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Fashion and racism are complex issues with pressure for the industry to be more inclusive of racial differences. The Black Lives Matter movement has drawn attention to the issue of racism in the fashion industry and inspired social efforts to address it. Increased support for this cause has resulted in more entities contributing to eliminating racism in the industry through actions such as black model matter campaigns and the founding of The Kelly Initiative, which advocates for the diversity and inclusivity of the fashion industry. This research aims to examine the impact of social movements in combating racism and promoting equality in the global fashion industry. Qualitative methods are used with several theoretical frameworks, including racism, to show neglect, which results in discrimination, as well as global social movements, which are used to show forms of collective action in the form of protests that seek inclusive change in fashion. The results show that social movements can transform the fashion industry through rapid advances in diversity and inclusion through collective action. The implication is that it allows all parties to contribute to fashion without facing racial discrimination, thereby achieving diversity and inclusion.

This research is intended to provide an understanding of Islamic financial accounting standards. In carrying out its sharia principles, sharia banks must also uphold the values of justice, trust, partnership, transparency and mutual benefit for both the bank and for customers which are the pillars in carrying out muamalah activities . With the rapid growth rate of Islamic Financial Institutions in the world, an appropriate standard is needed in presenting financial reports to overcome differences in the preparation of each country. The role of AAOIFI in this regard has greatly contributed in terms of the formulation of standards, although in practice there are many obstacles to its application, moreover the standard that is widely used by countries is IFRS and it is not easy for countries to adopt AAOIFI standards in a short time . Most of the standards used by Islamic banking follow the AAOIFI standards adopted in the Sharia PSAK but in relation to IFRS standards are also applied as long as they do not conflict with sharia principles and values.

Oryctes rhinoceros L. is an organism that helps the decomposition of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). In the larvae's intestines, there are symbiotic bacteria that are used in the process of food degradation in the digestive system, one of which is amylolytic bacteria. This study aims to isolate and molecular identify amylolytic bacteria that produce amylase enzymes from horn beetle larvae. The techniques are used to screen and isolate bacteria from horn beetle larvae. Bacterial identification was accomplished by microscopically identifying amylase-producing bacterial isolates, performing biochemical tests on selected bacterial isolates, quantifying amylase enzyme activity, and molecularly identifying 16S rRNA. The results of screening and bacterial isolation obtained five isolates. The largest amylolytic bacterial colony index value was obtained in the EA3 isolate, which was 1.370 mm. Bacterial isolates with the highest activity were found in isolates coded EA1 and EA2, namely 0.049 U/mL and 0.0479 U/mL. According to the findings of 16S rRNA molecular identification, isolates EA1 and EA2 had similarities with the bacteria Ochrobactrum sp. and Pseudomonas mendocina.

The horn beetle larvae (Oryctes rhinoceros L.) contain symbiotic bacteria that are used to digest and degrade cellulose as food so that it has the potential to produce cellulase enzymes. This study aims to isolate, characterize and identify microbial symbionts from horn beetle larvae that have the potential to produce cellulase enzymes.The methods in this study include morphology and physiology identification of bacteria, qualitative and quantitative activity tests and species determination using 16S rRNA sequencing technique. Based on the results of morphological observations, five bacterial isolates were taken which has the potential as a cellulase producer is indicated by the presence of a clear zone that is produced when a qualitative test is carried out using congo red staining with different cellulolytic indices. Based on the quantitative bacterial activity test using UV-Vis, the highest activity was found in PES3 isolates at 1.62 x 10-2 and PES5 at 1.61 x 10-2. Species determination results found that PES3 isolates belonged to the genus Acinetobacter and PES5 belonged to Pseudomonas. In addition to the isolates obtained for the environment and the industrial sector, cellulolytic bacteria can provide added value such as hydrolyze cellulose waste into alternative fuels.

Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) is one of the natural sources containing ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, which is known to have beneficial activity, especially as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. This study aims to convert ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate into amide form as N-phenethyl-p-methoxycinnamamide (4a) and N-morpholinyl-p-methoxycinnamamide (4b) through some synthetic ways then tested their activity as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. The FTIR spectra of 4a present a short single peak at 3269.34 cm−1 that belongs to the N-H group, while spectra of 4b show no absorption band between 3200–3400 cm−1 due to its tertiary amide structure. Spectroscopy analysis through 1H- and 13C-NMR exhibits the successful synthesis of both compounds. Bioactivity test results show that compound 4b has better activity than 4a. In molecular dynamics simulation, the binding energy of compounds 4a and 4b reveal that both compounds have a similar binding energy of about -98980.8 and -97696.7 kJ mol−1, respectively.

The ionophore has been successfully synthesized from p-t-butyl(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene subtituted amide. The ionophore was obtained in two steps of the synthesis reaction. The first step is the chlorination reaction of p-t-butyl(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene with thionyl chloride in dry benzene solvent. The product of the chlorination reaction is p-t-butyl(chloroacetylmethoxy)calix[4]arene in the form of the light brown viscous liquid with the rendemen of 78.25% and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH : CH2Cl2 = 1 : 1 v/v, Rf = 0.65). The second step is the amidation reaction of p-t-butyl(chloroacetylmethoxy) calix[4]arene with dimethylamine in dry tetrahydrofuran solvent. The product of the amidation reaction is p-t-butyl(dimethylcarbamoylmethoxy)-calix[4]arene or the DIMECAC4ND3 ionophore in the form of white solid with the rendemen of 60.75%, a melting point of 277-279 °C, and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH : CH2Cl2 = 1 : 1 v/v, Rf = 0.82).

Cassava is one of the most widely produced agricultural products in Indonesia with cassava peel waste of 20%. Cassava peel contains carbohydrates and stores a high cellulose content so that it has a potential to be a bioethanol. This study aims to utilize cassava peel waste for bioethanol production with an alkaline pretreatment process, cellulase enzyme hydrolysis and fermentation by using Zymomonas mobilis bacteria. Alkaline pretreatment with 14% NaOH is used to hydrolyze lignocellulose. The hydrolysis optimization process enzymatically applies the Surface Response Method (RSM) to determine the optimum conditions at hydrolysis pH in the range of 2-10 and hydrolysis temperature in the range of 30-70 °C by analyzing glucose levels using the Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS) method and UVvis spectrophotometry instruments. Surface Response Method (RSM) is likewise implemented to decide the greatest conditions of the fermentation process. The pH measurement ranges 2-10, and fermentation time takes 6 to 168 hours. Based on the results of research, it results a lignin content of 6.68% (b/b), cellulose content of 58.4% (b/b), and hemicellulose content of 27.3% (b/b). The optimum conditions of the hydrolysis process obtained an optimum glucose level of 9.22mg/mL at pH 2 and a hydrolysis temperature of 50°C. The optimum conditions of the fermentation process use Zymomonas mobilis at pH 6 while fermentation time takes 168 hours analyzed using a refractometer produced a bioethanol content of 37.75% (v/v) and a gas chromatography produced a bioethanol content of 54.94% (v/v).

Kinerja guru Sekolah Dasar Negeri gugus IV Kecamatan Tampan Kota Pekanbaru masih relatif rendah, hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya kepemimpinan, iklim organisasi, motivasi dan kepuasan kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja guru, iklim organisasi terhadap kinerja guru, motivasi terhadap kinerja guru dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja guru. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan jumlah sampel 65 responden yang ditentukan berdasarkan Teknik sampling total. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah kepemimpinan, iklim organisasi, motivasi, dan kepuasan kerja sedangkan variabel dependen adalah kinerja guru. Pengukuran variabel menggunakan skala Likert yang diisi berdasarkan presepsi guru. Analisa data menggunakan regresi linier berganda dengan bantuan SPSS versi 22. Berdasarkan pengujian, model dinyatakan memenuhi asumsi klasik dan uji kelayakan model, dan diperoleh persamaan regresi linier berganda Y = -0,036 + 0,257X1 + 0,019X2 + 0,106X3 + 0,290X4.Hasil analisa secara parsial menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan, iklim organisasi, kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja guru, sedangkan motivasi berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja guru. Secara simultan seluruh variable independen berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja guru sebesar 76,4%. Sisanya 23,6% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak dibahas dalam penelitian ini.

