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There is an emerging interest in brain functional connectivity (FC) based on functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) studies. The complex and high-dimensional structure of FC makes it challenging to explore the association between altered connectivity and AD susceptibility. We develop a pipeline to refine FC as proper covariates in a penalized logistic regression model and classify normal and AD susceptible groups. Three different quantification methods are proposed for FC refinement. One of the methods is dimension reduction based on common component analysis (CCA), which is employed to address the limitations of the other methods. We applied the proposed pipeline to the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data and deduced pathogenic FC biomarkers associated with AD susceptibility. The refined FC biomarkers were related to brain regions for cognition, stimuli processing, and sensorimotor skills. We also demonstrated that a model using CCA performed better than others in terms of classification performance and goodness-of-fit.

Lycopus charkeviczii Prob. (Lamiaceae Martinov) is found in all provinces of the Korean Peninsula, excluding Jeju-do. This species is closely related to L. lucidus Turcz. ex Benth., having such characters as persistent calyx of which the length is longer than the nutlets, and narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate leaves. However, it is distinguished from L. lucidus by its parted calyx and its smooth or rarely glandular nutlets with an irregularly toothed apex. This taxon was named 'San-swip-ssa-ri' in Korean based on its habitat. We provide a description, illustrations, photographs, and a key of related taxa in Korea.

Rhododendron keiskei Miq. var. hypoglaucum Suto & Suzuki (Ericaceae) was found in Yeosu-si,Jeollanam-do, Korea. This species is distinguished from related taxa in Korea by lepidote hairs entire, flower-bud terminal, inflorescences umbel-like racemes, corolla lepidot outside, white tinged with yellow. This taxonwas named ‘Seom-Jin-Dal-Lae’ in Korean based on its habitat. We provide its description, illustrations, pho-tographs and a key of related taxa in Korea. Keywords: Rhododendron keiskei var hypoglaucum, Ericaceae, new record, Korea 적요: 진달래과의Rhododendron keiskei Miq. var. hypoglaucum Suto & Suzuki가 전라남도 여수시섬지역에서 발견되었다. 이 종은 전체적으로 인편상 털이 분포하며, 꽃의 동아는 정단부에 1개가 달리고, 화서는 산형총상화서를 가지며, 화관은 노란색을 띠는 백색에 외부에는 인편상 털이 있는 특징을 가지고 있어 한국에 분포하는 근연 분류군들과 구분된다. 국명은 생육지를 고려하여 ‘섬진달래’로 신칭하였고, 이에 대한 기재, 도해, 사진 및 검색표를 제시하였다. 주요어: 섬진달래 , 진달래과, 미기록한국Rhododendron Linnaeus (Ericaceae Juss.) includes about1,000 taxa and is widely distributed in Asia, Europe, NorthAmerica (Fang et al., 2005). Since the gnus was establishedby Linnaeus, its infrageneric relationships have been wellstudied by many taxonomists. Sleumer (1949) divided thegenus into 8 subgenera and Cullen (1980) and Chamberlain(1982) divided it into 5 subgenera. Resently Fang et al.(2005)and Yamazaki (1996) divided it into 9 subgnera.Twenty three taxa of Rhododendron are distributed in thewild in korea(Korea National Arboretum et al. 2014). Duringan expedition to the south island in korea, We found anunrecorded species of Rhododendron. This species ischaracterized by evergreen and entire leaves with lepidote hairs,flower-bud terminal and single, flower white tinged withyellow. After studying the unidentified specimen and literature,we concluded it represents Rhododendron keiskei Miq. var.hypoglaucum Suto & Suzuki within section Rhododendron ofsubgenus Rhododendron (Yamazaki, 1996). So far it has beena endemic plant of Japan. In this study, Rhododendron keiskeiMiq. var. hypoglaucum Suto & Suzuki is reported as a newlyfounded taxon in Korea. In addition, we provide its description,illustrations, photographs and a key of related taxa.

