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Mining activities cause substantial decimation of environment and biological diversity. Plant populations are disrupted by the operation of coal mining. The present study deals with the ecological assessment of tree species and physicochemical properties of soil in the Dhandardihi coal mining area of Raniganj Coal Field (RCF), West Bengal, India. For this purpose, three coal mine generated wasteland were randomly selected from the Dhandardihi coal mining area. A sum of 23 different tree species belonging to 22 genera and 16 different families were recorded. Most of the tree species showed rare or lower frequency class. Shannon diversity index was varied from 2.224 to 2.572. The findings of the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that the available nitrogen and phosphate content of the soil were the factor which heavily impacted the composition of tree species in the study area. The study indicated that Streblus asper and Senna siamea can be recommended for effective eco-restoration of the concerned sites due to cosmopolitan distribution, high regeneration potential with stable population structure. The findings could be used as an impactful means for predicting the suitability of specific species to revegetate mined regions. Even further, the findings suggest adverse effects of the mining operations on the area’s vegetation. Those actions really need to be monitored regularly along with suitable policies should be framed in terms of eco-restoration of mined wastelands based on indigenous vegetation.

This study evaluated the in- vitro antioxidant, phytochemical constituents and hepato-renal protective efficacy of Senna siamea methanolic extract in arsenic-induced oxidative stress. The results of this study show that S. siamea has strong antioxidant potentials against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’azinobis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acids) (ABTS) radicals. The extract scavenges nitric oxide radicals and has strong ferric reducing power. It also inhibited the induction of lipid peroxidation and α-amylase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Administration of arsenic to rats induced a significant increase in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and triglycerides in the plasma, while it decreased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase activities in the liver and kidney. It also significantly reduced the levels of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelet and lymphocytes in the blood. However, rats pretreated with S. siamea extract before arsenic administration significantly reversed all these arsenic-induced changes. Histological observations showed varying degrees of liver damage in the arsenic group that was un­treated, while the pre-treatment with S. siamea extract significantly improved the general histoarchitecture of the liver. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were determined, the gas-chromatography analysis revealed the possible presence of oxalic acid, barakol, kaempferol, betulin while total phenolics content, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre are in considerable amount in the plant This study demonstrated that S. siamea extract has antioxidant potentials and ameliorates arsenic-induced hepato-renal toxicity, the effectiveness of S. siamea as a medicinal plant could be due to the presence of various phenolics and antioxidant compounds in the plant.

The fertilizer values of ashes from commonly used woody species in the tropics are not well-known. To determine whether ashes of Theobroma cacao, Persea americana, Cola nitida, Mangifera indica, Citrus sinensis, Prunus dulcis, and Senna siamea are suitable fertilizers, we studied the contents of total and plant-available elements. Ashes of dry wood samples burnt at 500 °C were digested in Aqua-regia and Mehlich-3 extractants to determine the contents of total and plant-available elements, respectively, with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Ash yields ranged from 3.1 to 7.1% with pH (H2O) of 7.8–12.9. The ashes contained high P, Ca, K, Mg, S, Fe, Na, Mn, Cu, and Zn contents, with significant effects among the species. Total element content ranged from (g kg−1) 2–49 P, 19–218 Ca, 64–325 K, 48–95 Mg, 0.4–16 Fe, 3.6–29 Na, (mg kg−1) 143–798 Mn, 52–81 Cu, and 188–312 Zn. Available plant elements ranged from (mg kg−1) 22–512 P, 37,491–88,303 K, 2948–19,713 Ca, 13,719–29,001 Mg, 75–168 Mn, 40–74 Cu, 44–91 Zn, 1.5–383 Fe, and 836–6937 Na. The releasability (proportion of plant-available elements from the total) ranged from 0.08 to 92.8%. The relatively high releasability (25.4–80.4%) of Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the ashes of the over-all species can supplement low nutrient availability for plants. The low releasability of P (1.1%) of the overall species explains its persistence in soils applied with ashes. The high yield of the ashes and pH support their ideal use, especially for very acidic soils. Ashes of the studied species are suitable fertilizers for soils according to the availability and releasability of macro(P, Ca, K, Mg S) and microelements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Na). Total and plant-available Ni, Pb, As, and Cd contents in the ashes were below permissible limits in soils. Thus, the studied ashes are especially suitable for soils with high acidity and low fertility.

Coal mining changed forest structure and composition, it caused large negative impacts on the orangutan. In order to mitigate those negative effects, it is crucial to understand their nesting behavior adaptation in mining area. We investigated 74 times nested event in coal mining rehabilition area (CMRA) in East Kutai and 123 times in the Kutai National Park (Prevab) from October 2013 to September 2014 and include only night nests. We compared both habitats. Orangutans in CMRA built the nest later than in Prevab and used 15 species of trees as nests sites intensively on Senna siamea and Gmelina arborea. In Prevab, 35 species with the higher frequencies on Eusideroxylon zwageri and Dracontomelon dao. The average diameter of nest trees in CMRA smaller than Prevab. The height of nest trees in CMRA with the highest frequency was in 10.1-15 m, while in Prevab was as in 20.1-25 m. Orangutans in CMRA nested at the height of 20 m. Reused nest in CMRA was higher than in Prevab. Orangutans in CMRA more often built nests at the peak and limb, while in Prevab at the limb and peak. Orangutans in CMRA had learned to utilize various species and dimensions of trees as the place to build nests.

