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Robert Onzima DDM Anguyo,1 Semei Christopher Mukama,2 Charles Tasaga,2 Dedrix Stephenson Bindeeba,2 Catherine Senyimba,2 Simons Ezajobo,2 Jane Senyondo Nakawesi,2 Andrew Mugisa,2 Susan Kiwanuka Nakubulwa,2 Eve Namitala II,3 Gilbert Aniku,4 Simon Peter Katongole5 1Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Kampala, Uganda; 2Mildmay Uganda, Naziba Hill, Lweza, Kampala, Uganda; 3RA International, Medical Department, Mogadishu Somalia, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 4Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Arua Regional Referral Hospital, Arua, Uganda; 5School of Public Health, Gudie University Project, Kampala, UgandaCorrespondence: Simon Peter Katongole, Email spkatongole@gmail.comAim: This study examined citizens’ knowledge and compliance with COVID-19 standard operating procedures (SOPs), vaccine acceptance and hesitancy, and factors that could influence these behaviors.Methods: The study that utilised the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) approach was conducted in eight districts of Central Uganda; Kiboga, Kyankwanzi, Mubende, Kasanda, Mityana, Luwero, Nakaseke, and Nakasongola districts. Each district was divided into five supervision areas (SAs). Data were collected from 19 respondents per SA, focusing on women aged 15– 49 years and men aged 15 years and above. A satisfactory performance for study indicators was determined by the LQAS decision rules.Results: There was high awareness of COVID-19, with 98.2% of women and 99.3% of men having heard of the pandemic. However, knowledge of at least four COVID-19 preventive measures was low, reported by only 45.4% of women and 48.6% of men. Adherence to social distancing measures in the previous 24 hours was modest, with 67.2% of men and 66.5% of women complying. There was a pronounced lack of hand hygiene, with only 24.8% of women and 19.0% of men frequently washing their hands or using hand sanitizer. COVID-19 vaccine uptake was relatively high for the first dose, with 83.5% of women and 83.0% of men receiving at least one dose. However, full vaccination coverage was low, at 37.5% for women and 41.5% for men. A hesitancy to get vaccinated was driven by fear of side effects, misinformation, doubts about vaccine effectiveness, long distances and queues, and beliefs that vaccines cause infertility.Conclusion: While awareness of COVID-19 was high, knowledge of preventative measures was lacking. The low vaccination rates highlight barriers to uptake. A tailored, trust-based messaging approach through community leaders was recommended to address these gaps. Inter-district and inter-SA disparities indicated the need for localized interventions.Keywords: COVID-19, vaccine, vaccination, uptake, hesitancy, standard operating procedure

Semei Christopher Mukama,1 Jane Senyondo Nakawesi,1 Dedrix Stephenson Bindeeba,1 Simon Ezajobo,1 Andrew Mugisa,1 Catherine Senyimba,1 Eve Namitala,1 Robert Onzima DDM Anguyo,2 Simon Peter Katongole,3 Barbara Mukasa1 1Mildmay Uganda, Kampala, Uganda; 2Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Kampala, Uganda; 3Department of Public Health, Gudie University Project, Kampala, UgandaCorrespondence: Simon Peter Katongole, Email spkatongole@gmail.comBackground: This study evaluated the effectiveness and responsiveness of differentiated Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) service delivery models (DSDMs) implemented to enhance antiretroviral therapy (ART) access and outcomes for patients while addressing Tuberculosis (TB)-HIV integration, focusing on four of the five DSDMs currently implemented in Uganda.Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight districts of central Uganda using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling approach from 7th to 23rd March 2023. We randomly sampled 2668 patients who have been on ART for at least 1 year in a Facility-Based Individual Management (FBIM) model or in a non-FBIM DSDM for at least one year. Data were collected through patient interviews and review of records in ART and DSDM registers as well as ART cards. We analyzed the data in proportions, comparing the selected ART outcome and responsiveness indicators between Community Client Led ART Distribution (CCLAD), Community Drugs Distribution Point (CDDP) and Fast-Track Drug Refill (FTDR) DSDMs with the standard care (FBIM) model. The ART outcome variables include patients retained in the 1st line of the ART regimen, patients in World Health Organization clinical stage 1 during the last facility visit, patients who had no CD4 request during the past 12 months, viral load suppression, ART adherence, and patients who reported that they did not experience HIV/AIDS-related symptoms in the past 6 months. The variables on TB care include screening for TB using the intensified case finding form and patients tested positive for TB. Responsiveness variables include the perceived; travel time for ART refill, travel distance for ART refill, convenience and flexibility during ART refill, cost