This study was carried out to inventory the vascular plant flora in Deokjeokdo and its adjacent regions (Mungapdo, Soyado), Ongjin-gun, South Korea, from April to October 2014. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 108 families, 362 genera, 578 species, 5 subspecies, 66 varieties and 4 forms, totally 653 taxa. In the flora of this area, 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were found distributed in the sites, including Hepatica insularis Nakai and Asarum glabrata (C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh. Korean rare and endangered plants found in this area were 1 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR) and 5 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU). The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 67 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 2 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 3 taxa of grade II and 47 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants consisted of 67 taxa, such as Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were recognized widely distributed in the area.

Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Bluff, Nees & Schauer (Cyperaceae), was found in Ganghwa-gun, Incheon Metropolitan City in Korea. This species is distinguished from related taxa in Korea by its small fusiform tubers, culms without septa when dry, 3-fid stigmas and style base confluent with the apex of achene. This taxon was named `Gaet-ba-neul-gol` in Korean based on its habitat. We provide its description, illustrations, photographs and a key to the related taxa in Korea.

This study was carried out to investigate the vascular plants of Neunggyeong-bong, Gangwond-do, South Korea. The vascular plants that were collected 7 times from 2008 and 2013 consisted a total of 440 taxa; 75 families, 261 genera, 383 species, 4 subspecies, 48 varieties and 5 forms. Among them, 15 taxa of Korean endemic plants and 11 taxa of rare and endangered plants were included. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 11 taxa of grade IV, 22 taxa of grade III. Naturalized plants consisted of 29 taxa that made up 6.6% of the total vascular plants in this area. Medicinal plants of the Korean Pharmacopoeia and Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia distributed in this area consisted of 60 taxa. Key wordcs Neunggyeong-bong, Vascular plants, Endemic plants, Rare plants, Naturalized plants, Medicinal resource *교신저자(E-mail) : yangun@forest.go.kr c 본 학회지의 저작권은 (사)한국자원식물학회지에 있으며, 이의 무단전재나 복제를 금합니다. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서 언 능경봉(1,123 m)은 행정구역상 강원도 평창군 대관령면 횡계 리와 강릉시 왕산면 왕산리의 경계에 위치하고 있으며, 지리적 으로 북위 37° 39' 19" ~ 37° 40' 56", 동경 128° 44' 39" ~ 128° 47' 58"에 자리잡고 있다. 본 조사지역을 중심으로 북쪽은 대관 령 선자령, 곤신봉, 매봉, 남쪽은 고루포기산, 닭목재, 옥녀봉으 로 이어지는 백두대간 구간이며, 동쪽으로는 제왕산과 접해 있 다(Fig. 1). 이 지역의 최근 5년간(2008~2012년) 기후특성을 살 펴보면 월평균기온이 7.0°C이고, 6~10월의 월평균기온이 20°C 를 넘지 않은 경우가 많다. 월평균 강수량은 1.345.7 mm로 여름 철에 편중되었으며, 월평균습도는 73.0%로 안개 발생이 잦은 편이다(Pyeongchang country office, 2014). 본 조사지역은 한반도 식물의 지리적 분포를 바탕으로 구분 된 8개의 식물구계 중 중부아구에 속하며, 한반도 기후를 바탕 으로 한 5개 삼림대 중 온대 중부 삼림대에 속한다. 이 삼림대의 특징수종은 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 때죽나무 등이다(Lee and Yim, 1978, 2002; Yim and Kira, 1975). 능경봉 일대에 대한 종합적인 관식속물상은 현재까지 자세 히 알려져 있지 않으며, 인근지역의 식물상 연구로는 병두산 (Kim et al., 2010), 계방산(Hwang et al. 2013), 발왕산(Chung and Sun, 1988), 오대산(Kim et al., 1996) 등을 대상으로 이루 어졌다. 또한 옥녀봉, 칠성대, 망덕봉을 중심으로 한 식생조사 가 이루어졌으며(Hong and Hong, 2010), 최근 대관령 목장 현 존식생 및 식물군집구조에 관한 연구가 수행되었다(Noh et al.