Background: Pharmacognostic standards and toxicological studies of the leaf of S. siamea were carried out. Objectives: To determine the quantitative phytochemical constituents present, pharmacognostic standards and toxicological effect of the methanol leaf extract and fractions of S. siamea. Methodology: Fresh leaves of S. siamea were collected, dried, pulverizes to powder and subjected to pharmacognostic and quantitative phytochemical analysis. The pulverized leaves were cold macerated in methanol for three days with intermittent shaking and exchange of fresh solvent every 24 hrs (aliquot extraction). Fractionation was done using n-hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. Chromatographic analysis of the methanol extract and fractions were obtained using standard methods. The methanol extract and fractions where screened for phytochemical constituents and toxicological effects using standard methods. Acute toxicity (LD50) of the extract was determined using Lorke’s method. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic examinatios revealed acute apex, pinnate veination and diacytic stomata, trichomes respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extract and fractions revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins etc. Proximate analysis of S. siamea revealed moisture content of 5.50 %, total ash value of 15.00 %, water soluble ash of 2.00 % etc. The LD50 was found to be > 5000 mg/kg. Increase in ALT, AST and ALP when metanol extract and fractions were administered were not statistically different from the control group, indicating no hepatotoxic potential. Increase in PCV, Hb and RBC when metanol extract and fractions were administered were not statistically different from control group. The non-significant decrease in the levels of ALP, ALT and AST indicates that the extract has possible hepatoprotective effect. The non-significant decrease in the levels of RBC, Hb and PCV indicates that the extract does not affect the heamatopoietic system when administered orally and at the doses used in the study. Conclusions: Specific standards obtained from the study may be compiled into a monograph of S.siemea plant that may constitute in herbal pharmacopoeia.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of leaves of Senna siamea. A sequential solvent extraction procedure was used in extracting powdered Senna leaves, starting with hexane, ethylacetate, ethanol and distilled water, respectively. Dry extracts obtained were tested at various concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. Antioxidant (Qualitative and quantitative) and antiproliferative tests were carried out on samples of the dry extracts. Ethylacetate extract of Senna siamea showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. typhi (zone of inhibition 15.0 mm) at concentration of 500mg/ml. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity, evidenced by a low IC50 value of 12.89µg/ml. Antiproliferative activity was determined by calculating the percentage inhibition of germination of Sorghum bicolor L. seeds under appropriate conditions. Plants that inhibit seed germination may inhibit tumour growth. At 24 hours, the plant showed strong antiproliferative activity as evidenced by the high percentage inhibition. Ethanolic extract had the highest antiproliferative activity (90%) at 5000µg/ml, followed by the aqueous extract (88.5%). However, at 48 hours, all organic extracts showed very weak antiproliferative activity as evidenced by the low % inhibition. Only the aqueous extract showed considerable antiproliferative activity at 5000µg/ml (45%). This implies that the aqueous extract has considerable antiproliferative activity, hence, it may be a promising anticancer drug or has components that have anticancer properties. This shows that Senna leaves could serve as source of bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer properties.

Agelanthus brunneus (Loranthaceae) is a hemiparasitic plant growing on Senna siamea (Fabaceae). The chemical investigation of its leaves and flowers led to the isolation of one new phenolic compound namely (−)-brunneusine (1), together with 13 known compounds. The crude leaves and flowers extracts (CLE and CFLE) with their ethyl acetate fractions (EAFL and EAFFL) and some isolated compounds (1–3; 8–9 and 11–14) have been tested on four bacterial species of sanitary importance isolated in an aquatic environment. All the samples except compound 3 showed antibacterial activity with MICs ranging from 0.43 to 8.88.103 µg/mL and MBCs from 0.43 to 3.55.103 µg/mL. Compounds 9 and 14 showed better activity on all bacterial species tested with MICs ranging from 0.43 to 27.77 µg/mL. Only CLE, EAFL and compounds 14, 2, 8 and 9 showed bactericidal effects on all bacterial species tested.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Development of resistance to antimalarial drugs by Plasmodium falciparum is still rampant, and there is an urgent need for novel drugs to either standalone or to partner artemisinin for treatment of malaria. Traditionally, plants have, over the years, been a good source of antimalarial drugs. Efficacy and safety of such plants need to be scientifically authenticated. Aims, Materials, and Method. This study investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of aqueous extracts of Acanthospermum hispidum DC, Alstonia boone (De Wild), Cocos nucifera L, Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Morinda lucida Benth, Psidium guajava, Phyllanthus niruri L, and Senna siamea Lam. Results. Five out of the eight plants, A. boonei stem bark, S; siamea Lam root, M. lucida Benth leaves, P. niruri, and A. hispidum DC whole plants, showed varying degrees of antiplasmodial activity against the asexual stage of the parasite. The most active extract against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) P. falciparum strains is the A. hispidum extract which yielded a mean inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) of 3.66 µg/ml and 3.71 µg/ml for 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. This was followed by S. siamea Lam with 3.95 µg/ml for 3D7 and 4.47 µg/ml for Dd2. The IC50 values of the A. boonei extract against 3D7 and Dd2 P. falciparum parasites were 5.13 µg/ml and 3.62 µg/ml, respectively. For the M. lucida Benth extract, the least IC50 value was 6.46 µg/ml. All five extracts exhibited dose-dependent antiplasmodial activity. Assessment of the genotoxic effects the A. hispidum extract by the comet assay revealed substantial damage to P. falciparum DNA. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that the crude extract of A. hispidum DC, one of the plants used traditionally to treat malaria, inhibits the growth of P. falciparum in vitro and could be a potential source of antimalarial drug. The report has highlighted genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the selected plant extracts on human leukocytes as well.

