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Research on the antifungal activity test of ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves against the fungus C. albicans growth was carried out. The aim of this study was to examine the antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves on the growth of the fungus C. albicans. The ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves was obtained through maceration method. The ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves was tested for antifungal activity by liquid and solid dilution methods in determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum kill concentration (MKC). The results of the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves on the growth of the fungus C. albicans by the liquid dilution method showed the MIC value of 25 ppm and MKC value of 500 ppm. While the results of the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of Kaembu-embu (Blumea balsamifera) leaves on the growth of the fungus C. albicans by solid dilution method showed the MIC value of 5 ppm with inhibitory ability of 50.13% of media control and a MKC value of 250 ppm.

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. seed is known as gorek seed contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics, due to the content of these secondary metabolites so that this plant has antioxidant activity. This study aimed to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents of methanol extract of gorek C. bonduc seeds as well as antioxidant activity. Extraction of gorek C. bonduc seeds was carried out with methanol, then quantitative determination of total phenolic by the Folin-Ciocalteu method as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/gram of extract, flavonoid content by AlCl3 method as Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/gram of extract, and in vitro antioxidant activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was in IC50 (inhibition concentration). Based on the results of research, the phytochemical screening of methanol extract of gorek C. bonduc seeds showed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. The determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid content were obtained 0.55 ± 0.02 mgGAE/g and 0.50 ± 0.02 mgQE/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of methanol extracts and ascorbic acid showed IC50 values were 3770.77 ppm and 3.36 ppm respectively.

The adsorption of Bismarck Brown R (BBR) dye has been conducted using mesoporous silica (MCM-48). We synthesized the adsorbent using Ludox HS-40 as a silica source and surfactants of Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100. The characterization of MCM-48 was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various contact times were used to study the adsorption kinetics, and concentrations were used to study the adsorption isotherm. The optimum contact time of Bismarck Brown R dye was 120 minutes, and the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model. Based on the equation Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, the adsorption capacity values of each are obtained 158.7301 mg g-1 and 4.3601 mg g-1. Our results showed that the material can be used as a new dye adsorbent.

Research on the extraction of chemical components of Dengen (Dillenia serrata Thumb) leaves using the MAE (microwave-assisted extraction) method and activity as an antioxidant and toxicity test has been carried out. This study aimed to extract the chemical components of Dengen leaves using the MAE method and to test the antioxidant activity and toxicity of the ethanol extract of Dengen leaves. The chemical components of Dengen leaves were extracted by the MAE method and obtained ethanol extract with a yield of 47%. Dengen leaves ethanol extract was partitioned with n-hexane and ethanol as solvents and obtained yields of 5% (n-hexane) and 65% (ethanol). The chemical components of Dengen leave ethanol extract were identified by phytochemical screening. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, terpenoids, and steroids. The antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of Dengen leaves was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrihydrazil) method and obtained the value of IC50 = 100,363 ppm (strong antioxidant). A toxicity test of the ethanol extract of Dengen leaves was carried out using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and obtained the value of LC50 = 18.3443 ppm (very toxic).

There are several sources of collagen, one of which is the yellowfin tuna bones. Collagen is a bioactive peptide with specific biological characteristics so that it can be used widely. However, hydrolysis is carried out to produce collagen hydrolysate to increase the biological effectiveness of collagen and its application. This study aimed to produce collagen hydrolysate from yellowfin tuna bones using collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 and evaluate its ability as an antibacterial agent. The Hydrolysis process was optimized by varying the concentration of substrate, enzyme and hydrolysis time. To determine the effectiveness of the hydrolysis process in inhibiting bacterial growth, the hydrolysis degree and antibacterial activity of collagen hydrolyzate have been investigated. Results showed that hydrolysis at a substrate concentration of 10 %, enzyme of 10 % and hydrolysis time of 4 h was the optimum conditions to obtain the highest degree of hydrolysis (22.48 %). All collagen hydrolysates obtained have antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the highest inhibition zones of 11.50 mm and 12.60 mm respectively. Collagen hydrolysate from yellowfin tuna bones is bactericidal so it is a very good candidate to be developed as an antibacterial agent.

