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A new differential operators class has been discovered utilising fractional and variable-order fractal Atangana-Baleanu derivatives that have inspired the develop-ment of differential equations new class. Physical phenomena with variable memory and fractal variable dimension can be described using these operators. In addition, the primary goal of this study is to use the operation matrix based on shifted Legendre polynomials to obtain numerical solutions with respect to this new differential equations class, which will aid us in solving the issue and transforming it into an algebraic equation system. This method is employed in solving two forms of fractal fractional differential equations: non-linear and linear. The suggested strategy is contrasted with the mixture of two-step Lagrange polynomials, the predictor-corrector algorithm, as well as the fractional calculus methods fundamental theorem, using numerical examples to demonstrate its accuracy and simplicity. The estimation error was proposed to contrast the results of the suggested methods and the exact solution to the problems. The proposed approach could apply to a wider class of biological systems, such as mathematical modelling of infectious disease dynamics and other important areas of study, such as economics, finance, and engineering. We are confident that this paper will open many new avenues of investigation for modelling real-world system problems.

This paper attempts to create an artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique for solving well-known fractal-fractional differential equations (FFDEs). FFDEs have the advantage of being able to help explain a variety of real-world physical problems. The technique implemented in this paper converts the original differential equation into a minimization problem using a suggested truncated power series of the solution function. Next, answer to the problem is obtained via computing the parameters with highly precise neural network model. We can get a good approximate solution of FFDEs by combining the initial conditions with the ANNs performance. Examples are provided to portray the efficiency and applicability of this method. Comparison with similar existing approaches are also conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed approach.

This article presents a numerical approach for solving the second kind of Volterra integro- differential equation (VIDE). The multistep block-Boole's rule method will estimate the solutions for the linear and nonlinear problems of VIDE. The method computes two solutions for VIDE along the interval. The proposed method is developed by derivation of the Lagrange interpolating polynomial. The convergence and stability analysis of the derived method are discussed. From the perspective of total function calls and time-saving, the computation results explained that the derived method performs better than other existing methods.

This study will introduce a new differentiation operator, the Hilfer fractional-fractal derivative (H-FFD). The new proposed derivative aims to attract more non-local problems that show with the same time fractal behaviors. For numerical settlement of initial value problems, we use the shifted Legendre operational matrix. The main advantage of this method is that it reduces both linear and non-linear problems alike in solving the problem into a system of linear and non-linear algebraic equations. In addition, the numerical approximation of this new operator also offers some applications to systems of linear and non-linear problems.

The new system of hypersingular integral equations (HSIEs) for the thermally insulated inclined cracks and thermally insulated circular arc cracks subjected to remote shear stress in bonded dissimilar materials was formulated by using the modified complex potentials (MCPs) function method with the continuity conditions of the resultant force, displacement and heat conduction functions. This new system of HSIEs is derived from the elasticity problem and heat conduction problem by using crack opening displacement (COD) function and temperature jump along the crack faces. The appropriate quadrature formulas were used to solve numerically the new system of HSIEs for the unknown COD function and the known traction along the crack as the right hand term. Numerical solutions for the value of nondimensional stress intensity factors (SIFs) at all the cracks tips are illustrated. The comparison of nondimensional SIFs for the cracks with and without thermal is also illustrated.

This paper introduces a direct multistep method to solve third order delay differential equations (DDEs) based on the boundary conditions given. The multistep method is presented in direct integration approach to reduce the total function calls involved and the method is derived implicitly so that the accuracy is attained. The method is also in block for every iteration to reduce total steps taken. The DDEs involve the endpoints of boundary conditions, hence, the shooting technique is to choose for the best value of additional initial value. The constant and pantograph delay types are the DDEs problems considered in this study. Lagrange interpolation is used to interpolate the delay involved in pantograph problems. The observation of the multistep method in terms of order, consistency, and convergence is also presented in this paper. The numerical results obtained are compared with the previous multistep method to verify the capability of the proposed method to solve third order DDEs directly.

The new hypersingular integral equations (HSIEs) for the multiple cracks problems in both upper and lower parts of the bonded dissimilar materials are formulated using the modified complex potential method, and with the help of the continuity conditions of the resultant force function and displacement. The crack opening displacement is the unknown and the traction along the crack as the right term of the equations. The appropriate quadrature formulas are used in solving the obtained HSIEs for the unknown coefficients. Numerical results for the multiple inclined or circular arc cracks subjected to the remote shear stress are presented.

In recent time, Runge-Kutta methods that integrate special fourth or- der ordinary differential equations (ODEs) directly are proposed to ad- dress efficiency issues associated with classical Runge-Kutta methods. Although, the methods require approximation of y′, y′′ and y′′′ of the solution at every step. In this paper, a hybrid type method is proposed, which can directly integrate special fourth order ODEs. The method does not require the approximation of any derivatives of the solution. Algebraic order conditions of the methods are derived via Taylor series technique. Using the order conditions, eight algebraic order method is presented. Absolute stability of the method is analyzed and the stabil- ity region presented. Numerical experiment is conducted on some test problems. Results from the experiment show that the new method is more efficient and accurate than the existing Runge-Kutta and hybrid methods with similar number of function evaluation.

The modified complex variable function method with the continuity conditions of the resultant force, displacement and heat conduction functions are used to formulate the hypersingular integral equation (HSIE) for a thermally insulated circular arc crack or a thermally insulated inclined crack in the upper part of bonded dissimilar materials subjected to remote stress. The HSIE is solved numerically for the unknown crack opening displacement function and the known traction along the crack as the right hand term using the appropriate quadrature formulas. Numerical results showed the behavior of the nondimensional stress intensity factor (SIF) at all crack tips. The nondimensional SIF depends on the crack geometries, the distance between crack and the boundary, the elastic constants ratio, the heat conductivity ratio and the thermal expansion coefficients ratio.