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), off-veld ruminant livestock and commercial poultry production fail to meet the demand for meat and eggs. Intensified production to meet the demand requires nutritionally balanced feeds. Competition between humans, livestock and poultry for feed resources present a challenge hence the need for alternative feed resources. Indigenous trees seeds are potential sources of nutrients. Senna siamea, widely distributed in SSA, produces an abundance of seed. We evaluated, by chemical analyses, the potential of hulled (HSSM) and dehulled (DSSM) in S. siamea seed meal to supply nutrients in feeds. DSSM had higher DM, CP, EE, ash, P and gross energy (92.71±0.08%, 47.89±0.03%, 11.39±0.16%, 6.17±0.07%, 1.01±0.03% and 23.13±0.05 MJ/kg DM, respectively) content than HSSM (P

The open-pit mining method has a very large ecological impact. It causes the loss of forest vegetation which decreases CO2 absorption. Measuring the amount of carbon stored in plant biomass can represent the amount of CO2 that can be absorbed in the atmosphere. The objective of this research is to determine the carbon sequestration of Albizia saman and Senna siamea in different age classes at PT MHU Busang Jonggon Block, Kukar, East Kalimantan. Estimation of carbon sequestration in the stands of A. saman and S. siamea was carried out by non-destructive methods using biomass allometric equations while in understorey and litter using the destruction sampling. The results showed that the highest carbon absorption value of A. saman was 314.28 tons/ha which appear at six years old stands and the lowest value was 193.31 tons/ha at three years old stands while the highest carbon absorption value of S. siamea was 113.65 tons/ha which appear at nine years old stands and the lowest value was 24.64 tons/ha at three years old stands. A. saman could be more promising plant species than S. siamea according to its higher level of carbon sequestration and their high adaptation level. All data from this study could suggest several information for increasing carbon sequestration level in forest ecosystem as well as achieving forest rehabilitation purpose.

The experiment was conducted on abandoned agricultural land at Bena-Tsemay District, Southern Ethiopia. It was designed to evaluate legume shrubs growth performance, and its potential for soil fertility enhancement through improved fallow practice. The results of the current study showed that the growth performance of legume species reveals variation in different growth parameters. The mean height of Sesbania sesban was significantly higher than the other species except for Senna siamea. Senna siamea recorded the highest mean stem diameter followed by Sesbania sesban, 3.47 cm, and 2.86 cm, respectively. Legume shrub species for soil fertility enhancement under improved fallow showed an increase in soil pH, organic carbon, organic matter, phosphorus level, available potassium, and total nitrogen during the growth period. Sesbania provides a large amount of nitrogen (2.91 t ha- 1) within two years fallow period, linked with the carbon to nitrogen ratio (11.22) having better mineralization potential. The growing of promising legume shrub species as an improved fallow practice has an important contribution in the restoration process of abandoned agricultural land and used as an option to grow crops in a rotational cropping system. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(1): 64-70, June 2020

Poverty and lack of access to health facilities had necessitated the less privileged to depend on herbal remedies to treat a number of diseases including malaria. The successes recorded from the discovery of novel antimalarials from plant sources had paved the way for the search of antimalarial compounds from traditional pharmacopeia. Phytochemical analysis as well as GC-MS analysis of crude leaves extract of Senna siamea was conducted, with a view to identifying compounds with biological activities. Further antimalarial assessment of the crude extracts was also performed in an in vitro assay. The phytochemicals; phenols, tannins, anthraquinones, alkaloid and flavonoids were detected from hexane and methanol extracts. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of Saponins specifically, triterpenoids (Lupeol, α-amyrin), Sesquiterpene (Octadecane), Diterpenes (Eicosane), Esters of pthalic acids (Diethyl phthalate) Squalene, α-Tocopherol (a fat soluble Vitamin E) and hexadecanoic acid butyl ester. A dose dependent suppression of parasite growth was observed for all extracts, with methanolic extract showing less antimalarial potency (IC50= 3.74 μg/mL) when compared to the hexane extract (IC50=4.349 μg/mL). Extracts and compounds detected from the leaves of this plant could be used as novel lead compounds to develop new drugs. Keywords: Phytochemical analysis; GC-MS; antimalarial; Senna siamea; medicinal plants.