QSAR modelling as anticancer of 4-alkoxy cinnamic analogues has been done against their 3D descriptors. This modelling aims to develop the 4-alkoxy cinnamic analogues in better activity. We employed Kennard and Stone’s algorithm to split the data set into training and test set. Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) are used to select the influencing descriptors and to carry out statistically robust model.pIC50 = 2.7350 (±1.0653) ×RDF145u − 2.2276 (±0.9655) × RDF120m + 1.8369 (±1.1295) × E2m − 1.5611 (±0.4518)(R2training = 0.7436, R2test = 0.9812)Coefficient of Y-randomization (cR2p) as one of model validation for the selected model gave a value of 0.6569 that greater than 0.5 identifying the model is powerful and not inferred by chance. Descriptors which influencing the activity are RDF145u, RDF120m, and E2m. RDF145u is radial distribution function-145/unweighted, RDF120m is radial distribution function-120/weighted by atomic mass and E2m is 2nd component accessibility directional WHIM index, weighted by atomic mass. Selected QSAR model used to design and predict some of new 4-alkoxy cinnamic analogues. There are 10 newly designed compounds that have a better prediction activity and have no violation in the drug likeness property based on the Lipinski rule.

Research on the extraction of chemical components of Dengen (Dillenia serrata Thumb) leaves using the MAE (microwave-assisted extraction) method and activity as an antioxidant and toxicity test has been carried out. This study aimed to extract the chemical components of Dengen leaves using the MAE method and to test the antioxidant activity and toxicity of the ethanol extract of Dengen leaves. The chemical components of Dengen leaves were extracted by the MAE method and obtained ethanol extract with a yield of 47%. Dengen leaves ethanol extract was partitioned with n-hexane and ethanol as solvents and obtained yields of 5% (n-hexane) and 65% (ethanol). The chemical components of Dengen leave ethanol extract were identified by phytochemical screening. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, terpenoids, and steroids. The antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of Dengen leaves was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrihydrazil) method and obtained the value of IC50 = 100,363 ppm (strong antioxidant). A toxicity test of the ethanol extract of Dengen leaves was carried out using the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method and obtained the value of LC50 = 18.3443 ppm (very toxic).

The adsorption of Bismarck Brown R (BBR) dye has been conducted using mesoporous silica (MCM-48). We synthesized the adsorbent using Ludox HS-40 as a silica source and surfactants of Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Triton X-100. The characterization of MCM-48 was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Various contact times were used to study the adsorption kinetics, and concentrations were used to study the adsorption isotherm. The optimum contact time of Bismarck Brown R dye was 120 minutes, and the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model. Based on the equation Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, the adsorption capacity values of each are obtained 158.7301 mg g-1 and 4.3601 mg g-1. Our results showed that the material can be used as a new dye adsorbent.

The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia began to be confirmed in early February 2020, it affects many various economic sectors, including agriculture. The COVID-19 created challenges for socio-economic issues. This short note focuses on the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the agricultural sector. The COVID-19 outbreak had a wide-ranging impact, so that agricultural commodities continued to decline. The government's call to not leave the house resulted in many farmers not doing their activities so that it has an impact on declining farmers' income. The field officers also could not optimally carry out their work as a result the development of farming was not optimal. Various efforts have been made by the government to support the agricultural sector such as building e-marketing and training in processing yields for farmers.

The BEAC4ND4 ionophore has been successfully synthesized from p-t-butylcalix[4]arene carboxylic acid. The BEAC4ND4 ionophore was obtained in two steps of the synthesis reaction. The first step is the chlorination reaction of p-t-butylcalix[4]arene carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride in dry benzene solvent. The chlorination reaction product is p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acyl chloride in the form of the light brown viscous liquid with a yield of 78.25% and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH: CH2Cl2 = 1: 1 v/v, Rf = 0.65). The second step is the amidation reaction of ethyl 2-aminoacetate with p-t-butylcalix[4]arene acyl chloride in dry tetrahydrofuran solvent. The product of the amidation reaction is p-t-butylcalix[4]arene ethylesteramide or the BEAC4ND4 ionophore in the form of a white solid with the yield of 75.22%, a melting point of 314-316°C, and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH: CH2Cl2 = 1: 1 v/v, Rf = 0.75).

