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Long-term consumption of high-GI (glycemic index) foods can increase insulin resistance and increase the risk of diabetes. The annual production of okara, which is rich in dietary fiber and regulates postprandial glycemic response, is huge. The reconstituted rice with the addition of okara was prepared using extrusion reconstitution technology. The okara decreased gelatinization and enhanced gel strength, aging of the reconstituted rice. It also promoted water migration, formed V-shaped crystals, and increased the relative crystallinity and short-range orderliness. Within a certain range of addition, okara increased the resistant-starch content of reconstituted rice. It also improves glucose adsorption capacity and hysteresis coefficient, slowing down starch digestion in vitro. The results showed that okara altered the physicochemical properties of reconstituted rice and slowed down its starch digestion in vitro.

How to select the transmitting path in MPTCP scheduling is an important but open problem. This paper proposes an intelligent data scheduling algorithm using spatiotemporal synchronous graph attention neural networks to improve MPTCP scheduling. By exploiting the spatiotemporal correlations in the data transmission process and incorporating graph self-attention mechanisms, the algorithm can quickly select the optimal transmission path and ensure fairness among similar links. Through simulations in NS3, the algorithm achieves a throughput gain of 7.9% compared to the PDAA3C algorithm and demonstrates improved packet transmission performance.

Pressure is one basic parameter involved in microfluidic systems. In this study, we developed an easy capillary-based method for measuring fluid pressure at one or multiple locations in a microchannel. The principal component is a commonly used capillary (inner diameter of 400 μm and 95 mm in length), with one end sealed and calibrated scales on it. By reading the height (h) of an air-liquid interface, the pressure can be measured directly from a table, which is calculated using the ideal gas law. Many factors that affect the relationship between the trapped air volume and applied pressure (papplied) have been investigated in detail, including the surface tension, liquid gravity, air solubility in water, temperature variation, and capillary diameters. Based on the evaluation of the experimental and simulation results of the pressure, combined with theoretical analysis, a resolution of about 1 kPa within a full-scale range of 101.6–178 kPa was obtained. A pressure drop (Δp) as low as 0.25 kPa was obtained in an operating range from 0.5 kPa to 12 kPa. Compared with other novel, microstructure-based methods, this method does not require microfabrication and additional equipment. Finally, we use this method to reasonably analyze the nonlinearity of the flow-pressure drop relationship caused by channel deformation. In the future, this one-end-sealed capillary could be used for pressure measurement as easily as a clinical thermometer in various microfluidic applications.

Purpose: Rapid decompressive craniectomy (DC) was the most effective method for the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH) with cerebral hernia, but the mortality and disability rate is still high. We suspected that hematoma puncture drainage (PD) + DC may improve the therapeutic effect and thus compared the combined surgery with DC alone. Methods: From December 2013 to July 2019, patients with HICH from Linzhi, Tibet and Honghe, Yunnan Province were retrospectively analyzed. The selection criteria were as follows: (1) altitude ≥1500 m; (2) HICH patients with cerebral hernia; (3) Glascow coma scale score of 4–8 and time from onset to admission ≤3 h; (4) good liver and kidney function; and (5) complete case data. The included patients were divided into DC group and PD + DC group. The patients were followed up for 6 months. The outcome was assessed by Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and correlation between time from admission to operation and prognosis. A good outcome was defined as independent (GOS score, 4-5) and poor outcome defined as dependent (GOS score, 3-1). All data analyses were performed using SPSS 19, and comparison between two groups was conducted using separate t-tests or Chi-square tests. Results: A total of 65 patients was included. The age ranged 34-90 years (mean, 63.00 ± 14.04 years). Among them, 31 patients had the operation of PD + DC, whereas 34 patients underwent DC. The two groups had no significant difference in the basic characteristics. After 6 months of follow-up, in the PD + DC group there were 8 death, 4 vegetative state, 4 severe disability (GOS score 1-3, poor outcome 51.6 %); 8 moderate disability, and 7 good recovery (GOS score 4-5, good outcome 48.4 %); while in the DC group the result was 15 death, 6 vegetative state, 5 severe disability (poor outcome 76.5 %), 4 moderate disability and 4 good recovery (good outcome 23.5 %). The GOS score and good outcome were significantly less in DC group than in PD + DC group (Z = −1.993, p = 0.046; χ2 = 4.38, p = 0.043). However, there was no significant difference regarding the survival curve between PD + DC group and DC group. The correlation between the time from admission to operation and GOS at 6 months (r = −0.41, R2 = 0.002, p = 0.829) was not significant in the PD + DC group, but significant in the DC group (r = −0.357, R2 = 0.128, p = 0.038). Conclusion: PD + DC treatment can improve the good outcomes better than DC treatment for HICH with cerebral hernia at a high altitude.