West African Guinean forests are among the most diverse and threatened ecosystems in the world. The study aims to provide new insights about tree species patterns, abundance, and diversity for better management in Togo. Species diversity and density of trees were assessed in 170 plots randomly selected in the study area. Each tree with DBH >10 cm was identified and measured. Stem density, basal area, and diversity indices were calculated. In total, 243 species belonging to 170 genera and 44 families were identified in the study area. Five floristic groups were recognized. They are characterized respectively by Lophira lanceolata, Pterocarpus erinaceus and Daniellia oliveri association in Group 1; Theobroma cacao, Elaeis guineensis and Morinda lucida association in Group 2; Elaeis guineensis, Persea Americana and Albizia zygia association in Group 3; Cola gigantea, Senna siamea and Erythrophleum suaveolens association in Group 4 and Pycnanthus angolensis, Ceiba pentandra and Pseudospondias microcarpa association in Group 5. The Fabaceae, Moraceae and Malvaceae are the most represented families in the study area. The highest tree species diversity was observed in Group 4 (2.05 ± 0.61) and the lowest diversity in Group 2 (1.19 ± 0.64). Mean tree density ranges from 408.96± 202.17 (Group 1) to 273.90 ± 193.19 (Group 4). The highest tree basal area (27.99 ± 25.58 m2/ha) is obtained in Group 3 and the lowest (15.84 ± 13.44 m2/ha) is in Group 4. The presence of pioneer species in the study areas proves that the habitat has undergone serious anthropogenic disturbance events, which contribute to species loss. Key words: Diversity, sub humid mountains ecosystems, Togo, richness, tree species, disturbance factors.

Escherichia coli has carved its niche in the urinary tract with the formation of a formidable matrix called biofilm. This biofilm is not only recalcitrant to the body’s immune system but also resistant to antibacterial agents. Senna siamea (Lam) Irwin and Barneby is a medicinal plant with established antibacterial effect against planktonic cells of many bacteria. An attempt was made herein to evaluate the effect of its leaf extract and fractions on biofilm of E. coli isolates. Crude extracts of leaf, stem bark and root of this plant were prepared using ethanol as the solvent for the cold extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the three extracts. Two E. coli strains from different antenatal patients attending General Hospital, Kafanchan, Kaduna were donated to us by a researcher from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and the reference strain, E. coli, WDCM 00013 (from Germany) were tested for biofilm production using the Congo red method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the crude extracts against the isolates was carried out using the agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined for the leaf extract of the plant using micro broth dilution and agar diffusion methods respectively. In order to establish the antibiofilm activities of the leaf extract of the plant, sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) were used against the test isolates in the remaining assays in the work. Column chromatography backed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to fractionate leaf extract (having the best antibacterial activity) of the plant, using different ratios of a combination of hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol as fractionating solvents. MIC and MBC of the leaf extract were and 50 mg/ml respectively. High values of percentage biofilm inhibition were observed against all the bacterial isolates from the antibiofilm assay. Combination of solvents in the increasing order of polarity enhanced the antibiofilm activity of the various fractions of the leaf extract of Senna siamea. In conclusion, further fractionation of Senna siamea leaf extract increases its antibiofilm activities. Key words: Biofilm, Senna siamea, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, Escherichia coli.

An increasing eco-consciousness among peoples has been shifting the use of natural dyes for textile dyeing and in other realms too as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The present study was focussed on aqueous extraction of natural dye from the pod husk of Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, its characterization through spectroscopic (UVVIS and FT-IR) and chromatographic (GC-MS/ LC-MS) technique. It was noticed that the percent recovery was 16%, while FTIR results indicates different functional groups present in the dye, total 16 constituents were identified in the GC-MS analysis of Senna dye such as DFructose, 3-O-methyl-, Stigmast-5-en-3-ol,oleate, Benzaldehyde,2-hydroxy-4-methyl-, 3'- Methoxybenzo[1',2'-b]-1,4-, Tetrapentacontane, n-Hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl elaidate 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6, 4- Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl), Maltol, Methyl 14-methyl-eicosanoate, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, 2,3-dihydro, Benzeneacetaldehyde, and the LCMS analysis exhibits the presence of 20 major bioactive compounds among these N-Cyclohexane carbonyl pentadecylamine, Docosanedioic acid, Emmotin A, 3α,12α-Dihydroxy-5β-chol-7-en-24-oic Acid, 4-Hydroxyphenylglyoxylate, Hexadecyl Acetyl Glycerol, 2-oxo-nonadecanoic acid, 1-Monopalmitin, Spisulosine and N,Ndimethyl- Safingol showed highest retention time. Thus the Senna dye is a rich source of natural bioactive compounds.