An antituberculosis activity test of N-p-Methylbenzyl-p-coumaramide (MBC) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the antituberculosis activity of MBC against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The study was conducted using agar diffusion method. The test solution was prepared by dissolving MBC in 20 mL Ogawa medium to a final concentration of 0.25; 0.50; 1; and 2 mg/L. PDA media that had been inoculated with M. tuberculosis H37Rv (seeded agar) were poured over the base layer on the petridish surface. Paper disks that have been immersed in the test solution were put symmetrically on the seeded agar. Furthermore, the seeds were incubated at 37 oC for 48 hours. Then the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured to the accuracy of 0.5 mm with a ruler. The results showed that MBC has biological activity as an antituberculosis. MBC can inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv at a concentration of 0.25; 0.50; 1; and 2 mg/L with a diameter of inhibitory zones respectively 8.9; 13.7; 18.5; and 21.3 mm. This showed that the inhibition of MBC on the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv increased with increasing concentration of MBC used.

Telah dilakukan penelitian isolasi bakteri rhizosfer pada Tanaman nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri rhizosfer tanaman nilam yang berpotensi sebagai penghasil senyawa antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab infeksii saluran pencernaan. Tahap pertama, dilakukan isolasi bakteri yang berasal dari rhizosfer tanaman nilam. Uji skrining antibakteri dengan metode tanding, diperoleh isolat IBRN-3 dan IBRN-5 menghambat pertumbuhan semua bakteri uji. Isolat IBRN-3 dan IBRN-5 difermentasi. Hasil fermentasi diesktraksi dengan pelarut etil asetat menghasilkan ekstrak etil asetat fermentat kering. Dilakukan identifikasi Kromatografi Lapis Tipis terhadap ekstrak etil asetat IBRN-3 dan IBRN-5 menggunakan eluen kloroform:metanol (8:1) dan diilanjutkan dengan uji KLT-Bioautografi. Diperoleh hasil bercak pada IBRN-3 dengan nilai Rf 0.93 menghambat bakteri E. coli, S. aureus , nilai Rf 0.82 menghambat B. subtillis, S. dysenteriae, nilai Rf 0.64 menghambat S. aureus dan S. thypii, nilai Rf 0.89, 0.36, 0.24 menghambat S. dysenteriae, nilai Rf 0.84 dan 0.74 menghambat S. aureus. Sedangkan untuk IBRN-5, diperoleh bercak dengan nilai Rf 0.91 menghambat B. subtillis, E. coli S. thypii, nilai Rf 0.95 menghambat S. aureus, S. dysenteriae , nilai Rf 0.84 menghambat B. subtillis, S. thypii, nilai Rf 0.83 menghambat S. dysenteriae, dan nilai Rf 0,74 menghambat S. thypii.

Clove is one of the plants that has the potential as an antibacterial. Clove, besides being known as a food flavoring, also has properties as an analgesic, bacteriostatic, and treat stomach cramps. This study aims to isolate and obtain a chromatogram profile of clove flowers (Syzygium aromaticum L.) against bacteria that cause dental caries infection. The search for bioactive compounds in this study was to isolate endophytic fungi in clove flowers and then purified and tested macroscopically. Then a screening test was carried out and then continued for 21 days fermentation using Potato Dextrose Broth medium to separate the supernatant and mycelia, then extracted using ethyl acetate solvents to obtain ethyl acetate extract. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out by TLC-Bioutography method using ethyl acetate: n-hexane (4: 1) eluent. The results of this study obtained five endophytic fungi isolates that were active against the bacteria Streprococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Isolates that have the greatest activity, namely isolates with the code IFBC-01. The results of TLC-Bioautography obtained one speck with a value of rf: 0.67 which means it has antibacterial activity.

Buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) merupakan tanaman endemik yang tumbuh di wilayah Papua. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya buah merah mengandung beberapa senyawa aktif dengan kadar yang cukup tinggi, diantaranya karotenoid, tokoferol, betakaroten, α tokoferol, serta asam lemak seperti asam oleat, asam linoleat, asam linolenat, dan asam dekanoat. Kandungan tokoferol yang cukup tinggi dalam buah merah memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kapasitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) dengan metode FRAP. Sebanyak tiga replikasi ekstrak etanol buah merah diukur kapasitas antioksidannya dengan menggunakan larutan standar α-tokoferol pada spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada panjang gelombang maksimum 757 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, sampel ekstrak etanol buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) memiliki aktivitas total antioksidan dengan aktivitas sebesar 1,392 x 10-3 g ATE/g ekstrak.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan kitosan 2,5% pada nugget ikan melalui analisis Total Volatile Base (TVB) dan uji organoleptik. Analisis TVB terdiri dari tahap ekstraksi, destilasi dan titrasi. Sedangkan uji organoleptik menggunakan beberapa parameter yaitu uji kenampakan, aroma, tekstur, dan cita rasa. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penambahan kitosan 2,5% dapat memberi daya tahan pada nugget ikan hingga jam ke-24 dengan nilai TVB 21,79 mg-N/100g pada penyimpana suhu 27 °C. Sedangkan penyimpanan pada suhu 5 °C dapat memberi daya tahan hingga jam ke-72 dengan nilai TVB 13,43 mg-N/100g. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan nugget ikan masih sangat disukai. Oleh karena itu, nugget ikan yang melalui proses pengawetan dengan penambahan kitosan 2,5% masih memenuhi syarat untuk dikonsumsi.

Synthesis of glucopyranosyl acetic from sago flour as raw material for the synthetic polymers has been successfully carried out. The synthesis product is obtained through two reaction stages, namely the hydrolysis and esterification reactions. Sago flour is hydrolyzed with 25% HCl and neutralized with 45% NaOH. Glucose hydrolysis of sago starch and acetic anhydride was esterified using a zinc chloride catalyst. Synthesis product was obtained as a white solid substance (57.31% recovery), a melting point of 110 - 111oC, and Rf 0.79 on TLC (SiO2, n-hexane: ethyl acetate = 9:1 v/v). The results of the analysis of synthesis products with FTIR and GC-MS spectrometers showed that the synthesis product was glucopyranosyl acetic or 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl glucopyranose.

Lemongrass Leaves (Cymbopogoncitratus DC.) and Thatch Grass Leaves (Imperata cylindrical (L.)Raeusch) are medicinal plants belong to similary family. Their activity as natural antioxidant sources because it’s contains the flavonoids compound. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoid content on the ethanol extract of lemongrass leaves and the thatch grass leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The extraction wasdone by maceration methodusing ethanol. The first sample is 3,95% lemongrass leaves, and the second one is 2,98% thatch grass leaves. The qualitative analysis by TLC method with the eluent ratio n-Hexane:ethyl acetate (6:4) showed that both samples positively contain flavonoids. The quantitative analysis by spectrophotometry at the maximum wavelength 431 nm showed that total flavonoid content in the first sample is 2,8666 % and the second sample is 3,4866 %.

Ageratum Conyzoides L. has a toxic and bioactive component as anti-cancer and especially for the root, it has anti-tumor. In order to figure out the active component, it is necessary to do four steps; isolation, identification, characterization, and toxicity essay Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) of non-polar fraction Ageratum conyzoides L plant. Isolation method consist of four parts; extraction, partitioning of Kupchan method, fractionation, and purification. Fractionation method uses press column chromatography (KTT). Furthermore, purification process uses thin layer chromatography (TLC) and characterization with spectroscopy FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Then characterization utilizes spectroscopy FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The toxicity essay toward Artemia Salina Leach n-hexane fraction and dichloromethane fraction showed that the fraction had toxic properties with number of LC50 are 0,0237 and 4,642 µg/mL respectively. Moreover, n-hexane fraction has succeed in isolating Stigmasterol compound shaped white crystalline needles with 19.6 mg weight, 143-144 °C melting point and and had toxic properties with number of LC50 are 30,33 µg/mL.