of travel for ART refill, fear of being seen at ART refill point, waiting time before service, adequacy of service time, crowding and risk of infections, social support, ability to address ART treatment challenges, HIV status disclosure and barriers to access. Non-overlap in 95% confidence interval in indicator proportion between non-FBIM DSDM and FBIM means a statistically significant difference in proportion, or otherwise non-significant.Results: Higher proportions of ART patients in the CCLAD and CDDP DSDMs adhered to ART, had suppressed viral load, and a lower TB prevalence than those in FBIM model. Additionally, more CCLAD and CDDP clients reported shorter travel time and distance to access ART than their counterparts in the FBIM model. Compared to FBIM model, higher proportions of those in CCLAD and CDDP also reported flexibility in ART refill scheduling, reduced transport costs, fewer privacy concerns, less HIV/AIDS-related stigma, shorter waiting times, more efficient services, decreased congestion at ART pickup sites, enhanced peer support, improved problem-solving assistance, and increased HIV status disclosure. The FTDR model outperformed FBIM in proportions with fewer requests for CD4 testing, viral load suppression, as well as proportions of clients who reported; shorter travel time, lower transportation cost, decreased privacy concerns, shorter waiting time, and efficient service provision. Compared to both CDDP and FTDR, the FBIM had a higher proportion of clients remain on the first-line ART regimen.Conclusion: Community-based DSDMs show responsiveness to clients’ needs without compromising the effectiveness of ART care for patients. Although FTDR also demonstrates high effectiveness and responsiveness for clients on ART, there is potential for further improvement. Planners and implementers of ART programs should consider both demand- and supply-side innovations to sustain the continuation of DSDMs.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, TB-HIV, DSDM, LQAS

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) control measures presented impediments for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programming in Uganda. Nationwide control measures implemented April-June 2020 included a public transport ban and mandatory travel permits for pregnant women to access clinics. Program adaptations instituted for continuity of services included community drug delivery and home-based DNA-PCR testing for HIV-exposed infants (HEI). We examined the effect of COVID-19 control measures and program adaptations on PMTCT service uptake in central Uganda., Methods: We analysed data for pregnant women living with HIV (WLHIV) and HEI receiving PMTCT services in eight districts in central Uganda. We abstracted data from medical records at 96 public clinics for six months pre-lockdown (October 2019-March 2020), three months of lockdown (April-June 2020), and six months post-lockdown (July-December 2020). We measured monthly antiretroviral therapy (ART) refill attendance, health facility deliveries, and timely DNA-PCR testing of HEI for HIV (within two months of birth). We conducted segmented ordinary least squares regression of interrupted time series and adjusted for month-to-month changes using Cumby-Huizinga test. We reported results using coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)., Results: At the start of pre-lockdown (October 2019), there were 448 deliveries, 2,676 ART refills and 556 timely HEI tests. The pre-lockdown trend for ART refills increased while deliveries and HEI tests declined. At the start of lockdown (April 2020), all indicators declined, although significantly for facility deliveries (-60; 95% CI: -102, -18). Lockdown monthly trends were positive with 68 more HEI tested per month (95% CI:42, 93) and 51 more deliveries (95% CI: 9, 94) but insignificantly negative for ART refills. At start of post-lockdown (July 2020), HEI testing declined (-28; 95%CI: -48, -8). Post-lockdown HEI testing trend was negative with 70 fewer HEI tested per month (95%CI: -79, -62) while no difference in trend for deliveries and ART refills., Conclusion: COVID-19 control measures had a significant immediate negative impact on pregnancy deliveries at health facilities. During lockdown, all service rates rapidly recovered through program adaptations, significantly for HEI testing and deliveries. Maintaining these adaptations might help restore the positive trend in timely HIV testing for HEI., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The activity received approval from Makerere University School of Public Health Higher Degrees, Research and Ethics Committee (MakSPH-HDREC), it was further reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy, under 45 C.F.R part 46.102(1)(2), 21 C.F.R part 56 and as well obtained clearance from the District Health Offices. All participants provided informed consent to participate. We adhered to all standard ethical principles including informed consent, doing no harm to participants, privacy, anonymity, and voluntary participation. Consent for publication No individual participant has been identified in this research. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the funding agencies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: HIV/AIDS continues to be a significant contributor to illness and death, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we conducted a qualitative assessment to understand Client and Healthcare Provider Perspectives on Differential Service Delivery Models in Uganda. The purpose was to establish strengths and weaknesses within the services delivery models, inform policy and decision-making, and to facilitate context specific solutions., Methods: Between February and April 2023, a qualitative cross-sectional study was utilised to gather insights from a targeted selection of individuals, including People Living with HIV (PLHIV), healthcare workers, HIV focal persons, community retail pharmacists, and various stakeholders. The data collection process included eleven in-depth interviews, nine key informant interviews, and eight focus group discussions carried out across eight districts in Central Uganda. The collected data was analyzed through inductive thematic analysis with the aid of Excel., Results: The various Differentiated Service Delivery Models (DSDMs), notably Community-Client-Led Drug Distribution (CCLAD), Community Drug Distribution Point (CDDP), Community Retail Pharmacy Drug Distribution Point (CRPDDP), and the facility-based Facility Based Individual Model (FBIM), were reported to have several positive impacts. These included improved treatment adherence, efficient management of antiretroviral (ARV) supplies, reduced exposure to infectious diseases, enhanced healthcare worker hospitality, minimized travel time for ART refills, stigma reduction, and decreased waiting times. Concern was raised about the lack of improvement in HIV status disclosure, opportunistic infection treatment, adherence to seasonal appointments, and sustainability due to the overreliance of the DSDMs on donor funding, suggesting potential discontinuation without funding. Doubts about health workers' commitment surfaced. Notably, the CCLAD model displayed self-sustainability, with clients financially supporting group members to collect medicines., Conclusion: Community-based DSDMs, such as CCLAD and CDDP, improve ART refill convenience, social support, and client experiences. These models reduce travel and waiting times, lowering infection risks. Addressing challenges and enhancing facility-based models is vital. In order to maintain funding after donor funding ends, sustainability measures like cross-subsidization can be used. If well implemented, the DSDMs have the potential to produce better or comparable ART outcomes compared to the FBIM model., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Although a third of people with tuberculosis (TB) are estimated to be coinfected with helminths, the prevalence is largely unknown among people with drug-resistant TB (DR-TB). We determined the prevalence of helminth coinfection among people with DR-TB in Uganda., Methods: In a multicenter, cross-sectional study, eligible Ugandan adults with confirmed DR-TB were consecutively enrolled between July to December 2021 at 4 treatment centers. Sociodemographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Participants underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and blood samples were evaluated for random blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, nonfasting lipid profile, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and a complete blood count. Fresh stool samples were evaluated for adult worms, eggs, and larvae using direct microscopy after Kato-Katz concentration techniques., Results: Of 212 participants, 156 (73.6%) were male, 118 (55.7%) had HIV, and 3 (2.8%) had malaria coinfection. The prevalence of intestinal helminth coinfection was 4.7% (10/212) (95% confidence interval, 2.6%-8.6%). The frequency of helminth infections was Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 4), Schistosoma mansoni (n = 2), Enterobius vermicularis (n = 2), Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 1), and Trichuris trichiura (n = 1)., Conclusions: The prevalence of helminth coinfection was low among people with DR-TB. More studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of helminth/DR-TB coinfection., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. The authors report no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Background: The End TB Strategy aims to reduce new tuberculosis (TB) cases by 90% and TB-related deaths by 95% between 2015 - 2035. We determined the trend of case notification rates (CNRs) and treatment outcomes of TB cases with and without HIV co-infection in rural Uganda to provide an interim evaluation of progress towards this global target in rural settings., Methods: We extracted retrospective programmatic data on notified TB cases and treatment outcomes from 2015 - 2019 for eight districts in rural Uganda from the