Short Withdrawal Notice This paper is withdrawn from Open Access Library Journal (OALibJ) according to authors’ withdrawal request. The Editorial Board would like to extend its sincere apology for any inconvenience this withdrawal may have caused. The full withdrawal notice in PDF is preceding the original paper, which is marked "WITHDRAWN".

Recent ethnopharmacological data cited Senna siamea as one of the most widely used medicinal plants in the management of salmonellosis in Benin. However, data related to its activity on non-typhoidal Salmonella spp are limited. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of Senna siamea on multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of S. siamea were tested for their antibacterial activity on four multidrug-resistant Salmonella: Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and three Salmonella spp. isolated from animals intended for human consumption in Benin. Well diffusion technique combined with the determination by microdilution of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were used for antibacterial testing. From antibacterial testing, inhibition diameters of the extracts ranged from 7 to 11 mm, for the susceptible strains. Colistin (reference antibiotic) was active on all Salmonella spp. with inhibition diameters between 18 and 19 mm. The MICs ranged from 3.125 to 25 mg/ml while MBCs of the extracts are greater than 100 mg/ml, so none of the extracts have antibacterial power (p.a). From these results, it appears that the use of Senna siamea in the traditional treatment of salmonellosis is justified. These results must be valued in the development of anti-salmonella phytomedicines.

Background: Malaria, a parasitosis affecting man, remains a public health problem in developing countries where morbidity and mortality are very high. Afzelia bipindensis and Senna siamea are two plants used in the treatment of malaria in different African countries including Cameroon. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of hydroethanolic leaves extracts of Afzelia bipindensis and Senna siamea, from Northern Cameron using Plasmodium berghei and to investigate the acute and sub-acute toxicity of leaves extracts in a rodent model. Methods: The four days Peter’s suppressive test was used to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity and the OCDE 423 and 412 guidelines were applied to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity. Biochemical tests related to hepatic, cardiac and renal toxicity were also assessed. Results: The leaves’ extracts of Afzelia bipindensis at doses 180, 360, 720 mg/kg and Senna siamea at doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg have shown significant antiplasmodial activity (P) with parasite reduction ≈ 50%. No mortality of rats was observed at the tested doses. The biochemical analysis did not reveal any statistically significant difference when compared with control. However, ALT was statistically increased at a higher dose (720 mg/kg) of Afzelia bipindensis leaves extract. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in triglycerides at 360 mg/kg and 720 mg/kg Conclusion: It is concluded that daily consumption of leaves extract of Afzelia bipindensis and Senna siamea are without significant risks to human health, favoring the use of these products in the treatment of malaria.

Indonesia is an archipelago with a high risk of earthquakes. Traditional houses in Indonesia are very varied, distinctive, and made of wood. Rumah gadang is one of the traditional houses and located in Minangkabau, West Sumatra. Rumah gadang in various regions are threatened due to natural disasters. The purpose of this research were design and analyze rumah gadang structures againts the durability on earthquake. The analysis used software SAP2000 v14 and Microsoft Excel. The main material was pheasant wood or senna siamea with density 800 kg/m3 and the modulus of elasticity 11000 MPa. Based on the calculation of maximum internal force, the combination of load and resistance factor design (LRFD) was greater than the combination of allowable stress design (ASD). The actual pressure was smaller than the ultimate pressure so structure was fulfill the strength standard. Buckling didn't occur when the ultimate pressure work. Maximum flex occur on the roof was 1.08 cm due to the hight of roof cross-section is smaller than the width off cross-section. Keywords: ASD, earthquake, LRFD, rumah gadang

Hexavalent chromium contamination in water is an issue of huge concern due to its use at a high scale, toxicity and non-biodegradability. Biosorption is a cost effective and unconventional strategy...

This research aims to test the effects of cassia leaf extract on the eating behavior of pigeons for application as a natural repellent. Senna siamea (Cassia) leaves were oven-dried and blended into fine pieces and processed by the simplest extraction method (maceration) with ethyl alcohol 70% solution and were then extracted with hot continuous extraction (Soxhlet extraction) with ethyl alcohol 70% solution. Cereal grain seeds were prepared and soaked in the extracts of the 2 methods in 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% concentrations for 24 h. Twenty-four pigeons were prepared with one cage per pigeon. Cereal grains were weighed to 20 grams, which was fed to the pigeons for 24 h and the beginning weight of the cereal grains and the weight of the leftovers were recorded. The food consumption was analyzed to determine the differences among the averages of each method with one-way ANOVA. The findings showed that the averages of the bird food intake based on the maceration method were not different with a statistical significance (p>0.05), while the averages of the bird food intake based on Soxhlet extraction were different with a statistical significance (p