This research aims to produce DAG of the VCO through the substrate reaction of trans-esterification using lipase enzymes specifically C18-20 from rice bran (Oryza Sativa L.) immobiled of activated carbon as a catalyst. Phases of this research starts with the enzyme lipase do immobile using activated carbon; next enzymes of immobile used to produce DAG through the trans-esterification reaction using a VCO as a substrate and methanol as ko-substrate; DAG and methyl ester produced identified using FTIR instrument and GC-MS instruments. The results showed that there were three compounds DAG and three compound methyl ester produced trans-esterification reaction, namely (1) 1-laurin, 3-heksanoin esters of glycerol; (2) 2-laurin, 3-oktanoin esters of glycerol; (3) 1-laurin, 3-heksanoin esters of glycerol; (4) methyl ester oleic; (5) methyl ester stearic acids; and (6) methyl ester arachidat.

This research aims to immobilization; characterize the enzyme of immobilized, test the effectiveness of the enzyme of immobilized. This research begins with the immobilization to process of enzyme lipase using activated carbon matrix, enzyme characterization covering of immobile determination of temperature and pH optimum of the enzyme of immobilized, as well as test the stability of work covering immobilized of enzyme the test thermal stability and repeated use. The results showed that the immobile of enzyme work optimally at 50oC of temperature and pH 6.5 with each activity 0.040 U/mL; research results also showed that the immobile of enzyme has higher thermal stability in comparison with the free enzyme: with the relative activity of 57.50% at the time of 45 minutes of exposure and the exposure time at 47.50% at 75-105 minutes and it can be used as many as six times with the relative activity of 52.5% in 6 times of use.

Enzyme immobilization is a recovery technique that has been studied in several years, using support as a media to help enzyme dissolutions to the reaction substrate. Immobilization method used in this study was adsorption method, using specific lipase from Aspergillus oryzae. Lipase was partially purified from the culture supernatant of Aspergillus oryzae. Enzyme was immobilized by adsorbed on silica gel. Studies on free and immobilized lipase systems for determination of optimum pH, optimum temperature, thermal stability and reusability were carried out. The results showed that free lipase had optimum pH 8,2 and optimum temperature 35 °C while the immobilized lipase had optimum 8,2 and optimum temperature 45 °C. The thermal stability of the immobilized lipase, relative to that of the free lipase, was markedly increased. The immobilized lipase can be reused for at least six times.

Algae is a plant which life in the marine with a lot of diversification such as: single and multi-cellular. Commonly, it contains chlorophyll without stem and roots. A species of algae in Indonesia which has high economic value is Eucheuma cottoni. It is cultured in Bantaeng as the central production of algae in South Sulawesi. The aim of this research is to know the concentration of heavy metals Cadmium in algae at region Bantaeng coastal. Concentration of cadmium was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). This analysis was done by destruction process using concentrated HNO3. Sampling was done at 6 different location, they are: Nipa-nipa, Bakara, Boroloe, Tapaloe, Baruga village and Baruga from north to south. The experiment result show that the highest concentration of Cd is in Nipa-nipa village, with 0.2920 ppm and the lowest in Baruga village is 0.1824 ppm. The concentration of Cd in algae Eucheuma cottoni in those 6 different location had been more than limited which had been determined by the decision of national of environmental ministry number 51 year 2004, they are 0.01 and 0.05 ppm.

The compounds pyrene is one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HAP) which is derived from petroleum. These compounds are carcinogenic and toxic for the marine biota. The purpose of this study to determine the levels of pyrene compounds in marine algae. In this research, analysis of pyrene compounds in marine algae Eucheuma cottonii using the method of GC - MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass spectrophotometry). Sampling was conducted in the waters the Bantaeng Regency with a 6 point sampling different locations namely Nipa-nipa, Bakara, Boroloe, Tapaloe, Baruga village and Baruga. The results showed that the concentration of pyrene compounds found in marine algae Eucheuma cottonii at 6 locations in waters the Bantaeng Regency has a concentration low enough pyrene compounds that is 0009-0063 ppm. This means that the concentration of pyrene was obtained below the threshold value determined by the decision of national of Environmental ministry for the marine life.

