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The agro waste briquettes produced from sorghum panicle and pearl millet with corn starch as the binder with varied proportions were compared with the other agro briquettes, and the elemental analysis of SP-PM briquettes was compared with the agro waste, palm kernel shell, soybean waste, mango leaves, rice husk, spruce, and coffee husk briquettes. The TGA results of SP-PM briquettes were compared with the corn leaf, baggase, almond shell, banana leaves, banana pseudostem, pineapple leaf, stem and root, low rank coal, bituminous coal, cotton stalk, and wheat straw. The DSC analysis that was carried out for SP-PM briquettes were compared with the rice husk char, spent coffee ground, wood chips, saw dust, wood straw, Tomsk peat, Sukhovskoy peat, Arkadievsky peat, nutshell, and bran. Thus, the briquettes made out of sorghum panicle and pearl millets are compared with the other biomass briquettes for its efficiency and its quality. Thus, the briquettes made out of sorghum panicle and pearl millets are compared with the other biomass briquettes for its efficiency and its quality.

One of the main sources of dangerous chemicals that are dumped untreated into land and water bodies and have a negative influence on the ecosystem are industrial effluents. Seaweeds are currently used for treating industrial effluent effectively. The technology is at a maturing stage. This paper reviews the characterization and cultivation of seaweeds for wastewater treatment. In this present study, different extracts of four seaweeds such as Gracilaria edulis, Sargassum wightii, Turbinaria ornata, and Kappaphycus alvarezii, from the Mandapam coastal regions were analyzed. The seaweeds are used to treat the leather industry effluents collected from EKM leather processing company, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. Among all, extracts of Gracilaria edulis survived at different concentrations of TDS: 15,000, 25000, and 35000 mg/l. Out of these different ranges, TDS of about 25000 mg/l seaweed named Gracilaria edulis reduced more amounts of chemicals present in the effluent like TDS (93.90%), phosphates (72.71%), nitrate (75.08%), nitrite (76.92%), and turbidity (99.01%) content. Additionally, we produce the quality and strength of agar gel from the cultivation of Gracilaria edulis by the Nikansui method. Finally, we got the extraction procedure to obtain a higher yield of about 10.26% and a maximum gel strength of 92.06 g·cm−2 while maintaining the melting point at 78°C.

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation is a method for the protection of cement-based materials. This paper deals with the strength characteristics of microbial cement mortars, which are treated by the sp. FJ 973550 microorganism in different calcium sources (calcium hydroxide, calcium acetate, calcium chloride and calcium oxide). The crystalline phases of calcium carbonate crystal formation and the surface morphology of cement mortar are investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Microbial cement mortar specimens treated in calcium hydroxide source show higher compressive strength (∼29%) and tensile strength (∼47%) compared to control specimens. Surface treatment of specimens with bacteria resulted in an approximately 56% decrease in water absorption and increased the resistance to water and hazard material penetration. This biological surface treatment shows promising prospects for increasing strength and durability aspects of cement mortar specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of microbial mineral plugging in porous media is common in nature. Physical and biochemical properties of calcium carbonate (CaCO) precipitation induced by and microorganisms into cement mortar specimens are studied and analysed. X-ray diffraction is used to identify the calcium carbonate crystal as calcite, vaterite, aragonite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to verify the formations of white precipitation (calcium carbonate) in the microbial cement mortars. The improvement of strength in the concrete/cement mortar base is attributable to the formation of calcium carbonate, which fills the pores between the cement sand matrices. In the present study a noteworthy enhancement of compressive strength of 44% is observed in the biocuring -treated specimen relative to control. This method of implanting semi-solid mixtures onto the surface of the cement paste specimens shows significant effects such as decrease of permeability and capillary water penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]