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a major public health problem affecting several countries with predominance in black Africa. Faced with therapeutic failure caused by resistance and supply disruptions, searching for other antiretroviral agents, in particular from natural sources, becomes necessary. Given popular consumption of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction in the Northern Cameroon region and the traditionally attributed antiretroviral value, information on its efficacy and safety consumption is relevant to confirm its use. A total of 297 participants aged 18–52 and HIV-positive were recruited and divided into 3 groups: one taking only the decoction (group 1), another taking only antiretroviral therapy (ARTs) (group 2), and finally, one taking the decoction and antiretroviral (group 3). During 6 months, all the participants of the concerned groups consumed daily (morning and evening) 250 mL of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea decoction. CD4+ and CD8+ levels were measured by flow cytometry. Hepatic and renal toxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated spectrophotometrically by measuring ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, CREAT, SOD, CAT, and GSH parameters. We note an increase in the CD4+ level of the three groups with values much more pronounced in the group treated by ARTs + decoction, from 328 ± 106 to 752 ± 140. Group 2 presented not only biological signs of hepatic and renal toxicity but also significant oxidative stress. No signs of toxicity were detected in the other groups. The study concludes that a decoction of Azadirachta indica and Senna siamea stimulates the production of CD4+ and is not toxic. On the contrary, it would reduce the toxicity caused by ARTs intake.

This paper proposes a novel method for the image classification of forage plants in fabaceae family by using Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) method. The color image extension jpeg color mode RGB adjust the image to 1000x1000 pixels to get a single image of the template file. All of the sample images, four prototype images were standard scaled and rotated. The image was obtained through the image extraction process using SIFT implements and matching dataset of Forage Plants leaves with matching points to evaluate the accuracy of flea leaf identification, it was found that Senna siamea, Clitoria ternatea and Pithecellobium dulce leaves 100% accuracy but Sesbania grandiflora Desv was obtained with 0% accuracy. The total accuracy of all 4 plants 75%, indicated that the photosynthesis of SIFT leaves was suitable for Senna siamea, Clitoria ternatea and Pithecellobium dulce Because it is 100% accurate, but not with Sesbania grandiflora Desv leaves. The accuracy is 0% because the leaves are dark green. The leaves are not clear. And the leaves are slender, evenly spaced leaves, which makes it a very rare feature. While Senna siamea, Clitoria ternatea and Pithecellobium dulce leaves are clear. Leaf edge is unique. Include appropriate techniques for recognition and classification.

Senna siamea has been used as an antidiabetic drug since antiquity. With regard to traditional Thai medicine, the use of S. siamea was described for diabetes therapy. To understand the molecular mechanism regarding insulin resistance. Pure compounds were isolated from wood extract. We studied their biological activities on insulin-resistance using an in vivo zebrafish model. We also performed an in silico study; molecular docking, and in vitro study by taking advantage of the enzyme inhibitory activities of α-glucosidase, PTP1B, and DPP-IV. Based on the preliminary investigation that ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts have potent effects against insulin resistance on zebrafish larvae, five compounds were isolated from two fractions following: resveratrol, piceatannol, dihydropiceatannol, chrysophanol, and emodin. All of the isolated compounds had anti-insulin resistance effects on zebrafish larvae. Resveratrol, piceatannol, and dihydropiceatannol also demonstrated inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase. Chrysophanol and emodin inhibited PTP1B activity, while resveratrol showed a DPP-IV inhibition effect via the molecular docking. The results of enzyme assay were similar. In conclusions, S. siamea components demonstrated effects against insulin resistance. The chemical structure displayed identical biological activity to that of the compounds. Therefore, S. siamea wood extract and their components are potential therapeutic options in the treatment of diabetes.

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous leaf extracts of three Congolese plant species, namely Brillantaisia patula (BR-PA), Crossopteryx febrifuga (CR-FE) and Senna siamea (SE-SI). The obtained AgNPs were studied for their optical, structural, surface morphological and antibacterial properties. The prepared AgNPs were characterized by using UV-Visible spectra, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical shaped and well-dispersed with average sizes ranging from 45 to 110 nm. The AgNPs derived from BR-PA, CR-FE and SE-SI exhibited higher antibacterial activity against three bacterial pathogens of the human skin compared to their respective crude extracts and AgNO3. This indicated that the biomolecules covering the nanoparticles may enhance the biological activity of metal nanoparticles. Hence, our results support that biogenic synthesis of AgNPs from Congolese plants constitutes a potential area of interest for the therapeutic management of microbial diseases such as infectious skin diseases., Green synthesis; Medicinal plants; Silver nanoparticles; Leaf aqueous extracts; Antibacterial activity; Engineering; Materials science; Chemistry; Biological sciences; Health sciences.