The flora of Jeokgeunsan Mountain forest genetic resources protection zone was identified and the major flora distribution examined. From May 2011 to September 2012, the flora was made up of taxonomic groups including 84 families, 283 genera, 432 species, four subspecies, 59 varieties, and six forma. Eleven families and 16 taxonomic groups were endemic plants to Korea, and 13 taxonomic groups were rare flora of Korea designated by the National Forest Service. Eight families and 24 taxonomic groups for naturalized plants were confirmed and the naturalization rate was 4.8%. Out of 501 taxonomic groups, 404 were resource plants of which 208 (41.5%) were edible plants, 152 (30.3%) were medicinal plants, 199 (39.7%) were herbaceous plants, and 55 (11.0%) were ornamental plants.

We organized the scientific names of Chinese cabbage according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). We found that the subspecies name ‘Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.’ was suitable as the scientific name for Chinese cabbage, and we classified B. rapa var. glabra Regel. as its synonym. In addition, B. petsai Bailey is an ‘unrecorded name’ not found in the original description, and therefore is not suitable for use. We conclude that all names based on this name are ‘invalid names’, and should not be used.

An unrecorded species, Carex benkei T. Shimizu, was found in Is. Jaewondo, Jaewon-ri, Imja-myeon, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do and Dongbaik-dongsan, Seonheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Jeju-si, Is. Jeju-do, SouthKorea. C. benkei is closely related to C. transversa Boott and C. brownii Tuck., and C. benkei is distingushiedfrom the pistillate scales length, excluding the awn, similar to the achene and the beak of the achene with anannular appendage. A new Korean name, ‘Gin-Hwa-Sal-Sa-Cho’, was given based on its long pistillate scalesexcluding the awn compared with Carex transversa Boott. We provide here its redescription, illustrations, pho-tographs, and a key to species of the sect. Confertiflorae Franch. ex Ohwi. Keywords: Carex benkei, new record, Confertiflorae, Carex, Cyperaceae 적요: 국내미기록식물인 긴화살사초(Carex benkei T. Shimizu)를전라남도 신안군 임자면 재원리 재원도와 제주도 제주시 조천읍 선흘리 동백동산에서 확인하였다. 긴화살사초는 화살사초(Carex transversa Boott)와 흰꼬리사초(Carex brownii Tuck.)의 근연종으로, 까락을 제외한 자인편의 길이가 과낭의 길이와 거의 유사하며, 수과에 연결된 부리에 고리모양의 부속체가 있는 특징으로 구분된다. 새로운 국명은 화살사초에 비해까락을 제외한 자인편의 길이가 긴 특징에 따라 ‘긴화살사초’로 하였고, 이에 대한 기재, 도해, 사진 및 흰꼬리사초절 분류군과의 검색표를 제시하였다.