Backgroundcomputer-aided diagnosis of medical images is becoming more significant in intelligent medicine. Colposcopy-guided biopsy with pathological diagnosis is the gold standard in diagnosing CIN and invasive cervical cancer. However, it struggles with its low sensitivity in differentiating cancer/HSIL from LSIL/normal, particularly in areas with a lack of skilled colposcopists and access to adequate medical resources.Methodsthe model used the auto-segmented colposcopic images to extract color and texture features using the T-test method. It then augmented minority data using the SMOTE method to balance the skewed class distribution. Finally, it used an RBF-SVM to generate a preliminary output. The results, integrating the TCT, HPV tests, and age, were combined into a naïve Bayes classifier for cervical lesion diagnosis.Resultsthe multimodal machine learning model achieved physician-level performance (sensitivity: 51.2%, specificity: 86.9%, accuracy: 81.8%), and it could be interpreted by feature extraction and visualization. With the aid of the model, colposcopists improved the sensitivity from 53.7% to 70.7% with an acceptable specificity of 81.1% and accuracy of 79.6%.Conclusionusing a computer-aided diagnosis system, physicians could identify cancer/HSIL with greater sensitivity, which guided biopsy to take timely treatment.

Abstract In mid‐May, 2019, the fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda invaded Jiangxi Province, China, and caused extensive damage to corn crops. However, little attention has been given to the life‐history traits of the FAW. In the present study, we systematically investigated the life‐history traits of the newly invasive FAW on corn leaves at 19, 22, 25, 28, and 31°C under a photoperiod of LD 15:9 hr. The FAW thrived on the corn leaves with short developmental periods, high survival rates of larvae and pupae, very high mating success rates, and high fecundity. The pupal developmental stage was significantly longer in males than females at all temperatures, thus resulting in a protogyny phenomenon. The pupal weight was heaviest after a relatively shorter larval development stage at a higher temperature (25°C); thus, the FAW did not follow the temperature–size rule. Females were smaller than males, indicating sexual size dimorphism. A small proportion of females delayed their pre‐oviposition period and began to lay eggs on the 7th to 9th day after adult emergence. There were positive relationships between pupal weight and larval developmental time and between adult weight and fecundity. There was a negative relationship between fecundity and longevity. These findings can help us to predict the population dynamics of the FAW on corn and to develop a suitable and practical management strategy.

Abstract The life cycle of the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi in southeastern China is complex due to four options for adult development: summer diapause, winter diapause, prolonged diapsuse, and nondiapause. However, detailed information on the multi‐year emergence patterns of diapausing individuals in this beetle has not been documented. In this study, we monitored the adult emergence patterns of diapausing individuals and estimated the influence of the diapause‐inducing temperature and photoperiod on the incidence of prolonged diapause under seminatural conditions for several years. The duration of diapause for adults collected from the vegetable fields in different years varied from several months to 5 years. Approximately 25.9%–29.2% of individuals showed prolonged diapause (emergence more than 1 year after entering diapause) over the 5 years of observation. Furthermore, regardless of insect age, the emergence of diapausing adults from the soil always occurred between mid‐February and March in spring and between late August and mid‐October in autumn, when the host plants were available. The influence of diapause‐inducing temperatures (22, 25, and 28°C) combined with different photoperiods (L:D 12:12 h and L:D 14:10 h) on diapause duration was tested under seminatural conditions. Pairwise comparisons of diapause duration performed by the log‐rank test revealed that the low temperature of 22°C combined with the long photoperiod of L:D 14:10 h induced the longest diapause duration, whereas the low temperature of 22°C combined with the short photoperiod of L:D 12:12 h induced the highest proportion of prolonged diapause. This study indicates that C. bowringi adopts a multi‐year dormancy strategy to survive local environmental conditions and unpredictable risks.

Abstract The seasonal life cycle of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete is complicated because there are three options for pupal development: summer diapause, winter diapause, and nondiapause. In the present study, we tested the influence of temperature, day length, and seasonality on the expression of alternative developmental pathways and compared the differences in life history traits between diapausing and directly developing individuals under laboratory and field conditions. The expression of developmental pathway strongly depended on temperature, day length, and seasonality. Low temperatures induced almost all individuals to enter diapause regardless of day length; relatively high temperatures combined with intermediate and longer day lengths resulted in most individuals developing without diapause in the laboratory. The field data revealed that the degree of phenotypic plasticity in relation to developmental pathway was much higher in autumn than in spring. Directly developing individuals showed shorter development times and higher growth rates than did diapausing individuals. The pupal and adult weights for both diapausing and directly developing individuals gradually decreased as rearing temperature increased, with the diapausing individuals being slightly heavier than the directly developing individuals at each temperature. Female body weight was slightly lower than male body weight. The proportional weight losses from pupa to adult were almost the same in diapausing individuals and in directly developing individuals, suggesting that diapause did not affect weight loss at metamorphosis. Our results highlight the importance of the expression of alternative developmental pathways, which not only synchronizes this butterfly's development and reproduction with the growth seasons of the host plants but also exhibits the bet‐hedging tactic against unpredictable risks due to a dynamic environment.

