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This study explored the determinants of training and development (TD personal development, career development, organizational development, and performance management. Since this study has a particular interest in SME, TD learner characteristics (personal development), organizational characteristics (organizational development), financial characteristics (performance management; since this study aims to find investment determinants), and job characteristics (career development). What we have found from this study are as follows. First, Korean SMEs conduct all-inclusive types of TD job, organization, finance, and learner characteristics. However, studies method on TD there is no universal reason to invest in T&D. It differs in size, finance structures, and related tasks. However, the overall trends in determinants were on diversity in recent years. SMEs are making efforts to provide training that meets the needs of corporates and employees both. SMEs'' T&D investment determinants are wide-ranging according to their size, finances, and related jobs. Nonetheless, the overall determinants of training are initiated to the worker (training consumer) needs.

Increased reports of impulsivity and aggression in male adolescents with Internet gaming might reflect their dysfunction in emotion regulation, particularly in suppression of negative emotions, which should affect the various stages of Internet gaming disorder. This study tested the hypothesis that adolescents with Internet gaming disorder would be more disturbed by the emotional interference and demonstrate compromised dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during a Stroop Match-to-Sample task. In addition, functional connectivity analysis was conducted to examine the interplays between neural correlates involved in emotional processing and how they were altered in adolescents with Internet gaming disorder. The Internet gaming disorder group demonstrated weaker dACC activation and stronger insular activations to interfering angry facial stimuli compared with the healthy control group. Negative functional connectivity between stronger insular activation and weaker dorsolateral prefrontal activation correlated with higher cognitive impulsivity in adolescents with Internet gaming disorder. These findings provide evidence of the compromised prefrontal cognitive control over emotional interference in adolescents with Internet gaming disorder.

Recently, we have developed high precision carbon-interspaced antiscatter grids to be suitable for digital radiography (DR) by adopting a precise sawing process. For systematic evaluation of the grid performance, we prepared several sample grids having different grid frequencies (4.0 to 8.5 lines/mm) and grid ratios (5:1 to 10:1) and established a well-controlled test condition based upon the IEC standard. In this paper, we presented the performance characteristics of the carboninterspaced grids in terms of the transmission of primary radiation (T p ), the transmission of scattered radiation (T s ), the transmission of total radiation (T t ), contrast improvement factor (C if ), Bucky factor (B), and signal-to-noise improvement factor (SNR if ). We also described the grid line artifact, known as a moire pattern, which may be the most critical problem to be solved for the successful grid use in DR. We examined the factors that affect the moire pattern, particularly the grid frequency and the grid rotation angle, by integrating the sample grids with an a-Se based flat panel detector having a 139 μm × 139 μm pixel size.

Jungwon Precision Ind. Co., Ltd. has recently developed precise carbon-interspaced antiscatter grids by adopting the sawing process in order to employ them to digital radiographic (DR) systems. Twelve grid samples of strip densities ranging from 40 to 85 lines/cm at a fixed grid ratio of 5:1 and of grid ratios from 5:1 to 10:1 at a fixed strip density of 80 lines/cm were prepared and their physical characteristics were examined under a well-controlled test condition with the IEC standard fixture, in terms of the transmission of primary radiation, the transmission of scattered radiation, the transmission of total radiation, the contrast improvement factor, and the Bucky factor. We expect that these experimental results will be useful for the selection of antiscatter grids in the applications of DR imaging as well as for the improvement of grid design.

The biological underpinnings of the psychological factors characterizing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have not been extensively studied. Our aim was to evaluate alterations of resting-state functional connectivity in CFS patients. Participants comprised 18 women with CFS and 18 age-matched female healthy controls who were recruited from the local community. Structural and functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during a 6-min passive-viewing block scan. Posterior cingulate cortex seeded resting-state functional connectivity was evaluated, and correlation analyses of connectivity strength were performed. Graph theory analysis of 90 nodes of the brain was conducted to compare the global and local efficiency of connectivity networks in CFS patients with that in healthy controls. The posterior cingulate cortex in CFS patients showed increased resting-state functional connectivity with the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Connectivity strength of the posterior cingulate cortex to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex significantly correlated with the Chalder Fatigue Scale score, while the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score was controlled. Connectivity strength to the rostral anterior cingulate cortex significantly correlated with the Chalder Fatigue Scale score. Global efficiency of the posterior cingulate cortex was significantly lower in CFS patients, while local efficiency showed no difference from findings in healthy controls. The findings suggest that CFS patients show inefficient increments in resting-state functional connectivity that are linked to the psychological factors observed in the syndrome.

Cortical areas supporting cognitive control and salience demonstrate different neural responses to visual food cues in patients with eating disorders. This top-down cognitive control, which interacts with bottom-up appetitive responses, is tightly integrated not only in task conditions but also in the resting-state. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is a key node of a large-scale network that is involved in self-referential processing and cognitive control. We investigated resting-state functional connectivity of the dACC and hypothesized that altered connectivity would be demonstrated in cortical midline structures involved in self-referential processing and cognitive control. Seed-based resting-state functional connectivity was analyzed in women with anorexia nervosa (N=18), women with bulimia nervosa (N=20) and age matched healthy controls (N=20). Between group comparisons revealed that the anorexia nervosa group exhibited stronger synchronous activity between the dACC and retrosplenial cortex, whereas the bulimia nervosa group showed stronger synchronous activity between the dACC and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Both groups demonstrated stronger synchronous activity between the dACC and precuneus, which correlated with higher scores of the Body Shape Questionnaire. The dACC-precuneus resting-state synchrony might be associated with the disorder-specific rumination on eating, weight and body shape in patients with eating disorders.

Recently, we have developed high precision carbon-interspaced antiscatter grids to be suitable for digital radiography (DR) by adopting a precise sawing process. For systematic evaluation of the grid performance, we prepared several sample grids having different grid frequencies (4.0 to 8.5 lines/mm) and grid ratios (5:1 to 10:1) and established a well-controlled test condition based upon the IEC standard. In this paper, we presented the performance characteristics of the carboninterspaced grids in terms of the transmission of primary radiation (T p ), the transmission of scattered radiation (T s ), the transmission of total radiation (T t ), contrast improvement factor (C if ), Bucky factor (B), and signal-to-noise improvement factor (SNR if ). We also described the grid line artifact, known as a moire pattern, which may be the most critical problem to be solved for the successful grid use in DR. We examined the factors that affect the moire pattern, particularly the grid frequency and the grid rotation angle, by integrating the sample grids with an a-Se based flat panel detector having a 139 μm × 139 μm pixel size.

Junghan Lee, MD, Seojung Lee, MD, Ji Won Chun, PhD, Hyun Cho, Dai-Jin Kim, MD, PhD, and Young-Chul Jung, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 3 Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Objective Alcohol dependence is characterized by persistent alcohol-seeking despite negative consequences. Previous studies suggest that maladaptive persistent behaviors reflect alcohol-induced brain changes that cause alterations in the cortico-striatal-limbic circuit. Methods Twenty one alcohol dependent patients and 24 age-matched healthy controls performed a decision-making task during functional MRI. We defined the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) as a region-of-interest and performed seed-based functional connectivity analysis. Results Healthy controls were more flexible in adapting an alternative behavioral strategy, which correlated with stronger mOFC-dorsal striatum functional connectivity. In contrast, alcohol dependent patients persisted to the first established behavioral strategy. The mOFC-dorsal striatum functional connectivity was impaired in the alcohol-dependent patients, but increased in correlation with the duration of abstinence. Conclusion Our findings support that the disruption of the mOFC-striatal circuitry contribute to the maldaptive persistent behaviors in alcohol dependent patients.