The BEAC4ND4 ionophore has been successfully synthesized from p-t- butylcalix[4]arene carboxylic acid. The BEAC4ND4 ionophore was obtained in two steps of the synthesis reaction. The first step is the chlorination reaction of p-t- butylcalix[4]arene carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride in dry benzene solvent. The chlorination reaction product is p-t- butylcalix[4]arene acyl chloride in the form of the light brown viscous liquid with a yield of 78.25% and TLC (SiO 2 , CH 3 OH: CH 2 Cl 2 = 1: 1 v/v, R f = 0.65). The second step is the amidation reaction of ethyl 2-aminoacetate with p-t- butylcalix[4]arene acyl chloride in dry tetrahydrofuran solvent. The product of the amidation reaction is p-t- butylcalix[4]arene ethylesteramide or the BEAC4ND4 ionophore in the form of a white solid with the yield of 75.22%, a melting point of 314-316°C, and TLC (SiO 2 , CH 3 OH: CH 2 Cl 2 = 1: 1 v/v, R f = 0.75).

The research on the highly selective and sensitive determination of Hg(II) ions using ion-selective electrodes (ISE) coated with the BEC4ND1 ionophore as a membrane has been successfully carried out. ISE was designed using the membrane composition of the [(BEC4ND1 ionophore : PTCPB : DOS : PVC) (3 : 2 : 60 : 35 % w/w)]. The ESI-BEC4ND1 ionophore has good characteristics where it shows a sensitivity value of 29.933 mV/decade in the Hg(II) ion concentration range of 10-9 - 10-1 M with a limit of detection (LoD) of 10-7 M. The response time obtained is in the range of 4 - 8 minutes with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.548. The ESI-BEC4ND1 ionophore also shows the average value of selectivity coefficient (Kij) < 1. These results indicate that the presence of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) ions as interfering ions in the analyte solution does not affect the performance of the ESI-BEC4ND1 ionophore in detecting Hg(II) ions. The ESI-BEC4ND1 ionophore that has been developed shows good selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility, so the ESI-BEC4ND1 ionophore is promising to be used as a Hg(II) ion detector in the environment.

Starch extraction and modified starch from starch in avocado seeds using the Autoclaving-Cooling method have been performed. This research aimed to analyze the content of starch in avocado seeds (Persea Americana Mill) and to determine the retrogradation temperature appropriates to produce the highest resistant starch from this research. The methods of this research were precipitation, decantation, and Autoclaving-Cooling. The research stages were starch extraction process from avocado seeds (Persea Americana Mill) using decantation and drying methods, then resistant starch production using Autoclaving-Cooling method. The high-temperature heating process used autoclave at temperature of 121°C, then the retrogradation process with temperatures of 4°C and -18°C. The analysis included analysis of starch content, water content, amylose content, and resistant starch content. The results showed that the starch content after the extraction process was 90% with 11% water content, 21% amylose content and 8% resistant starch. After the modification process was performed, the moisture content for cooling at temperature of 4°C was 6%, the amylose content was 29% and the resistant starch content was 27%. While the characteristics for the cooling temperature −18°C, namely 6% water content, 28% amylose content, and 17% resistant starch content. Conclusion: Retrogradation temperature of 4°C was the best cooling temperature by using autoclaving-cooling method to increase resistant starch content and other supporting characteristics.

Ageratum Conyzoides L. has a toxic and bioactive component as anti-cancer and especially for the root, it has anti-tumor. In order to figure out the active component, it is necessary to do four steps; isolation, identification, characterization, and toxicity essay Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) of non-polar fraction Ageratum conyzoides L plant. Isolation method consist of four parts; extraction, partitioning of Kupchan method, fractionation, and purification. Fractionation method uses press column chromatography (KTT). Furthermore, purification process uses thin layer chromatography (TLC) and characterization with spectroscopy FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Then characterization utilizes spectroscopy FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The toxicity essay toward Artemia Salina Leach n-hexane fraction and dichloromethane fraction showed that the fraction had toxic properties with number of LC50 are 0,0237 and 4,642 µg/mL respectively. Moreover, n-hexane fraction has succeed in isolating Stigmasterol compound shaped white crystalline needles with 19.6 mg weight, 143-144 °C melting point and and had toxic properties with number of LC50 are 30,33 µg/mL.

Arbenan ( Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke) is a plant belonging to Rosaceae family which server as an antioxidant, flavonoids. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of arbenan leaves using DPPH. The leaves were extracted using maceration method with a sample size of 300 gs dissolved using ethanol 70%, then obtained the viscous extract of 32,49 gs. The arrest of free radicals for each tested sample under the inhibition of DPPH. The tests were conducted at the 4 concentration series of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm by using methanol p.a by the addition of 0,5 mL with 3,5 mL DPPH of 30 ppm. Antioxidant activity absorbance was measured by a spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 515 nm and IC 50 value was calculated based on the absorbance data. The calculations showed that the Arbenan leaves have a very strong antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 30,20 µg/mL.