Ku-Or Y, Leksungnoen N, Onwinom D, Doomnil P. 2020. Germination and salinity tolerance of seeds of sixteen Fabaceae species in Thailand for reclamation of salt-affected lands. Biodiversitas 21: 2188-2200. Over the years, areas affected by salinity have increased dramatically in Thailand, resulting in an urgent need for reclamation of salt-affected areas using salinity tolerant plant species. In this context, seed germination is an important process in plant reproduction and dispersion. This research aimed to study the ability of 16 fabaceous species to germinate and tolerate salt concentrations of at 6 different levels (concentration of sodium chloride solution, i.e., 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 dS m-1). The germination test was conducted daily for 30 days, and parameters such as germination percentage, germination speed, and germination synchrony were calculated. The electrical conductivity (EC50) was used to compare the salt-tolerant ability among the 16 species. Our results showed that the germination percentage, germination speed, and germination synchrony of all species decreased with an increase in salinity concentration. The mean germination time increased from 2-4 days under 0 dS m-1 to 4-10 days under 16 dS m-1, indicating that the seeds germinated at a slower rate as the salinity levels increased. Seed germination percentage was more than 80% across all the species at salinity levels between 0 to 16 dS m-1. Sesbania grandiflora, Senna siamea, and Dalbergia cochinchinensis had a high EC50 value of 33.56, 32.93, and 30.83 dS m-1 respectively, suggesting that these species were the three most salt-tolerant species in this study. As such, the establishment of these species in salt-affected areas should be studied further in order to reclaim such affected lands.

With the promotion of so-called multipurpose agroforestry species in Burundi, Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn, Senna siamea L. and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)Walp have been the three widely disseminated leguminous shrubs to farmers for use as climbing bean stakes, fuelwood, fodder and green manure. However, of recent, field reports indicate that direct application of their foliar biomass as green manure show some negative effects on plant growth. For that matter, laboratory and greenhouse studies were set up to examine and compare the susceptibility of maize (Zea mays L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to allelopathic effects of Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn, Senna siamea and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Data were collected on seed germination, radicle elongation, root and shoot growth, root, shoot and total dry biomass. The study revealed tangible depressive effects of leaves of all three tested leguminous species, particularly on radicle elongation, root and shoot growth of tested crop species. The inhibitory effects were more pronounced at higher application rates on bean than on maize growth, while roots were more sensitive than shoots. This is an indication that allelochemicals are not only species specific, but also organ specific as well as concentration dependent. Overall, the allelopathic effect followed the order: Gliricidia sepium > Senna siamea = Calliandracalothyrsus. The study outlined the potential detrimental effect of agroforestry species foliar biomass on associated plant growth when directly applied to the soil. As an alternative, we recommend to farmers the co-composting approach with low quality crop harvest residues (e.g. maize stover, wheat straw), in which the leguminous leaves play a stimulatory effect on the overall decomposition, allelochemicals dissipation and plant nutrient release.

The inclusion of image analysis techniques for the accurate and rapid assessment of the quality of forest seeds is highly desirable. The use of digital radiographic images of seeds and the analysis of seedling images, still little used in determining the quality of forest seeds, are among the available imaging techniques. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using the analysis of images of seeds and seedlings in the assessment of the physical and physiological quality of Senna siamea seeds. Radiographic images of seeds were obtained from five seed lots, allowing generating morphological and tissue integrity descriptors. These seeds were then subjected to germination and seedling growth tests, which allowed obtaining variables related to physiological quality. The generated seedlings were scanned and analyzed using the software ImageJ. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, correlation, and principal component analysis. The results showed differences between seed lots in terms of physiological quality and physical integrity of internal tissues. Significant correlations were observed between the variables obtained with the radiographic analysis and seed physiological characterization tests. The use of techniques to analyze seed radiographs and seedling images allows access to information on the physical and physiological integrity of S. siamea seeds. Resumo: A inclusão de técnicas de análise de imagens para a avaliação precisa e rápida da qualidade de sementes florestais é altamente desejável. Entre as técnicas de imagem disponíveis, destacam-se o uso de imagens radiográficas digitais de sementes e a análise de imagens de plântulas, ainda pouco utilizadas na determinação da qualidade de sementes florestais. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a viabilidade do uso da análise de imagens de sementes e plântulas na avaliação da qualidade física e fisiológica de sementes de Senna siamea. Imagens radiográficas de sementes de cinco lotes foram obtidas e, a partir delas, foram gerados descritores morfológicos e de integridade tecidual. Após a obtenção das imagens das sementes, estas foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e crescimento de plântulas, dos quais se extraíram variáveis relacionadas à qualidade fisiológica. As plântulas geradas foram escaneadas e analisadas por meio do software ImageJ. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de variância, correlação e análise de componentes principais. Os resultados mostraram diferenças entre os lotes de sementes quanto a sua qualidade fisiológica e integridade física de tecidos internos. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre as variáveis obtidas com a análise radiográfica e pelos testes de caracterização fisiológica das sementes. O uso das técnicas de análise de radiografias de sementes e de imagens de plântulas permitem acessar informações de integridade física e fisiológica de sementes de S. siamea.