In order to estimate the frequency and DOA of an incident signal with sub-Nyquist spatio-temporal sampling,A novel joint estimation algorithm based on spectrum correction and Chinese remainder theorem(CRT)was proposed.Firstly,the incident signal was parallelly sampled at multiple sensors non-uniformly located in a sparse linear array.Then,AM spectrum corrector was employed to extract the rema of frequency and phase-difference from a small quantity of snapshots.Finally,implementing the close-form CRT on these remainders directly yields the estimates of frequency and DOA.In the proposed scheme,the spectrum corrector was shared by both the frequency estimator and the DOA es-timator,which contributed to a high utilization of the snapshots.Furthermore,compared to the existing CRT based esti-mators,the proposed estimator needs not to incorporate multiple times of temporal undersampling on a single sensor,which saves considerable time consumption and thus obtain high ability of tracking time-variant objects.Simulations verify the feasibility and the high-accuracy of the proposed joint estimator and further study shows that high reconstruc-tion probability can be realized even in low SNR cases,which present the vast potential for future development.

Objective To analyze the clinical features and microneurosurgical management of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. Methods Sociodemographic characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of 51 patients with intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas treated in Southwest Hospital between January 2003 to January 2013 were reviewed. Results Of the 51 patients, the ratio of male and female was 1.32∶1 (29 males, 22 females). The onset age ranged from 8 to 68 years old, with the average age of 39.21 years. The main symptoms included pain in 41 cases, numbness in 35 cases, hypodynamia in 22 cases, dyspnea in 6 cases and incontinence in 5 cases. The first symptom was pain in 28 cases, numbness in 16 cases and hypodynamia in 9 cases. According to McCormick spinal function scale, 3 cases of the 51 patients were gradeⅠ, 33 cases grade Ⅱ, 11 cases grade Ⅲ and 4 cases grade Ⅳ. Among all the tumors, 3 cases were located in medulla-cervical cord, 24 in cervical spinal cord, 7 in cervical-thoracic spinal cord, 13 in thoracic spinal cord, 2 in thoracic-lumbar spinal cord and 2 in lumbar spinal cord. All patients underwent microsurgical procedure and total excision was achieved in 42 cases (82.35%), subtotal in 7 cases (13.73% ) and partial resection in 2 cases (3.92% ). Postoperative neurological function was improved in 33 patients, while no changes occurred in 14 cases and became worsened in 3 cases. One case died of secondary edema in the upper part of cervical spinal cord. Twenty-nine patients were followed-up from 5 months to 10 years (mean 41.83 months). Eight cases of the 29 patients were McCormick gradeⅠ, 14 cases gradeⅡ, 5 cases gradeⅢ and 2 grade Ⅳ. Conclusion Microneurosurgical procedure was the fundamental measure in treatment of intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas. Preoperative neurological function, tumor adhesion and surgical technique were the major factors influencing prognosis. doi：10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2013.12.005Video: http://www.cjcnn.org/index.php/cjcnn/pages/view/v13n12a5

Objective To study the efficacy of posterior lamina internal fixation for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation with craniovertebral junction region malformation. Methods In April 2010 to November 2011, 12 patients suffered from atlantoaxial dislocation complicated with craniovertebral junction region malformation were treated at our department. All patients underwent posterior decompressed reduction and screw ⁃ titanium rod (plate) system internal fixation. CT thin layer scanning and 3D CT reconstruction were performed. Pre⁃ and post⁃operative atlanto⁃dental interval (ADI), Chamberlain's line (CL) distance and McRae's line (ML) distance were measured. The degree of spinal cord compression was evaluated by cervicomedullary angle (CMA). Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was used to assess the improvement of cervical medullary function. Electroneurophysiology was applied to detect nerve conduction function. Clinical effect of this surgical procedure was analysed. Results All patients were followed up for 4-20 months (mean 13 months). The differences of preoperative and postoperative ADI [(4.42 ± 2.91) mm vs (2.96 ± 2.08) mm], CL [(10.31 ± 3.80) mm vs (7.16 ± 3.19) mm], ML [(3.24 ± 2.92) mm vs (0.29 ± 2.36) mm], CMA [(127.83 ± 8.75)° vs (134.10 ± 8.38)°] and JOA [(9.75 ± 2.59) scores vs (14.83 ± 2.94) scores] were all statistically significant. In electroneurophysiological examination, preoperative waveform was abnormal in 10 cases, while 7 cases recovered to normal. Imaging examination showed bony fusion at bone grafting area, and no abnormal appearances after internal fixation. In follow⁃up period no complication occurred. Conclusion Posterior lamina internal fixation for the treatment of craniovertebral junction region malformation with atlantoaxial dislocation is safe, feasible and effective. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.04.014