Xylanases is an extracellular enzyme that has prospects as enzymes that hydrolyze hemicellulose (xylan). In this study, carried out isolatied of bacteria from the hot springs Makula', Tana Toraja and determine the optimum conditions in producing the xylanase enzyme. The steps being taken are the rejuvenation of bacteria, the manufacture medium inoculum and the production medium, the measurement OD (Optical Density) measurements of protein and testing activities xylanase. The results obtained showed that the production time for B. stearothermophilus SL3A is in the 48 hours with a value of 0.1237 activity mU/mL and B. stearothermophilus SL3S at the 60 hours with a value of 0.1593 activity mU/mL. B. stearothermophilus SL3A have a protein content of 9.828 mg/mL and for B. stearothermophilus SL3S have a protein content of 10.07 mg/mL. Characteristics bacterial xylanase from B. stearothermophilus SL3A and B. stearothermophilus SL3S work optimally at pH 7 a temperature of 45 ºC. Crude extract of the isolated xylanase enzyme can hydrolyze substrate is xylan corn cobs. The addition of metal CaCl2, MgCl2, CaCl2 can increase the activities of the enzyme xylanase and CoCl2 decreases the activities of enzymes that are inhibitors.

Chitosan is the result of deacetylation process from chitin which it can be found on Crustacean outer shell such as crabs. Chitosan can bind fat if it was consumed by human. The fat-binding ability of chitosan depends on the deacetylation degree. The research have been made into two phases. The first phase, chitosan was made from crab shell using NaOH. The deacetylation degree from chitosan that was made from the earlier process was analyzed with FTIR. The deacetylation degree result of the research was 59.39% using NaOH 50%. The second phase was the process of adsorbing triglycerides using chitosan in 10, 30, 45, and 60 minutes which was analyzed using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The result of this research showed that the optimum triglycerides with 0.5, 1, 3 gram of chitosan was 2.99%, 3.14%, and 3.36%.

Amylase is a hydrolase group enzyme used in many industrial areas which operate on high temperature. Amylase can be yielded from various organisms. The most common producer of Amylase is Bacterium. Bacterium can live in many extreme environment like hot temperature environment. One of the sources of hot water is Jailolo Bay in North Maluku, on that account it requires to conduct the isolation of thermophile amolytic bacteria from the hot water source of Jailolo Bay in North Maluku Moluccas North and test its amylase activity. Water sample used in this research was taken come from the hot water source with temperature of 75°C and 6,1 water pH. This research was done by isolating the bacteria, by packing 1 mL of the water sample into an add-on medium. Then 1 mL microbe culture was disseminated to a jelly medium and incubated for two days at the temperature of 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C. The resulting Bacterium colony was then processed qualitatively into the amolytic bacterium test in the jelly medium containing 1% sago extract with Iodium. Isolates yielding wide, transparent zone in each incubation temperature were identified. Identifying the bacteria was conducted with colony morphology test, biochemical test, and the coloration of Gram. The α-amylase enzyme activity test was relied on the amount of reduction sugar (maltose) which was produced by the extract hydrolysis with DNS method using maltose as standard. The result of the research shows that the source of hot water in Jailolo Bay, North Maluku has potency to yield thermophile amolytic bacteria. The amount of isolates bacteria obtained was 68 isolates from the temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C each resulting 36, 18 and 14 isolates bacteria. Three chosen bacterium isolates (big transparent zone) from each incubation temperature are isolates 51Y222 ( 40 °C), isolates 52B23 ( 50ºC) and 52YA ( 60ºC) which owns each transparent zone of 9,11 cm; 9,13 cm and 9,20 cm. The microscopic characterization result of Gram coloration indicates that those three isolates are included as the positive Gram bacteria and in form of bacillus. Based on the colony morphology observation macroscopically, microscopically and according to the biochemical test result, isolates 51Y222, 52B23 and 52YA represent bacterium of Bacillus sp. Amolytic enzyme activity of 51Y222, 52B23 and 52YA is each 157,75 mU / mL; 124,07 mU / mL and 1315,61 mU / mL