Johar (Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby) is a member of the Fabaceae family which is used as an ingredient of traditional medicine by the Indonesian people. Johar leaves are known to contain Cassiarin A which is a potential drug for malaria. Johar is a medicinal plant spread in Indonesia, but information on the diversity of Johar in Indonesia is unknown. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of Johar plants from 16 regions in Indonesia by using ISSR molecular markers. A total of 6 selected primers produced 61 ISSR bands and 62.3% were polymorphic. Molecular similarity between OTUs is calculated using the Gower General similarity coefficient and dendrogram construction is carried out using the UPGMA algorithm. Diversity in the population is calculated using the Shannon index and heterozygosity. Johar plants in Indonesia show low diversity with a Shannon index value of 0.077±0.007 and a heterozygosity index of 0.054±0.018. Two clusters were formed, namely Cluster I containing accessions from Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan with a similarity of 0.8 and a genetic distance of 8.27, while Cluster II contained an accession from the eastern part of Java and Sulawesi with a similarity of 0.827 and a genetic distance of 8.2.

Lio FXS, Dewi MPS. 2018. Karst vegetation in the natural habitat of sandalwood (Santalum album) at various altitude places in Timor Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1703-1713. Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) was the superior commodity In South Central Timor District, but it tends to decrease in number at present. South Central Timor has been highly regarded for the quality and former abundance of its sandalwood stocks and it has been one of the most productive sources for sandalwood on Timor Island. It grows in the karst ecosystem at altitude of 450-1044 m asl. This study aims to assess karst vegetation in the natural habitat of sandalwood at three elevation sites in South Central Timor. A total of 4 plots were placed in the middle land zone (307-382 m asl.), 7 plots in the upland zone (784-1031 m asl.), and 4 plots in the highland zone (1665-1782 m asl.). Data were sampled using a square plot measuring 20 x 20m for tree, and the sub-plot of 1 x 1m for the ground vegetation category. Ecological data were measured together with the sampling of vegetation data, while the soil quality was assessed in the laboratory of Nusa Cendana University. The results showed that the higher a place from the sea surface, the less number of species was found. The highest number of species was found in the upland zone, but it tended to decrease in the highland zone. Dominant species placed at each zone were also different, which in the middeland zone the dominant species were Acacia mangium, Tectona grandis, and Eleusine indica; in the upland zone, they were Lantana camara, Gmelina arborea, Senna siamea and Cyperus rotundus, whereas in highland zone was dominated by Senna occidentalis, Portulaca oleracea, Eucalyptus urophylla, and C. rotundus. The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that environmental factors did not affect the species number in research sites. Ecological condition and soil quality in research sites indicated that those conditions are suitable for sandalwood's growth.

This study aimed at identifying the tree species commonly used in brick making in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania and proposing means for generation of modified energy sources that would cover the full value of forest resource production and consumption. The research approach was two-folds using; Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and quantitative measurements. Results revealed that almost all brick makers in the area used fuelwood as the major energy sources. Nine (9) tree species were used in brick making, namely; Mkarati (Burkea africana), Mlama (Combretum molle), Mbiriti (Senna siamea), Muarobaini (Azadirachta indica) and Mwembe (Mangifera indica). Others were Mkaratusi (Eucalyptus spp), Mchongoma (Pithecellobium dulce) Mjohoro (Senna spectabilis) and Mkrisimasi (Delonix regia). Of these, Mkarati, Mwembe, Mlama and Mbiriti were mostly preferred, though other species were also used insignificantly. Increasing scarcity of some of other tree species meant that deforestation from the nearby forests was a common problem. To reduce deforestation in the area, use of alternative energy sources in brick making such as rice husks and bagasse are recommended. Other recommendations are the establishment of woodlots, practicing agro-forestry systems and intensive afforestation and reforestation programmes for more sustainable fuelwood use.

Nitrification, or the process of oxidation of ammonium to nitrate in the soil, needs to be inhibited because it reduces the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers. Vertisols have 2:1 minerals and have high negative charge, so ammonium is more absorbed by soil particles, whereas nitrate is free to move in the soil and diffuses into the plant tissue or is leached with gravity water. This study aimed to determine the litter treatment that can inhibit the nitrification process in Vertisols on sweet corn plants. This research was conducted in June until November 2019 in the Plastic House of Plesungan, Gondangrejo, Karanganyar, Indonesia. This study used a basic completely randomized design with a single factor (litter type) as an immobilizer. The types of litter used in this study were Gliricidia maculata, Albizia falcataria, Senna siamea, and Tithonia diversifolia. The parameters observed were ammonium content, nitrification potential, average nitrate content, actual nitrification, plant height, number of leaves, and dry crown plant. Tithonia diversifolia gave the highest actual nitrification of 23.26%. Senna siamea has the lowest actual nitrification of 12.36%, followed by Gliricidia maculata with 17.39% and Albizia falcataria with 17.67%. This shows that the Tithonia diversifolia litter has the highest value in inhibiting nitrification. Maize plants treated with the Tithonia diversifolia litter had the best plant growth compared to those applied with other treatments. Therefore, among the treatments used, the Tithonia diversifolia litter was most optimal in inhibiting nitrification in Vertisols.