An unrecorded species, Poa tuberifera Faurie ex Hack., was found in Saryeoni forest, Jocheon-eup,Jeju-si, Jeju-do. It can be distinguished from P. acroleuca Steud. and P. acroleuca var. submoniliformis Makinoby its morphological characteristics, with panicle branches bearing sparse spikelets and lemmas not wavy-hairedat the base. P. tuberifera is known to be an endemic plant of Japan, but its distribution in South Korea is con-firmed through the present study. Keywords: Unrecorded species, Poa, Poa tuberifera, Jeju-do벼과(Poaceae Barnhart)는 약 700속 11,000분류군이 세계적으로 광범위하게 분포하고, 그 중 포아풀속(Poa L.)은 약500분류군이 북극, 온대지역, 아열대지역, 열대지역의 산지, 고산지역, 툰드라, 사막과 인간의 거주지 주변 등 도처에 분포하며, 드물게 소택식물(helophytic)과 건생식물(xerophytic)도 있으나 대부분 중생식물(mesophytic)이다(Watson and Dallwitz, 1994; Chen et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2006).국내 포아풀속은 약 25분류군이 분포하는 것으로 기록되어 있으며(Korea National Arboretum and The PlantTaxonomic Society of Korea, 2007), 이에 대한 국내연구로Jung and Chung (2008)의 한국산 포아풀속 17분류군의 소수형태에 대한 연구가 있으나 이외에는 대부분 도감수준(Chung, 1965; Lee, 1966; Lee, 1980, 2003; Lee, 1996; KoreaNational Arboretum, 2004; Lee, 2007)의 기재가 전부이다.이는 대부분 포아풀속 분류군의분류군들이 배수체, 무수정체 및잡종형성이 빈번해서(Hunziker and Stebbins, 1987; Soreng,2007) 벼과 중에서도 분류학적으로 동정이 매우 어려운분류군으로 이에 대한 국내 연구자들이 거의 없는 실정이며, 국내에 분포한다고 알려진 분류군들조차 확실한 분포를 제시하지 못하고 기존의 문헌에 의존하고 있기 때문이다. 비단 포아풀속 뿐만이 아니라 전반적인 벼과식물에관해서도 분류학적 접근이 쉽지 않지만 최근 들어 그 관심과 연구들이 조금씩 두드러지고 있다(Im et al., 1998;Whang and Kim, 2001; Jung and Chung, 2008; Jung et al.,2009; Whang, 2009; Jung et al., 2011).이번에 새롭게 발견된 Poa tuberifera Faurie ex Hack.는 포아풀속의 미기록식물로써 본 연구에서는 그에 대한 형태적 특징 기재 및 도해, 한국명을 부여하고 근연분류군과의검색표를 작성하여 국내분포와 특성을 보고하고자 한다.

The vascular flora in the Mt. Cheongtae area, located Pyeongchang-gun in Gangwon-do, were surveyed 14 times from April of 2008 to October of 2011. The result of this survey revealed 663 taxa in total, comprising 89 families, 342 genera, 577 species, 6 subspecies, 73 varieties and 7 forms. In the flora of this area, 19 taxa were Korean endemic plants and 24 taxa were rare and endangered plants of Korea. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 136 taxa comprising 4 taxa of grade V, 16 taxa of grade IV, 31 taxa of grade III, 41 taxa of grade II and 44 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants in Korea numbered37 taxa. In addition, 485 taxa were categorized by usage into 8 groups, as follows: 240 edible, 8 fiber, 177 medical, 60 ornamental, 245 pasturing, 2 industrial, 12 dyeing and 16 timer plants.

Two naturalized plants (Euphorbiaceae) were recorded from Busan Metropolitan City and from the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. Euphorbia heterophylla L. (A-me-ri-ka-dae-geuk) was found in a park near Suyeong-gang, Allak-dong, Dongnae-gu, in Busan Metropolitan City. This species is distinguished from E. dentata by its alternating leaves of main stem and glands of involucres with a circular opening. Euphorbia hirta L. (Teol-ttang-bin-dae) was found in Yerae village, Yerae-dong, Seogwipo-si, in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. It is distinguished from E. hypericifolia as it has capsules with hairs.