Moringa leaf (Moringaoleifera) is a plant that grows in Indonesia with high nutritional content. This plant has biological activity as antidiabetic, blood pressure-lowering, and antioxidant. This study analyzes the nutritional content of Moringa leaf extract, especially amino acids, minerals and determines its antioxidant. Analysis of total amino acid content has been carried out by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) method, minerals with ICP-OES (Inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) and antioxidant activity by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The analysis of Moringa leaf extract has obtained 15 kinds of amino acids, namely: threonine (9403.09), lysine (11694.16), leucine (18087.41), isoleucine (9321.59), phenylalanine (17236.01), valine (11183.48), methionine (5684.68), tryptophan (2577.82) while non-essential amino acids include histidine (9965.39), proline (10068.07), tyrosine (8641.63), aspartate acid (16585.76), glycine (13027.13), arginine (13123.94), alanine (14474.52), glutamate acid (30106.87), serine (10055.98), cysteine (470.37) in ppm. The analysis of minerals has obtained 13 essential minerals included Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Se, Zn. The highest mineral is shown for selenium (1097.84 ppm) and chrome (919.99 ppm) at the second highest order. Sodium (68.83 ppm) and magnesium (60.84 ppm) is found as minerals with low concentrations. The antioxidant test has shown weakness activity with an average IC50 value of 9.901 μg/mL, using ascorbic acid as a positive control with IC50 values of 196.892 μg/mL. The analysis results of amino acids, minerals, and antioxidant activity show that Moringa leaves are very potential for human nutrients.

Controlling of postprandial hyperglycemia using α-glucosidase inhibitors is one of the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Collagen hydrolysate, as an α-glucosidase inhibitor has not been reported. Therefore, This study intends to evaluate the activity and kinetics of inhibition of collagen hydrolysate against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Collagen hydrolysate was prepared from Thunnus albacares bone enzymatically using bacterial collagenase at hydrolysis times (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 h). The type of inhibition was determined by enzyme kinetics analysis. Collagen hydrolysate obtained at hydrolysis time of 1 h has the highest inhibitory activity of 24.47 %. Based on enzyme kinetics analysis, collagen hydrolysate showed a show a type of competitive inhibition. These results revealed that collagen hydrolysate has the potential as a natural antidiabetic in controlling blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

Indonesia is a maritime country with the potential fisheries resources. However, utilization only revolves around the meat, while other parts have not been used optimally, especially fish bones which have the potential to produce collagen, so it needs to be developed. The aims of this study ware extracted collagen from bone of Lutjanus sp. and determine its the Anticancer activity. The collagen was extracted by using hydroextraction method and identification by FTIR. The initial screening anticancer activity was done by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method for toxicity assay. The results showed that the yield of collagen was 4.535% with protein concentration was 8,815 mg/mL. Identified collagen from spectrum of amide A, B, I, II, and III at 3421.72; 2926.01; 1651.07; 1541.12; 1240.23 cm-1. The toxicity test was shown in LC50 values of 8,760 μg/mL. The collagen from Lutjanus sp. bone can be used as natural anticancer agent.

Collagenases are enzyme that are able to hydrolyze native collagen into fragment collagen peptides. Collagenases and its hydrolysis products have received tremendous attention in medical and industrial applications. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify new collagenase producing bacteria from fish liquid waste, then produce and characterize collagenase. A total of 7 isolate from fish liquid waste were screened on selective medium containg 2 % collagen and its activity was confirmed by the formation of clear zone. Isolat 6-2 was positif as collagenase producer and identified as Bacillus sp. 6-2 by morphological and biochemical characteristics. The optimum fermentation time of enzyme was investigated. Collagenase crude extract was characterized by the effect of pH, temperature, and metal ions. Isolat 62 optimally produced collagenase enzyme after 30 h of incubation with activity of 0.072 U/mL and protein content of 3.768 mg/mL. The optimum pH and temperature were 7.0 and 40 oC, respectively. The enzyme was activated by 1 mM Ca2+and Mg2+, and inhibited by 1 mM Zn2+ and Co2+. Collagenase from Bacillus sp. 6-2 may have potentials for medical and industrial applications.

Food preservatives are very important ingredients in improving the quality and production of processed foods. However there are various presenvatives and such preservatives such as formaldehide are not allowed. This study aims to determine the content of preservatives in fresh anchovy (stolephorus sp.) from the traditional market of Makassar City South Sulawesi. Formaldehyde preservatives is identified by qualitative and quantitative test, qualitative formaldehyde was tested using Schryver reagent using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer analysis method. The result of qualitative analysis showed that all samples contained formaldehyde, with the concentration value of 0.2702ppm; 0.1307ppm; 0.0871ppm in Daya Market A; Daya Market B; Daya Market C samples, respectively. The content of 0.1612ppm; 0.2223ppm; 0,1525ppm in Antang Market A; Antang Market B; Antang Market C samples, respectively. The content of 0,1918ppm;0,0087ppm; 0.2877ppm in Terong Market A; Terong Market B; Terong Market C, samples, respectively and the content of 0.1394ppm; 0.1961ppm; 0,0043, in Pa’baeng-baeng Market A; Pa’baeng-baeng Market B; Pa’baeng-baeng Market C samples, respectively. The lowest formaldehyde level was found in Terong Market C with level of 0.0087ppm and the highest formaldehyde level was in Pa’baeng-baeng Market C with the level of 0.2877ppm.

