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TXNIP is a critical regulator of glucose homeostasis, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol accumulation in the liver, and it has been reported that metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Because CHIP, an E3 ligase, was known to be involved in regulating tissue injury and inflammation in liver, its role in regulating ER stress-induced NAFLD was investigated in two experimental NAFLD models, a tunicamycin (TM)-induced and other diet-induced NAFLD mice models. In the TM-induced NAFLD model, intraperitoneal injection of TM induced liver steatosis in both CHIP+/+ and CHIP+/− mice, but it was severely exacerbated in CHIP+/− mice compared to CHIP+/+ mice. Key regulators of ER stress and de novo lipogenesis were also enhanced in the livers of TM-inoculated CHIP+/− mice. Furthermore, in the diet-induced NAFLD models, CHIP+/− mice developed severely impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis compared to CHIP+/+ mice. Interestingly, CHIP promoted ubiquitin-dependent degradation of TXNIP in vitro, and inhibition of TXNIP was further found to alleviate the inflammation and ER stress responses increased by CHIP inhibition. In addition, the expression of TXNIP was increased in mice deficient in CHIP in the TM- and diet-induced models. These findings suggest that CHIP modulates ER stress and inflammatory responses by inhibiting TXNIP, and that CHIP protects against TM- or HF–HS diet-induced NAFLD and serves as a potential therapeutic means for treating liver diseases.

본 연구는 유아교육기관의 사회적 상호작용에서 유아가 거짓말을 어떻게 인식하고 사용하는지 관찰하여 살펴봄으로써 유아의 거짓말을 다양한 사회적 맥락 속에서 이해하는 것이 주된 목적이다. 이를 위해 경상북도 Y시 A어린이집에 재원 중인 만 4, 5세 유아 27명을 대상으로 참여관찰과 비구조적 면담을 실시했다. 연구결과 유아는 약속을 지키지 않는 것이나 정보에 대한 이해가 일치하는 않는 것, 잘못된 결과에 대한 것을 거짓말로 주로 인식하였다. 그리고 유아는 거짓말을 놀이의 도구, 관계 맺기, 부정적 감정 표현의 대체 수단, 주장의 수단, 잘못 방어하기로 인식하고 사용하였다. 이러한 유아의 거짓말은 인식과 사용이 동시에 나타나는 특성을 보이기도 하였다. 따라서 유아의 거짓말을 옳고 그름과 같이 도덕적 판단에 근거하기보다 일상에서 유아가 처한 다양한 사회적 맥락과 유아의 상황이나 문제, 감정, 욕망 등을 고려하여 이해해야 함을 알 수 있다.

이 연구의 목적은 인권교육을 통해 나타나는 유아 인권감수성의 특성을 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 Y시의 어린이집에 재원 중인 만 5세 유아 10명과 담임교사 2명이 연구에 참여했으며, 유아들을 대상으로 인권교육 프로그램을 실행한 후 대화와 관찰을 통해 자료를 수집했다. 연구결과 유아 인권감수성의 특성은 권리를 삶에 적용하며, 권리를 중심으로 연대하고, 권리를 실현하기 위한 과정이었다. 이러한 결과는 첫째, 유아가 인권교육을 경험함으로써 스스로가 권리 주체자임을 인식해 나가는 과정을 통해 유아기가 인권교육의 적기임을 밝힌다. 둘째, 유아들이 인권 친화적 공동체를 형성하는 것을 통해 유아 인권교육의 내용이 지식적인 측면보다는 인권 친화적 태도를 형성하는 ‘과정’에 초점을 두어야 함을 제안한다. 셋째, 유아가 자신과 타인의 권리를 옹호하기 위한 행동을 실천하는 모습을 통해 권리 옹호자로서 성장할 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다. 따라서 바람직한 유아 인권교육의 방향은 궁극적으로 권리 옹호 행동을 실천하기 위한 목적으로 결과보다는 ‘과정’에 초점을 맞춘 인권감수성에 근거해야 한다.

The 1858T allele in the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) locus shows one of the strongest and most consistent genetic associations with autoimmune diseases. We synthesized all meta-analyses reporting a genetic association of the PTPN22 1858T C/T polymorphism with autoimmune diseases. This work examined their validity to discover false positive results under Bayesian methods. We conducted a PubMed search to identify relevant publications and extracted the respective results, published until 30 November 2018. In observational studies, the associations of 1858 C/T genetic variant were noteworthy for 12 autoimmune or autoimmunity-related diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, vitiligo, Graves’ disease, myasthenia gravis, Addison’s disease, giant cell arteritis, and endometriosis). In contrast, we could not confirm the noteworthiness for eight diseases (systemic sclerosis, psoriasis, Behçet’s disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, alopecia areata, Sjögren’s syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and ankylosing spondylitis). From the meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with a p-value < 5 × 10−8, findings verified noteworthiness for all autoimmune diseases (psoriatic arthritis, myasthenia gravis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis). The results from meta-analysis of GWAS showing a p-value ranging between 0.05 and 5 × 10−8 were noteworthy under both Bayesian approaches (ANCA-associated vasculitis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, giant cell arteritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis). Re-analysis of observational studies and GWAS by Bayesian approaches revealed the noteworthiness of all significant associations observed by GWAS, but noteworthiness could not be confirmed for all associations found in observational studies.

The purposes of this study were to determine the actual state of the indoor environment, and to analyze the relationship between the architectural or living factors and indoor physical elements in the elderly hall at apartment complexes during winter. The field surveys consisted of measurements of the physical elements, observations of living factors, and interviews with users. The field surveys were carried out at 5 halls in February 2009. The measured elements were air temperature, relative humidity, , CO, PM10, TVOC, HCHO, and illumination. The results showed that the averages of indoor temperature for the hall was between , relative humidity was 22.0~48.2%, level was 892.4~2066.7ppm, CO level were 0~0.4ppm, PM10 level were , HCHO level was 0.00~0.24ppm, and illumination level was 94~391.6lux. TVOC level was detected at 0.00~0.54ppm in only one hall. The average clothing amount of the users was 1.18clo and activity was 0.7~1.6met. It was evaluated to be a comfortable state at indoor temperature, CO level, PM10 level, and TVOC level, but an uncomfortable state at relative humidity, level, HCHO level, and illumination level. The main reason seemed to be lack of ventilation.