An unrecorded species, Carex aequialta Kuk. (Cyperaceae), was found in Yecheon-gun, Gyeong-sangbuk-do and Jeju-si, Jeju-do. This species is distinguished from related taxa, C. maximowiczii Miq., C. suifu-nensis Kom., C. phacota Spreng., C. dimorpholepis Steud., C. shimidzensis Franch. and C. tegulata H. Lev. &Vaniot, by having suberect lateral spikes, awnless pistillate scales, short rhizomes and corymblike inflores-cences. This taxon was named ‘Mul-kko-ri-sa-cho’ in Korean based on its external appearances and habitat. Weprovide its description, illustrations, photographs and the key of related taxa in Korea. Keywords: Carex aequialta, sect. Phacocystis, Carex, Cyperaceae, new record 적 요: 사초과의미기록종인물꼬리사초(Carex aequialta Kuk.)가경상북도예천군과제주도제주시에서 발견되었다. 이 종은 아직립하는 측소수, 망(까락)이 없는 자인편, 짧은 지하경, 산방형으로 배열하는 화서를 가져근연종인 왕비늘사초(C. maximowiczii Miq.), 가는비늘사초(C. suifunensis Kom.), 비늘사초(C. phacotaSpreng.), 이삭사초(C. dimorpholepis Steud.), 산꼬리사초(C. shimidzensis Franch.) 및 구슬사초(C. tegulata H.Lev. & Vaniot)와 구분된다. 국명은 외부형태와 생육지를 고려하여 ‘물꼬리사초’로 신칭하였고, 이에 대한 기재, 도해, 사진 및 근연분류군과의 검색표를 제시하였다.

The genus Allium Linnaeus (1753: 294) is one of the largest genera of monocots (Sinitsyna et al. 2016). Currently, the number of species within the genus is estimated at 920 (Seregin et al. 2015). In the Korean peninsula, twenty species and two varieties are reported, of which four species and two varieties are endemic to the country (Choi & Oh 2011).

Arabis columnalis Nakai (1914: 271) was described by Nakai (1914) as endemic to Korea, based on a single gathering ( T. Nakai 401 ) collected in Jirisan (Mt.) in South Korea (Fig. 1). In the protologue, Nakai (1914) mentioned that A. columnalis is different from A. perfoliata Lamarck (1783: 219) in having perennial roots of cylindrical shape. The latter binominal is a superfluous illegitimate name for Turritis glabra Linnaeus (1753: 666) (ICN Art. 11.3; McNeill et al . 2012) and hence is necessarily conspecific with T. glabra (Zhou et al. 2001, Warwick et al. 2006, Chang et al. 2014).

A new species of Corydalis L. (Fumariaceae), C. alata was discovered in Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do in Korea and is described and illustrated here. The newly described species C. alata is distinct from the closely-related species C. maculata by having tubers with whitish inner surface, sagittate base of the lower outer petals, and smaller seeds.

Herein is described a new species of Rorippa (R. apetala, Brassicaceae) discovered on the River Seom-gang in Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, Korea. The new species is distinct from the closely-related species, R. palustris and R. globosa, by having adventitious buds on the surface of rhizome-type roots during the fruiting season, usually absent or rarely 1-4, if present then atrophy petals, obpandurate fruits, and seeds usually empty or rarely 1-2 per locule. The key to these species is provided.

The taxonomic entity and morphological characteristics of Impatiens furcillata were reviewed based on the original description and the type specimen. As a result, I. furcillata, by having glabrous stems, descending and glabrous peduncles, and pinkish white flowers, is strikingly distinguishable from other taxa of Korean Impatiens. Both I. hypophylla var. koreana and I. kojeensis are treated as synonyms of I. furcillata, for their morphological characteristics, were the same as those of I. furcillata. In addition, the Korean name for I. furcillata was changed to Cheo-jin-mul-bong-seon' instead of 'San-mul-bong-seon'.

Herein is described a new species of Impatiens violascens B.U. Oh & Y.Y. Kim (Balsaminaceae) discovered on Bohyeon Mountain in Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The new species is distinct from a closely-related species, I. textorii, by having a flower half the size that of I. textorii, sharply narrowed lower sepal, one half- to one time-coiled spur, and distal lobes of elliptical type laterally united petals. The key to these two species is provided.

The morphological characters and scientific names on 3 taxa of Korean Euphorbia were reviewed. Growing pattern of stems, arrangement of leaves, the presence of appendages, the presence of ovary's hairs, shape of seeds and the presence of caruncles were valuable characters in identifying the taxa. The correct scientifie names of Nang-dok, Keun-ttang-bin-dae and Ae-gi-ttang-bin-dae were E. fischeriana, E. hypericifolia and E. maculata respectively based on the morphological characters, the type specimens and the original descriptions. Keys to the species were provided for the accurate identification.