Anthocyanin is the one of natural dyes that often used in foodstuffe, because anthocyanin can make a more color like red, blue and purple. Anthocyanin storage can make anthocyanin is damage, because the interaction with tempherature, light, and oxygen show that can given effect about the stability anthocyanin color, and decrease the anthocyanin as an antioxidant. That problem can be solved with copigmentation, that is an anthocyanin reaction with metal ion. In this study can showed that ethanol extract from Rambutan peel and we obtained 23.824 gram with total anthocyanin content of 709.3866 mg/L with antioxidant activity of 0.0046 μg/mL, and then the extract of anthocyanin with metal ion Mg2+ in concentration 50; 100 and 150 ppm had IC50 are 0.0061; 0.0048 and 0.0067 μg/mL. This conclution from the added of metal ion Mg2+ showed that has not show much different antioxidant activity.

This research have done of Aspartame compound in seven kinds of beverage of the student which turn in elementary school with tehe mean that to analyze Aspartame compound in beverage and have purpose to determine the concentration of Aspartame in beverage. As a comparison used the main of Aspartame with purity about 98,38%. The sample is weigh about 10 gram in a flask 50 ml, and then diluted with mobile phase is sodium dihydrogen phosphate and acetonitrile (82.5 : 17.5)ml and then it’s filtered by membrane filter 0,45 um. The result are sonicated and to injection about 20 ml to in colomn with rate of flow 1,2 mk/min and λ 210 nm. The sample is analyzed by HPLC method. The analyzed showed that the average concentration of Aspartame by calculating linear regression equation contained in the sample A. 7.5658 mg/kg, B. 198.3445 mg/kg, C. 257.8844 mg/kg, D. 226.5515 mg/kg, E. 0 mg/kg, F. 45.5389 mg/kg, G. 140.3748 mg/kg which is still below the standard of 600 mg/kg. So, sample E is just not contain of Aspartame. Key words : Aspartame, HPLC, Compound, Analyze

Study on the effect of compound cofactor and stability to enzyme activity of β-1 ,3-glucanase has been done. This study used bacterial isolates B. licheniformis HSA3-1a isolated from a hot spring Sulili Pinrang as a source of the enzyme β-1 ,3-glucanase. Isolation of enzyme made after bacterial are activated and cultured in fermentation medium, pH 7,0 and temperature of 50 0 C for 4 days. The resulting enzyme performed activity assay. Activity of enzyme assays performed by adding the compound cofactor MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , CuCl 2 , CoCl 2 , and ZnCl 2 at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0) mM. To determine the stability of the enzyme made by varying the incubation time (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180) minutes. The result showed that the cofactors of compounds that can serve as an activator for the enzyme β-1 ,3-glucanase from B. licheniformis HSA3-1a is MgCl 2 and CaCl 2 at a concentration of 0:25 mM, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM. Compound cofactor of CaCl2 1 mM is stabilizier of enzyme β-1,3-glukanase because the relative activity of the enzyme remaining 86% of the treatment time for 180 minutes prainkubasi. Key Word : β -1 ,3- glucanase, Bacillus licheniformis HSA3 - 1a, cofactor, enzyme activity, stability

Enzyme immobilization is a recovery technique that has been studied in several years, using support as a media to help enzyme dissolutions to the reaction substrate. Immobilization method used in this study was adsorption method, using specific lipase fromAspergillus oryzae. Lipase was partially purified from the culture supernatant ofAspergillus oryzae. Enzyme was immobilized by adsorbed on silica gel. Studies on free and immobilized lipase systems for determination of optimum pH, optimum temperature, thermal stability and reusability were carried out. The results showed that free lipase had optimum pH 8,2 and optimum temperature 35 °C while the immobilized lipase had optimum 8,2 and optimum temperature 45 °C. The thermal stability of the immobilized lipase, relative to that of the free lipase, was markedly increased. The immobilized lipase can be reused for at least six times.