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly undergoes an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil; adult emergence is spread over several months to more than 2 years, with prolonged diapause occurring in certain adults under natural conditions. The relationship between natural duration of diapause and postdiapause reproduction was investigated at 25°C under 12L: 12D photoperiod. The mean body weight of postdiapause adults with the long diapause duration of 21 months was significantly greater than with the shorter diapause duration of 5, 11 and 17 months. The longevity and mean total egg production of the postdiapause adult females with the long diapause duration of 21 months was significantly greater than that of postdiapause females with shorter diapause duration of 5, 11 and 17 months. All results demonstrate that extended diapause is associated with a high level of postdiapause reproductive performance. There is no negative trade off between diapause duration and the post-diapause reproductive traits that we measured in C. bowringi.

Effect of pre-diapause temperature on summer and winter diapause intensity was examined under both laboratory and field conditions. Under short photoperiods of 8L : 16D and 10L : 14D, all pupae entered diapause at 15, 18 and 20°C and the incidence of diapause dropped to 82.3% and 85.5% at 22°C, respectively. Under long photoperiods of 14L : 10D and 16L : 8D, the incidence of diapause decreased with increasing temperature and there were significant differences among temperatures. The incidence of diapause at 16L : 8D was significantly lower than that under14L : 10D at 20 and 22°C. By transferring diapause pupae induced under various temperatures (18, 20 and 22°C) at a short day of 10L : 14D or a long day of 14L : 10D, to 12.5L : 11.5D, 20°C, the duration of summer diapause induced under 22°C (mean 76.1 days) was significantly shorter than those under 20°C (mean 85.9 days) and 18°C (mean 90.9 days), showing that the incidence of summer diapause was positively linked to the intensity of summer diapause; whereas the duration of winter diapause induced under 10L : 14D was similar at 18°C (89.2 days), 20°C (88.7 days) and 22°C (89.2 days) and there were no significant differences. Field experiments also showed that the high rearing temperatures significantly decreased the incidence and intensity of summer diapause, but had no significant affect on the intensity of winter diapause. When the naturally aestivating pupae from the first spring generation (formed on 24 April) and second spring generation (formed on 15 May) were kept under summer conditions, the diapause duration of the first generation lasted for 107-166 days (mean 146 days), about twenty days longer than that of the second generation [lasted for 92-151 days (mean 126 days)]. All results reveal that the sensitivity to temperature prior to aestivation and hibernation was quite different.

The brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), one of the pests infesting cruciferous vegetables in China and Japan, is a multivoltine species that oversummers and overwinters as an adult. The effects of both temperature and photoperiod on reproductive diapause induction were systematically investigated in this beetle. Under 16L : 8D, most of the beetles entered reproductive diapause at 12-30°C, indicating that photoperiod played a crucial role in estivation diapause induction. Under 12L : 12D, all adults developed without diapause at 28 and 30°C; less than 25% of the individuals entered reproductive diapause at 16-24°C; however, 46.1% of the individuals entered diapause at 12°C, suggesting that low temperature also had a relatively important influence on the determination of diapause. The photoperiodic response curves indicate that this species is a typical short-day species. The critical day-lengths at 20, 24 and 28°C were 13.2, 13.6 and 13.8 h, respectively. Transferring them from 16L : 8D to 12L : 12D or vice versa at different ages and/or stages during their development revealed that the photoperiod experienced by adults during the first 11 days might be important for diapause determination, even though an effect of photoperiod on the larval and pupal stages can not be excluded. Transferring individuals kept at a photoperiod of 12L : 12D from 25°C to 12°C or vice versa at different ages and/or stages during their development revealed that the temperature cue for diapause is mainly perceived by the late instar larvae and pupae.

Effect of photoperiod on the duration of summer and winter diapause was investigated in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete. By keeping naturally induced aestivating and hibernating pupae under various photoperiods, it was shown that diapause duration of aestivating pupae was significantly longer at long than at short daylengths, whereas diapause duration of hibernating pupae was significantly shorter at long than at short daylengths, suggesting both aestivating and hibernating pupae require opposite photoperiodic signals to promote diapause development. By transferring diapausing pupae, induced under various photoperiods, to 20°C with a naturally changing summer daylength, the diapause induced by short daylengths was easier to terminate than diapause induced by long daylengths. When naturally induced aestivating and hibernating pupae were kept under natural conditions, aestivating pupae had a long diapause (mean 155 days) and wide range of emergence (90 days), whereas hibernating pupae had a short diapause (mean 105 days) and a relatively synchronized emergence (lasted 30 days). Finally, the ecological significance of photoperiodic regulation of diapause duration is discussed.