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Ficus deltoidea or its well-known local name Mas Cotek belongs to the family of Moracaeae. This native plant is commonly found in Malaysia, other tropical and subtropical countries. Oral periodontal disease is an alarming disease and the utilization of herbal plants in treating oral pathogens has raised attention and concern. Therefore the main objective of this study was to review the effectiveness of effervescent mouthwash formulation of the FDL on treating oral pathogens. Plaque accumulation and oral microorganisms are the main predisposing factors to oral periodontal diseases. Herbal mouthwash has been of particular interest these days to treat oral pathogens. Different effervescent agents such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate were used in formulating effervescent mouthwash by different methods with varying concentrations. FDL leaves have claimed to possess different properties such as antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties which are helpful in treating many diseases. Post compression parameters such as effervescent time, moisture content, and in vitro antibacterial test were reviewed in this study. FDL has shown a strong correlation to the presence of high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, saponin, tannins, and triterpenoids. In conclusion, the type of preparation choosen is by using wet granulation method and the suitable ratio is 2:1.

Objective: The aim of the study was designed to assess the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori, affecting disease by this infection and diagnostic methods which are used to detect H. pylori . Methods: A wide literature search was performed using PubMed, Medline, Cinahl, Embase, Educational Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, and review of appropriate epidemiologic studies conducted from 1995 to 2017 for studies fully published investigating a contribution between H. pylori infection, antibiotic resistance, and diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Results: H. pylori infection is extremely contributed to the main symptoms and death that is currently affecting 50–75% of the people in the world. It is more affected in developing countries compared to developed countries. These infections are regarded to be the most important reasons for gastric cancer, peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas, and gastric adenocarcinoma. About 90–100% of duodenal ulcers and 60–90% of gastric ulcers were associated with H. pylori infections. At present, antibiotic resistance is a growing problem for the eradication of H. pylori infection; it contains metronidazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin resistance. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection is a crucial part for the better treatment of those diseases. Different types of testing method for H. pylori infection are used including invasive (endoscopic image, histology, rapid urease test, and culture) and non-invasive (urea breath test, stool antigen test, and serological). Conclusion: H. pylori antibiotic resistance is the major contributor to the failure of H. pylori treatment. Appropriate diagnostic method selected in detecting H. pylori antibiotic resistance may lead to reduced treatment failures and less antibiotic resistance.