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The purpose of this study was to investigate mid-term outcomes and complications after operative treatment according to a standardized protocol for terrible triad injuries. Twenty-four patients that were treated by a single surgeon with a standardized surgical protocol were retrospectively reviewed. After the complete reconstruction of radial head and/or lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex through a lateral approach, coronoid process, and/or medial collateral ligament (MCL) complex through a medial approach were fixed if the elbow is unstable. For coronoid fractures, only type III were fixed in four cases (16.7%). Twenty-two LCL (91.7%) and five MCL (20.8%) complexes were repaired. At the final follow-up, the mean MEPS and Quick-DASH score were 91.5 and 17.3, respectively. There was no recurrent instability after operation in all cases. This study revealed that operative treatment that was based on our standardized protocol for terrible triad injuries yielded satisfactory mid-term clinical and radiographic outcomes without any recurrent instability. These results suggest that Type I and II coronoid fractures in terrible triad injuries do not need to be fixed if the radial head and ligamentous complex are completely reconstructed.

In order to increase the safety of reduced volume of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) at the extremely low temperature, the IGC code establishes international standards. IGC code suggested with the filling limits which is a rate of maximum LNG by total volume of tank to prevent the accident by LNG at a sealed tank. The filling limits of LNG storage tank was calculated with the safety factors. The calculation progress of the filling limits is very complicated and time consuming because the tank volume and LNG volume for several situations must be calculated under various factors. The objective of this study is to develop the algorithm of filling limit calculation based on the 3D CAD model according to 2018 IGC Code. The developed algorithm carries out applying a “scenario in which isolated vapor pockets are not generated in cargo tank” which required by new IGC as well as a “scenario where the pressure relief valve inlets are maintained as vapor zones” which required by existing IGC. It supports CAD interface of vessel tank 3d model as well as parametric modeling of various tank shapes. It not only carries out a numerical calculation on tank volume under the condition of the Trim & List, but also reviews the various accident risks by using the viewer of 3D model and VR environment.

Numerous studies on icebreaking vessels have been reported recently owing to a potential increase in the number of passable Arctic routes. Model ship tests of pack ice models in ice basins have been actively conducted to investigate the performance of different icebreakers. The estimation of the pack ice concentration is critical as pack ice directly affects the performance of such experiment. In this paper, an algorithm that automatically determines the concentration of pack ice is proposed. This study aimed to measure the area of pack ice, based on digital images captured in an ice basin, using an image processing technique. A local binarization technique, coupled with image subdivision based on a quadtree structure, was developed. Independent thresholds were calculated for the subdivided images and rapid image separation was achieved. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method, the concentration results obtained with the developed algorithm were compared with the manually measured data, with both results and data showing good agreement. The main advantage of the developed algorithm is that it facilitates the near-real-time estimation of the pack ice concentration from captured digital images.