Chitosan is a biopolymer that is the main content of D-glucosamine and several parts of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine bound to β- (1-4) glucoside. Chitosan receive special attention as functional biopolymers for applications in various fields. Chitosan is more effectively absorbed into the human body when it gets converted into chitosan oligomer form. Chitosan oligomer is a mixture of oligomers of D-glucosamine are formed through a process of severing ties depolymerization of chitosan with β-glycosidic. This study aims to produce chitosan oligomer of waste tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) using enzyme kitosanase of bacteria Klebsiella sp. Chitosan oligomer produced by using the enzyme chitosanase at a temperature of 40 °C and pH 8 with the activity of 0.309 U/mL (5,235 U/mg) obtained in the form of a mixture of monomer to octamer, which soluble in acetic acid 0.25% to 0.5%, having intrinsic viscosity decreases with increasing time of incubation is 0.195 (1 hour incubation); 0.9 (incubation 2 hours) and 0.7 (incubation 3 hours) with molecular weight range of 4103.12 g/mol (incubation 1 hour) ; 1483.48 g/mol (incubation 2 hours) and 1065.79 g/mol (incubation 3 hours).

The objectives of this study are (1) Determine the content of antrasena compound in the waste oil at the waterway of Paotere port (2) Determine the characteristics of antrasena degradation bacteria and (3) Determine the percentage of antrasena degradation. In this research an analysis of antrasena compound was conducted with sea water that had been polluted with oil. The next steps were to isolate and characterize the degrading bacteria of antrasena and to analyze the results of antrasena degradation. The results showed that (1) Concentration of the antrasena compound in the waterway of paotere port is 4,8x10-10 ppm. (2) The bacteria can degraded of the antracene is Bacillus cereus (3) There was evidence that Bacillus cereus was able to degrade antracenr compound, the highest degradation percentage is 98,11%, it was achieved on 12 day of incubation

This research aims to isolation bacteria in segrass Enhalus acoroides 1) determination optimum growth factor of bacteria that symbiont in seagrass 2) identification kind of bacteria that isolated in seagrass. Base on the research that has done, the results show that bacteria symbiotically in seagrass grow in optimum temperature is 27 °C in 10-3 dilution. Identification characteristic, morphology and gram colouring bacteria that symbionts in seagrass is gram negatif bacteria that showed with result of PCR which species isolated in seagrass is enterobacter cloaceae. Keywords: symbiont bacteria, Pasar Wajo Buton, Enhalus acoroides ABSTRAK Lamun Enhalus acroides merupakan tanaman yang sangat penting bagi biota laut diperairan, salah satunya adalah bakteri karena lamun menyediakan tempat hidup serta nutrisi pada bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri yang berada pada lamun Enhalus acoroides, menentukan pertumbuhan optimum bakteri yang bersimbion pada lamun dan menentukan jenis bakteri yang diisolasi pada lamun. Adapun tahapan-tahapan adalah isolasi, identfikasi bakteri dengan Uji fisiologis (pewarnaan), Uji Biokimia, dan PCR. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwasanya bakteri yang bersimbion pada lamun Enhalus acoroides tumbuh pada suhu optimum 27 °C pada pengenceran 10-3. Sedangkan penentuan karakter morfologi dan pewarnaan gram bakteri simbion, dilakukan berdasarkan Microbiology Laboratory Manual dan menunjukkan bahwa morfologi sel bakteri yang berada pada lamun yaitu basill (batang), hasil perwarnaan gram pada lamun diperoleh gram negatif, begitu juga uji biokimia dan diperkuat dengan data hasil polymerase chain resction (PCR) bahwa bakteri yang bersimbion pada lamun adalah Enterobacter cloacae. Kata Kunci: bakteri simbion, Pasar Wajo Buton, Enhalus acoroides

Indonesia is the largest archipelago with abundant marine resources. To manage this optimally, Indonesia needs to cooperate with other countries to optimize it. The main focus of this study is the Marine Technology Cooperation Research Center (MTCRC), a collaborative marine science and technology research establishment managed by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) and the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) between both the governments of South Korea and Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the functioning of Indonesia's maritime cooperation with South Korea. The method of data collection through library research and the theory of international cooperation is used to analyze this research. The results of this study show that the collaboration in maritime technologies between South Korea and Indonesia research centers have built and implemented programs to support marine science and technology cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]