District Health Information System 2. We estimated CNRs as the number of TB cases per 100,000 population. Treatment success rate (TSR) was calculated as the sum of TB cure and treatment completion for each year. Trends were estimated using the Mann-Kendall test., Results: A total of 11,804 TB cases, of which 5,811 (49.2%) were HIV co-infected, were notified. The overall TB CNR increased by 3.7-fold from 37.7 to 141.3 cases per 100,000 population in 2015 and 2019 respectively. The increment was observed among people with HIV (from 204.7 to 730.2 per 100,000, p = 0.028) and HIV-uninfected individuals (from 19.9 to 78.7 per 100,000, p = 0.028). There was a decline in the TSR among HIV-negative TB cases from 82.1% in 2015 to 63.9% in 2019 (p = 0.086). Conversely, there was an increase in the TSR among HIV co-infected TB cases (from 69.9% to 81.9%, p = 0.807)., Conclusion: The CNR increased among people with and without HIV while the TSR reduced among HIV-negative TB cases. There is need to refocus programs to address barriers to treatment success among HIV-negative TB cases., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: The World Health Organization recommends screening for the cryptococcal antigen (CrAg), a predictor of cryptococcal meningitis, among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve people with HIV (PWH) with CD4 <100 cells/mm 3 . CrAg positivity among ART-experienced PWH with viral load (VL) nonsuppression is not well established, yet high VLs are associated with cryptococcal meningitis independent of CD4 count. We compared the frequency and positivity yield of CrAg screening among ART-experienced PWH with VL nonsuppression and ART-naïve PWH with CD4 <100 cells/mm 3 attending rural public health facilities in Uganda., Methods: We reviewed routinely generated programmatic reports on cryptococcal disease screening from 104 health facilities in 8 rural districts of Uganda from January 2018 to July 2019. A lateral flow assay (IMMY CrAg) was used to screen for cryptococcal disease. PWH were eligible for CrAg screening if they were ART-naïve with CD4 <100 cell/mm 3 or ART-experienced with an HIV VL >1000 copies/mL after at least 6 months of ART. We used Pearson's chi-square test to compare the frequency and yield of CrAg screening., Results: Of 71   860 ART-experienced PWH, 7210 (10.0%) were eligible for CrAg screening. Among 15   417 ART-naïve PWH, 5719 (37.1%) had a CD4 count measurement, of whom 937 (16.4%) were eligible for CrAg screening. The frequency of CrAg screening was 11.5% (830/7210) among eligible ART-experienced PWH compared with 95.1% (891/937) of eligible ART- naïve PWH ( P  < .001). The CrAg positivity yield was 10.5% among eligible ART-experienced PWH compared with 13.8% among eligible ART-naïve PWH ( P  = .035)., Conclusions: The low frequency and high positivity yield of CrAg screening among ART-experienced PWH with VL nonsuppression suggest a need for VL- directed CrAg screening in this population. Studies are needed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and impact of CrAg screening and fluconazole prophylaxis on the outcomes of ART-experienced PWH with VL nonsuppression., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

Family-centred HIV care models have emerged as an approach to better target children and their caregivers for HIV testing and care, and further provide integrated health services for the family unit's range of care needs. While there is significant international interest in family-centred approaches, there is a dearth of research on operational experiences in implementation and scale-up. Our retrospective case study examined best practices and enabling factors during scale-up of family-centred care in ten health facilities and ten community clinics supported by a non-governmental organization, Mildmay, in Central Uganda. Methods included key informant interviews with programme management and families, and a desk review of hospital management information systems (HMIS) uptake data. In the 84 months following the scale-up of the family-centred approach in HIV care, Mildmay experienced a 50-fold increase of family units registered in HIV care, a 40-fold increase of children enrolled in HIV care, and nearly universal coverage of paediatric cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. The Mildmay experience emphasizes the importance of streamlining care to maximize paediatric capture. This includes integrated service provision, incentivizing care-seeking as a family, creating child-friendly service environments, and minimizing missed paediatric testing opportunities by institutionalizing early infant diagnosis and provider-initiated testing and counselling. Task-shifting towards nurse-led clinics with community outreach support enabled rapid scale-up, as did an active management structure that allowed for real-time review and corrective action. The Mildmay experience suggests that family-centred approaches are operationally feasible, produce strong coverage outcomes, and can be well-managed during rapid scale-up.