We confirmed an unrecorded taxon under the genus Gentianopsis (Gentianaceae) into Gentianopsis contorta (Royle) Ma, which was collected from Geumdaebong, Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon-do in the central part of Korean peninsula. This taxon was known to be distributed mainly Himalayan mountainous area such as India, Nepal and Pakistan, and also growing in China and Japan. In this study, we carried out species description based on the morphological characters, and gave the new Korean name, ‘Kko-in-yong-dam’ by the characteristics of floral morphology. In addition, some fine figures on several important characters and key to the this and relative species were provided.

This study was carried out to elucidate floristic data of Chirisan National Park by performing practical field investigation for 1· year and literatures survey simultaneously in 2004. The data from field study were yielded based on voucher specimens. Total number and components of flora of Chirisan National Park is revealed as 1,825 taxa. Among 1,825 taxa, 708 taxa were identified in this field study, and these were comprised 37 orders, 109 families, 382 genera, 590 species 3 subspecies 95 varities 20 forms. Unconfirmed taxa in field but recorded previous literatures were 1,117 taxa, which consist of 41 orders 130 families 500 genera 901 species 9 subspecies 140 varities 67 forms. In conclusion, there may be provisionally 1,825 (708+1,117) taxa in Chirisan National Park. The 43 taxa were firstly found out in this field study. In the floristic data from field study, the number of Korean endemic plants were 31 taxa, the rare and endangered plants which was designated by Korea Forest Service were 21 taxa, the taxa that is more than the t비rd degree among the floristic regional indicator plants which was designated by Korean Ministry of Environment were 40 taxa, and naturalized alien plants to Korea were 27 taxa respectively. Among 1,117 taxa which were not found in this study but recorded in 22 previous literatures, the number of Korean endemic plants were 45 taxa, the rare and endangered plants which was designated by Korea Forest Service were 45 taxa, the taxa that is more than the third degree among the floristic regional indicator plants which was designated by Ministry of Environment were 121 taxa, and naturalized alien plants to Korea were 31 taxa. It can be inferred that the vegetation of Chirisan National Park was changing by some factors and valuable plant resources were tend to diminishing by such as human interference and developments.

A new species of Arabis L. (Brassicaceae), A. erecta Y.Y. Kim & C.G. Jang, was discovered in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province, Republic of Korea and is described and illustrated here. The species is similar to A. stelleri DC. and A. takesimana Nakai in its general vegetative and floral morphology. However, the new species is distinguished by its glabrous leaves surface, not inflated receptacle, and fruiting pedicels and siliques appressed to the rachis. In addition, the diagnostic characters between related species, an identification key, and a distribution map are provided.

We investigated the Gogunsan Islands from April 2012 to October 2012 for plant diversity. The vascular plants of Gogunsan Islands were recorded as total 565 taxa, 105 families, 333 genera, 502 species, 3 subspecies, 50 varieties, and 10 forms. Rare plants were observed 9 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 2 taxa, floristics special plants were 18 taxa, and naturalized plants were 72 taxa. Gogunsan Islands flora changes are in process slowly compared to earlier work thus, continuing interest and appropriate measures should be encouraged.

The vascular of Daebudo and its adjacent regions, located in Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, is surveyed from Jun. 2009 to Oct. 2011. The number of the vascular plant taxa based on voucher specimens is 708 total which belongs to 107 families, 378 genera, 612 species, 5 subspecies, 80 varieties and 10 forms respectively. Among them, 2 taxa of specially designated plants announced by the Ministry of Environment. Owing to their unusual phytogeography and low number of populations, the taxa Crypsinus hastatus (Thunb.) Copel., Penthorum chinense Pursh and Trachomitum lancifolium (Russanouv) Pobed. were considered the most important. Based on these results, it is clear that appropriate plans to conserve the natural habitat of Daebudo and its adjacent regions must be made immediately.