. The class of wrong belief of delay was the main class in all interviews. Concepts such as past experiences, the pressure time, the lack of emergency time, cultural beliefs, and the tension explaining the wrong belief concept. Conclusion: Wrong belief of delay was a concept that was extracted from the present study. It is recommended that the scene of the accident be examined in-depth and how to create a spinal cord injury in the injured with a grounded theory approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The injury management in the acute phase of spinal cord injury starts at the accident scene and focuses on preventing and reducing secondary damages. The road traffic injured patients are mostly transferred by relatives, untrained laypeople, and the drivers of heavy vehicles. The current study explored the experience of people with spinal cord injury in the accident scene. This was a qualitative content analysis study using the semi-structured interviewing method with an interview guide for data collection. Purposive sampling method was performed within ten months until data saturation. We used the constant comparative approach recommended by Corbin and Strauss (2015). In total, 15 people with spinal cord injury and bystanders participated in this study. The central theme extracted in this study was "emotional interaction" that referred to the emotional reactions in managing road traffic victims. Two main categories of "emotional intervention" with "emotional atmosphere," "desperation," "rescue efforts," subcategories and "scene shock" with "unplanned intervention," "emotional behavior," "emotional decisions," and "emotional involvement," subcategories were classified. The emotional atmosphere of the scene and stress level of the victim and the relatives, and the insistence of the victim to escape from the harsh condition have caused those lacking medical knowledge and expertise to transfer the patient unsafely. This resulted in secondary damages, like aggravated spinal cord injury or even caused the spinal cord injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives. Severe sleep disturbance is a common problem among patients in cardiac care units (CCUs). There are questionnaires to measure sleep disturbances. Therefore, the present study seeks to design a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess sleep disturbance in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) hospitalized in CCUs. Materials and Methods. In the present methodological research, items of the questionnaire were extracted through a systematic review. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires was assessed by face validity, content validity, construct validity, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest methods. Results. Factor analysis provided a questionnaire of 23 items on 5 dimensions of sleep disturbance in coronary patients: "sleep onset and continuity disorder," "disorder in daytime functioning," "sleep disturbance caused by environmental factors," "sleep disturbance as a result of cardiac diseases," and "respiratory disorders during sleep." Furthermore, test-retest analysis showed a reliability correlation coefficient of r = 0.766 and α Cronbach's reliability (α = 0.855). Conclusion. Sleep disturbance questionnaire for patients with ACS hospitalized in coronary care unit (CCU) was identified in 5 dimensions and assessed for validity and reliability. To control and improve the sleep quality of CCU hospitalized patients, we need to identify and remove predisposing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: The most common types of medical errors are medication errors. Medication errors can cause serious health problems and should be considered a threat to patients' safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and types of medication errors and barriers to reporting errors by nurses in an educational hospital in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2012. Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 96 nurses working in an educational hospital were randomly selected to the study. Review of medication errors and reporting them over the last three months were assessed using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-20. Results: The prevalence of medication errors was 79.2%. The most common errors included giving oral drugs by mistake (53.1%) and medication later or earlier than the stipulated time (41.7%), respectively. Reporting the medication errors was 14%. Among the barriers to reporting the errors, barriers related to administrative issues were more highlighted than the staff relating barriers. Conclusion: The results showed high prevalence of medication errors and low rates of error reporting. Holding periodic courses on safe medication and using management strategies to encourage nurses to report errors are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most applied tool for classifying intensity of coma and predicting patient outcomes with traumatic brain injuries. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing two criteria of Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) scale and GCS in predicting prognosis in patients with traumatic brain injuries., Material and Methods: In this prospective study, 198 patients with traumatic brain injuries were investigated. FOUR and GCS criteria for each patient were determined by four well-educated nurses. The area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was determined for in-hospital mortality outcomes., Results: Of all patients, 65.2% survived and 34.8% died, and FOUR had correctly predicted 82% of them. FOUR had 0.76 sensitivity and GCS had a sensitivity 0.85. Mean scores for mortality and survival rates were 4.59±2.36 and 10.71±2.24 in GCS, and 3.15±3.52 and 12.77±2.43 in FOUR, respectively. The area under ROC curve was 0.961 for FOUR and 0.928 for GCS. The area under the curve was high for FOUR in scores 6 and 7, and for GCS in scores 5 and 6., Conclusion: FOUR score is a valuable, sensitive and specific diagnostic criterion for predicting outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injuries.